scholarly journals An evaluation of dual systems theories of adolescent delinquency in a normative longitudinal cohort study of youth

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aja Louise Murray ◽  
Xinxin Zhu ◽  
Jessica Hafetz Mirman ◽  
Denis Ribeaud ◽  
Manuel Eisner
Keyword(s):  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Unprotected Sex ◽  
Adolescent Delinquency ◽  
Dual Systems ◽  
Small Subgroup ◽  
Adolescent Risk ◽  
Latent Class Growth ◽  
Reckless Driving

Purpose: Dual systems theories of adolescent risk-taking propose that the socioemotional and self-regulation systems develop at different rates, resulting in a peak in sensation-seeking in adolescence at a time when self-regulation abilities are not yet fully mature. This ‘developmental imbalance’ between bottom-up drives for reward and top-down control is proposed to create a period of vulnerability for high-risk behaviours such as delinquency, substance use, unprotected sex, and reckless driving. However, as recently noted by Meisel et al. (2019), almost no studies have tested this hypothesis directly owing to a lack of studies that have exploited longitudinal data to construct developmental measures of imbalance. Methods: In this study, we use data from the longitudinal z-proso study (n=1522) to test whether the presence of a developmental imbalance between sensation-seeking and self-regulation is associated with levels of engagement in delinquency across early adolescence to adulthood. Results: Using a latent class growth analysis of sensation-seeking, self-regulation and delinquency, we found that a model with 3-classes was optimal in the whole sample and male sub-sample, including one class characterised by a developmental imbalance and corresponding adolescent peak in delinquency. In females, we found no evidence for a class that could be described according to the trajectories hypothesised in dual systems theory.Conclusions: Results support the claim that a developmental imbalance may drive an adolescent increase in delinquency, but only for a small subgroup of individuals, particularly males.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of Dual Systems Theories of Adolescent Delinquency in a Normative Longitudinal Cohort Study of Youth

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aja Louise Murray ◽  
Xinxin Zhu ◽  
Jessica Hafetz Mirman ◽  
Denis Ribeaud ◽  
Manuel Eisner
Keyword(s):  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Unprotected Sex ◽  
Adolescent Delinquency ◽  
Dual Systems ◽  
High Risk Behaviors ◽  
Small Subgroup ◽  
Adolescent Risk

AbstractDual systems theories of adolescent risk-taking propose that the socioemotional and self-regulation systems develop at different rates, resulting in a peak in sensation-seeking in adolescence at a time when self-regulation abilities are not yet fully mature. This “developmental imbalance” between bottom-up drives for reward and top-down control is proposed to create a period of vulnerability for high-risk behaviors such as delinquency, substance use, unprotected sex, and reckless driving. In this study, data from the Swiss longitudinal normative z-proso study (n = 1522, n = 784 male; aged 11, 13, 15, 17, and 20) were used to test whether the presence of a developmental imbalance between sensation-seeking and self-regulation is associated with trajectories of engagement in delinquency across early adolescence to adulthood. Using a latent class growth analysis of sensation-seeking, self-regulation, and delinquency, it was found that a model with 3 classes was optimal in the whole sample and male sub-sample, including one class characterized by a developmental imbalance and corresponding adolescent peak in delinquency. In females, there was no evidence for a class that could be described according to the trajectories hypothesized in dual systems theory. This study’s results support the claim that a developmental imbalance may drive an adolescent increase in delinquency. However, this applies only to a small subgroup of individuals, particularly males.

scholarly journals On Imbalance of Impulse Control and Sensation Seeking and Adolescent Risk: An Intra-individual Developmental Test of the Dual Systems and Maturational Imbalance Models

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim Meeus ◽  
Wilma Vollebergh ◽  
Susan Branje ◽  
Elisabetta Crocetti ◽  
Johan Ormel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Impulse Control ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Dual Systems ◽  
The Third ◽  
Systems Model ◽  
Adolescent Risk ◽  
Developmental Test ◽  
Age Range

AbstractHeterogeneity in development of imbalance between impulse control and sensation seeking has not been studied until now. The present study scrutinized this heterogeneity and the link between imbalance and adolescent risk. Seven-wave data of 7,558 youth (50.71% males; age range from 12/13 until 24/25) were used. Three developmental trajectories were identified. The first trajectory, “sensation seeking to balanced sensation seeking”, included participants with a higher level of sensation seeking than impulse control across all ages. The second trajectory, “moderate dominant control”, included participants showing moderate and increasing impulse control relative to sensation seeking across all ages. The third trajectory, “strong late dominant control”, included participants showing the highest level of impulse control which was about as strong as sensation seeking from early to middle adolescence and became substantially stronger from late adolescence to early adulthood. Although the systematic increase of impulse control in all subgroups is in line with both models, neither of these combined trajectories of control and sensation seeking was predicted by the Dual Systems Model or the Maturational Imbalance Model. Consistent with both models the “sensation seeking to balanced sensation seeking” trajectory showed the highest level of substance use. It can be concluded that, even though both theories adequately predict the link between imbalance and risk, neither the Dual Systems Model nor the Maturational Imbalance Model correctly predict the heterogeneity in development of imbalance between impulse control and sensation seeking.

Positive risk-taking: Mixed-methods validation of a self-report scale and evidence for genetic links to personality and negative risk-taking

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Wales Patterson ◽  
Lilla Pivnick ◽  
Frank D Mann ◽  
Andrew D Grotzinger ◽  
Kathryn C Monahan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Youth Development ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Positive Behaviors ◽  
Adolescent Risk

Adolescents are more likely to take risks. Typically, research on adolescent risk-taking has focused on its negative health and societal consequences. However, some risk-taking behaviors might be positive, defined here as behavior that does not violate the rights of others and that might advance socially-valuable goals. Empirical work on positive risk-taking has been limited by measurement challenges. In this study, we elicited adolescents’ free responses (n = 75) about a time they took a risk. Based on thematic coding, we identified positive behaviors described as risks and selected items to form a self-report scale. The resulting positive risk-taking scale was quantitatively validated in a population-based sample of adolescent twins (n = 1249). Second, we evaluated associations between positive risk-taking, negative risk-taking, and potential personality and peer correlates using a genetically informed design. Sensation seeking predicted negative and positive risk-taking equally strongly, whereas extraversion differentiated forms of risk-taking. Additive genetic influences on personality accounted for the total heritability in positive risk-taking. Indirect pathways from personality through positive and negative peer environments were identified. These results provide promising evidence that personality factors of sensation seeking and extraversion can manifest as engagement in positive risks. Increased understanding of positive manifestations of adolescent risk-taking may yield targets for positive youth development strategies to bolster youth well-being.

The Structure and Subtypes of Gambling Frequency: An Approach to Studying Associations with Different Gambling Behaviors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spencer Huggett ◽  
Evan Winiger ◽  
Rohan Palmer ◽  
John K. Hewitt ◽  
Robin P. Corley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
Gambling Behaviors ◽  
Pathways Model ◽  
The Common ◽  
Gambling Activities ◽  
Gambling Frequency

The multitude of gambling activities corresponds to heterogeneous ways of analyzing behavioral outcomes and may partially underlie the lack of replication in gambling research. The current study incorporated complementary analyses to provide an approach to investigate associations with multi-dimensional gambling data that we demonstrated in a discovery/community sample of 2,116 twins (54.86% female; Mage=24.90) and a replication/clinical sample of 619 siblings (30.37% female; Mage=28.00). Our proposed approach was twofold. First, we used confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) to derive a general gambling frequency measure across eight gambling activities and to test the common liability hypothesis. Second, we conducted latent class analyses (LCAs) to derive gambling frequency subtypes and investigated their theoretical correspondence with the Pathways Model. Our study identified robust support for the common liability hypothesis of gambling, suggesting a shared mechanism for multiple gambling behaviors – including activities controversially defined as “gambling.” Using LCAs, we identified four novel gambling frequency subtypes with analogous behavioral profiles and correlates across samples and some resemblance with the Pathways Model. The subtype with the highest rates of problem gambling had a frequent appetite for particular gambling activities and demonstrated externalizing psychopathology comparable to the “antisocial impulsivist” pathway. Using co-twin control models, we determined that risk-taking, sensation seeking and antisocial personality disorder predicted gambling frequency above and beyond shared genetic and environmental factors. In sum, we illustrated the utility of multi-dimensional statistical techniques for disentangling the structure and typology of different gambling behaviors and discussed our results in context of the psychometric, empirical and theoretical implications.

The Relevance of the Dual Systems Model for Social Learning Theory: Testing for Moderation Effects

2021 ◽  
pp. 009385482110179
Author(s):  
Thomas Wojciechowski
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Learning Theory ◽  
Social Learning Theory ◽  
Impulse Control ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Dual Systems ◽  
Moderation Effect ◽  
Systems Model ◽  
Peer Association ◽  
The Relationship

Social learning theory is one of the most prominent criminological theories of the 20th century. The dual systems model represents an emerging framework in recent years, which may help to better understand how social learning processes are influenced by sensation-seeking and impulse control. This study utilized data from all waves of the Pathways to Desistance study. A series of mixed-effects models were utilized to test for moderating effects of these constructs on offending outcomes. Impulse control moderated the relationship between deviant peer association and offending frequency, indicating that high levels of both constructs predicted increased offending frequency. Sensation-seeking moderated the relationship between deviant peer association and odds of offending, indicating that high levels of both constructs were associated with greater odds of offending although this moderation effect was only marginally significant.

scholarly journals An ecological latent class model of adolescent risk and protective factors: Implications for substance use and depression prevention

2021 ◽  
pp. 016502542110055
Author(s):  
Benjamin L. Bayly ◽  
Sara A. Vasilenko
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Native American ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Latent Class Model ◽  
Single Parent ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Heavy Episodic Drinking ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Adolescent Risk ◽  
Parent Relationship

To provide a comprehensive view of the unique contexts shaping adolescent development in the U.S., we utilized latent class analysis (LCA) with indicators of risk and protection across multiple domains (family, peers, school, neighborhood) and examined how latent class membership predicted heavy episodic drinking, illicit substance use, and depression in adolescence and 6 years later when participants were young adults. Data came from Wave 1 (W1) and Wave 3 (W3) of the nationally representative U.S.-based Add Health study ( N = 6,649; Mage W1 = 14.06; Mage W3 = 20.38; 53.8% female; 56.1% White/European American, 22.8% Black/African American, 9.5% Hispanic, 6.7% Biracial, Asian or Pacific Islander 4.2%, American Indian/Native American 0.7%). A six-class solution was selected with classes named: Two Parent: Low Risk, Two Parent: Relationship Risks, Two Parent: Neighborhood Risks, Single Parent: Low Risk, Single Parent: Relationship Risks, and Single Parent: Multidimensional Risk. Subsequent analyses suggested that adolescent social relationships are particularly important for prevention interventions as the classes marked by substance using peers and a lack of closeness to parents and teachers in adolescence (Two Parent: Relationship Risks and Single Parent: Relationship Risks) had consistently poorer outcomes in adolescence and young adulthood.

scholarly journals Preschool Intervention Can Promote Sustained Growth in the Executive-Function Skills of Children Exhibiting Early Deficits

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1719-1730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler R. Sasser ◽  
Karen L. Bierman ◽  
Brenda Heinrichs ◽  
Robert L. Nix
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Head Start ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Third Grade ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Usual Practice ◽  
Preschool Intervention ◽  
Latent Class Growth

This study examined the effects of the Head Start Research-Based, Developmentally Informed (REDI) preschool intervention on growth in children’s executive-function (EF) skills from preschool through third grade. Across 25 Head Start centers, each of 44 classrooms was randomly assigned either to an intervention group, which received enhanced social-emotional and language-literacy components, or to a “usual-practice” control group. Four-year-old children ( N = 356; 25% African American, 17% Latino, 58% European American; 54% girls) were followed for 5 years, and EF skills were assessed annually. Latent-class growth analysis identified high, moderate, and low developmental EF trajectories. For children with low EF trajectories, the intervention improved EF scores in third grade significantly more ( d = 0.58) than in the control group. Children who received the intervention also demonstrated better academic outcomes in third grade than children who did not. Poverty often delays EF development; enriching the Head Start program with an evidence-based curriculum and teaching strategies can reduce early deficits and thereby facilitate school success.

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