The Social and Political Nature of Spirit

2021 ◽  
pp. 63-92
Author(s):  
Josh Wilburn
Keyword(s):  
Social Influences ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Popular Education ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Social Education ◽  
Value System ◽  
Greek Society ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Social ◽  
Material Goods

Chapter 3 explores two aspects of spirit’s social and political nature—its role in the process of absorbing social influences that shape a person’s values, and its responsibility for a person’s emotional reactions to those they consider either part of, or outside of, their social groups or communities—as well as two related problems that arise in corrupt political circumstances. According to Plato’s critique of contemporary Greek society, popular education and politics fail because they reflect a value system informed primarily by human appetite and pleonexia that prioritizes bodily, external, and material goods. When citizens absorb these values through thumos, their resulting moral corruption leads to civic discord as their aggressive spirited desires become directed against one another in their competition for limited appetitive goods. This establishes two challenges for Plato that involve attention to human spirit: making people virtuous through social education and making cities unified and stable.

Intellectual Schisms in Philippine Psychology are Schisms of the Self: Meditations from an East-West Comparative Standpoint

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-318
Author(s):  
Joseph Anthony Narciso Tiangco
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Critical Reflection ◽  
Zen Buddhism ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
The Self ◽  
Value System ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
East West

AbstractCritical reflection on the study of psychology situates both students and practitioners in a position to ponder upon not only the conceptual, methodological, and perhaps, theoretical advances within the discipline, but more so, in rediscovering what psychology is in the first place. The first part of this paper provides a discussion on how psychology can be remembered and studied within the backdrop of a condensed history of intellectual progression. Within this context, intellectual schisms can be understood as prompted by the value system held by members of a scientific community. Such a value system, therefore, is also attributable to the emergence of contending perspectives and systems that characterize psychology within a postmodern context. The second part of this paper argues that since psychology is the study of the self, then Eastern re flections have a place in situating Zen Buddhism as it correlates with Western postmodernism. The problem of the self in Eastern philosophy is a source of rich insight in arguing that the emptiness of the self is, in fact, due to its fluidity. Given this, I conclude in this paper that the fluidity of the self accounts for the fluidity of knowledge in psychology and the rest of the social sciences. I pose the challenge that the practice of psychology in the Philippines, as a science and profession, should take on a spiritual depth in consideration of the positive values espoused by postmodernism from an East-West comparative standpoint.

scholarly journals social Influence on Students’ Interest and engagement with Science Studies in Tanzanian Secondary Schools

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
John Fungulupembe Kalolo
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Learning Environment ◽  
Social Influence ◽  
Science Studies ◽  
Social Influences ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Family Members ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Control ◽  
Senior Students

The development of interest and engagement in science studies among junior learners is shaped by many factors within their learning environment, one of them being the social influence. However, in practice it has not been clear how such influence shapes learners’ interests and engagement in science studies. This study examined the social influences and their impact on students’ interest and engagement in science. The study was mainly a qualitative research involving teachers, parents, and students. The findings revealed that students’ interests and engagement in science studies were mainly shaped by multi-influences from different social groups including: peers, family members, senior students, subject teachers, and career advisors/counsellors. The findings suggest that there is a need to monitor and control the available social influences on leaners’ interests in science because not all influences seemed to be positive, as some of them are negatively influencing the learners’ interests, persistence, and engagement in science.

scholarly journals Convergence and divergence in gesture repertoires as an adaptive mechanism for social bonding in primates

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 170181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Ilona Roberts ◽  
Sam George Bradley Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Bonding ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Adaptive Mechanism ◽  
Repertoire Size ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Mixed Modelling ◽  
Multilevel Societies

A key challenge for primates living in large, stable social groups is managing social relationships. Chimpanzee gestures may act as a time-efficient social bonding mechanism, and the presence (homogeneity) and absence (heterogeneity) of overlap in repertoires in particular may play an important role in social bonding. However, how homogeneity and heterogeneity in the gestural repertoire of primates relate to social interaction is poorly understood. We used social network analysis and generalized linear mixed modelling to examine this question in wild chimpanzees. The repertoire size of both homogeneous and heterogeneous visual, tactile and auditory gestures was associated with the duration of time spent in social bonding behaviour, centrality in the social bonding network and demography. The audience size of partners who displayed similar or different characteristics to the signaller (e.g. same or opposite age or sex category) also influenced the use of homogeneous and heterogeneous gestures. Homogeneous and heterogeneous gestures were differentially associated with the presence of emotional reactions in response to the gesture and the presence of a change in the recipient's behaviour. Homogeneity and heterogeneity of gestural communication play a key role in maintaining a differentiated set of strong and weak social relationships in complex, multilevel societies.

scholarly journals Islamic Political Identity in Turkey

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 134-136
Author(s):  
Shiraz A. Sheikh
Keyword(s):  
Political Identity ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
The Political ◽  
Security Strategy ◽  
Rural Migrants ◽  
Value System ◽  
The Social ◽  
Decisive Victory ◽  
The Republic

During the events that led to the “soft coup” of the Erbakan-Çiller coalitiongovernment in 1997, the Turkish military declared that the number onethreat to national security was not Kurdish separatism, but Islamic radicalism.Despite this shift in security strategy, the Justice and Developmentparty, which was born from the ashes of Erbakan’s openly Islamist Refahparty, won a decisive victory at the polls in November 2002. These seriesof events from Turkey’s recent history have raised many questions in theminds of observers, both international and domestic, as to the nature andstrength of Islamic political and social movements in the Republic ofTurkey – a state that since its birth in 1923 had undergone a systematic programof westernization and secularization.In his Islamic Political Identity in Turkey, M. Hakan Yavuz attempts toanswer these very questions by providing a comprehensive analysis of themain Muslim social groups that have come to dominate Turkish-Muslimsociety, namely, the Nakshibendi Sufi orders and the Nurcu movement.These groups have made significant inroads into Turkish civil society, crossingclass, regional, and ethnic lines, by taking advantage of new opportunityspaces in the market, the print media, and education. This was a directresult of the political and economic liberalization policies of the Özal governmentduring the 1980s.As the author argues, “the secularizing, state-centric elite failed effectivelyto penetrate and transform traditional society, and was similarlyunsuccessful in developing an alternative value system and associational lifefor the rural population of society” (p. 4). Thus, the social and ethical vacuumcreated by the Kemalists was appropriated by a diverse group of Islamicsocial movements that were then urbanized by way of the gecekondus, theshanty-towns built overnight by rural migrants to the big cities during the1960s and 1970s. These movements, which were silently germinating in theAnatolian countryside, underwent what Yavuz aptly terms the “vernacularization ...

scholarly journals DEKONSTRUKSI BENDA SEHARIHARI DALAM KARYA SENI LUKIS

INVENSI ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-71
Author(s):  
Anton Budi Setyawan
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Still Life ◽  
Value System ◽  
Equipment Usage ◽  
Everyday Objects ◽  
A Value ◽  
Livelihood Systems ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject

Kebudayaan selain sebagai sebuah tatanan nilai, bahasa, ilmu pengetahuan, religi dan sistem mata pencaharian juga merangkum persoalan mekanisme penggunaan peralatan hidup berupa benda-benda yang dipergunakan dalam keseharian sekelompok masyarakat. Kebudayaan juga bicara soal benda/objek/artefak. Setiap kelompok dan lapisan masyarakat telah memahami bagaimana benda-benda tersebut bergerak pada wilayah fungsi dan simbol. Persoalan narasi dalam benda-benda keseharian akan menjadi menarik bila dijadikan sebagai subject matter penciptaan karya seni rupa. Sebagai sebuah upaya untuk melepaskan diri dari genre seni lukis still life yang melukis objek benda sehari-hari dengan pendekatan estetika formalistik, penulis kemudian memilih mendekonstruksi benda-benda keseharian tersebut dengan tujuan untuk memaknai ulang narasi kebendaan agar kontekstual dengansituasisosialdankulturalsaatini. Culture than as a value system, language, science, religion and livelihood systems also summarizes the problems of life equipment usage mechanism in the form of objects used in everyday life of a people. Culture is also about things/objects/artifacts. Each groups and walks of life have to understand how these objects moving in the area of the function and symbol. The issue of narration in everyday objects will become attractive when used as the subject matter of the creation of works of art. As an effort to break away from the genre of still life paintings, which is painted everyday objects with formalistic aesthetic approach, the authors then chose to deconstruct objects daily with the aim to redefine the narrative material to be contextual with the social and cultural situation today.

scholarly journals Value-based Essentialism: Essentialist Beliefs About Social Groups With Shared Values

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
April Bailey ◽  
Joshua Knobe ◽  
George Newman
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Shared Values ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Psychological Essentialism ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Inductive Generalizations

Psychological essentialism has played an important role in social psychology, informing influential theories of stereotyping and prejudice as well as questions about wrongdoers’ accountability and their ability to change. In the existing literature, essentialism is often tied to beliefs in shared biology—i.e., the extent to which members of a social group are seen as having the same underlying biological features. Here we investigate the possibility of “value-based essentialism” in which people think of certain social groups in terms of an underlying essence, but that essence is understood as a value. Study 1 explored beliefs about a wide range of social groups and found that both groups with shared biology (e.g., women) and shared values (e.g., hippies) elicited similar general essentialist beliefs relative to more incidental social categories (e.g., English-speakers). In Studies 2-4, participants who read about a group either as being based in biology or in values reported higher general essentialist beliefs compared to a control condition. Because biological essences about social groups have been connected to a number of downstream consequences, we also investigated two test cases concerning value-based essentialism. In Study 3, beliefs about both shared biology and shared values increased inductive generalizations about the social group relative to control, but in Study 4, only the shared biology condition reduced blame for wrongdoing. Together these findings join with recent work to support a broader theoretical framework of essentialism about social groups that can be arrived at through multiple pathways, including, in the present case, shared values.

A Critique of Values: Clarification in Drug Education

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chwee Lye Chng
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Values Clarification ◽  
Ethical Relativism ◽  
Drug Education ◽  
Education Programs ◽  
Direct Function ◽  
Value System ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Social

Values clarification is today widely used in drug education programs in the United States. The premise is that decisions pertaining to whether to use drugs or to abstain are a direct function of a confused value system. The purpose of values clarification is to assist individuals both to structure and operationalize a value system which is personally satisfying and socially acceptable. In an attempt to raise questions regarding its efficacy to influence drug use, criticisms will be offered on the following areas: the role of content in valuing, the position of “ethical relativism,” the danger of indoctrination, and the social pressure to conform.

scholarly journals KARAKTER TOKOH UTAMA DALAM NOVEL SURGA YANG TAK DIRINDUKAN SERTA APLIKASINYA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA DAN SASTRA INDONESIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Rerin Maulinda
Keyword(s):  
National Culture ◽  
General View ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Value System ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Social ◽  
Culture Formation ◽  
Cultural Concept

Abstrak - Dalam pandangan umum sebuah nilai terwadahi dalam kerangka kebudayaan masyarakat, karena kebudayaan merupakan salah satu sistem nilai. Di tataran filsafat dan kebudayaan, Sutan Takdir Alisyahbana dan Ki Hajar Dewantara mengenalkan rasa kebangsaan itu melalui proses kristalisasi konsep budaya bangsa. Dalam pengembangan budaya bangsa harus berlandaskan pada nilai-nilai sosial bangsa yang selama ini telah berperan besar dalam memajukan bangsa Indonesia. Karya sastra menjadi sarana untuk menyampaikan pesan tentang kebenaran, tentang apa yang baik dan yang buruk. Karya sastra seharusnya memberi manfaat positif bagi pembaca. Kandungan nilai yang tersimpan dalam karya sastra harus digali agar sampai kepada pembaca. Karya-karya sastra yang memberikan nilai-nilai sebagaimana fungsi sastra utile memberikan kegunaan kepada pembaca. Penerapan nilai-nilai tersebut akan berkontribusi pada pembentukan karakter individu maupun masyarakat yang akan mampu meretas nilai-nilai inti yang luhur sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai pilot pembentukan budaya bangsa secara nasional. Dalam hal ini, karya sastra sangat mendukung pembentukan karakter sesorang yang disebabkan oleh alur kisahnya. Karakter Tokoh Utama yang terdapat dalam novel Surga Yang Tak Dirindukan, berdasarkan hasil analisis terdiri dari enam karakter tokoh utama. Adapaun karakter tokoh utamadalam novel Surga Yang Tak Dirindukan, yaitu: (a) Religius. (b) Peduli Lingkungan. (c)Kreatif. (d) Toleransi. (e) Tanggung Jawab. (f) Kerja Keras.  Abstract - In general view a value is embodied within the framework of the culture of society, because culture is one of the value system. At the level of philosophy and culture, Sutan Takdir Alisyahbana and Ki Hajar Dewantara introduce the sense of nationality through the process of crystallizing the nation's cultural concept. In the development of the nation's culture must be based on the social values of the nation that has been playing a major role in advancing the nation of Indonesia. Literary works are a means to convey the message of truth, about what is good and what is bad. Literary works should have positive benefits for the reader. The content of the value stored in the literary works must be extracted to reach the reader. Literary works that provide values as well as utility literary functions provide usefulness to the reader. Implementation of these values will contribute to the formation of individual characters and communities that will be able to pave the core values of the noble so that it can be used as a pilot of national culture formation nationally. In this case, literary works strongly support the formation of one's character caused by the plot of the story. The character of the main character in the novel of the Unwanted Heaven, based on the analysis result consists of six characters of the main character. The characters of the main characters in the novel of Heaven Not Missed, namely: (a) Religious. (b) Care for the Environment. (c) Creative. (d) Tolerance. (e) Responsibility. (f) Hard Work.

scholarly journals A Política, a Educação Social e a Terceira Idade

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Giberto Krug
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Education ◽  
Social Politics ◽  
Third Age ◽  
Interdisciplinary Learning ◽  
Collective Work ◽  
The Social

Resumo: O texto privilegia os eixos interdisciplinares e de intervenção presentes na Política Social, na Educação Social e os articula com os elementos análogos contidos na Gerontologia. A educação presente ao longo da vida humana se amplia com os elementos político-sociais da participação. Esta participação é educativa e há um aprendizado a quem dela se apropria em um trabalho coletivo que está presente nos inúmeros grupos sociais da chamada Terceira Idade, bem como seria necessário estar presente nas instituições ditas de proteção social. No entanto, este aprendizado político-social e interdisciplinar está imerso em um mundo de incertezas que acompanha o processo de envelhecimento e a própria velhice. Palavras-chave: Política Social. Educação Social. Gerontologia. Terceira Idade. Abstract: The text favors the interdisciplinary and intervention axes that are present in Social Politics, in Social Education, and articulates them with the analogous elements contained in Gerontology. The education that is present along human life amplifies itself with the social-political elements of the participation. This participation is educative and there is some learning to those who assume it in a collective work that is present in the countless social groups of the so-called Third Age, as well as it would be necessary if it were present in the institutions said to be of social protection. However, this social-political and interdisciplinary learning is immersed in a world of uncertainties that accompanies the process of getting old and old age itself. Keywords: Social Politics. Social Education. Gerontology. Third Age.

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