scholarly journals Leader Identification through Networks of Conversational Interruptions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil MacLaren ◽  
Francis J. Yammarino ◽  
Shelley D. Dionne ◽  
Hiroki Sayama ◽  
Michael D. Mumford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Leadership Behaviors ◽  
Group Structure ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Applied Psychology ◽  
Rater Bias ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Survey Responses ◽  
Status Theory

Leaders are often identified in empirical studies by either their position in an organizationally defined hierarchy or by survey responses, yet such methods conflate behavioral antecedents and outcomes with behaviors themselves. Furthermore, without an external standard for comparison, it cannot be known to what extent differences in leader assignment or emergence between demographic or other categories are due to behavioral differences or biases in the assessment, selection, training, or rating processes. In this study, we propose the ``interruption network'' as a model of small group structure that is (a) grounded in social status theory, (b) definable in both lab and field groups, (c) minimally impacted by rater bias, and (d) based on assessed behaviors rather than antecedents or outcomes. We show that analysis of interruption networks suggests that the often-reported male bias in leadership attributions is found in the ratings but not in the behavior of the observed individuals: males and females may engage in leadership behaviors equally as often, but males are attributed leadership significantly more. Use of the interruption network to represent small group social status therefore extends well-established research on non-verbal behaviors to an explicitly group-oriented context, supporting theory-based unobtrusive assessment and new ways to address important questions in applied psychology.

scholarly journals Implicit signals in small group settings and their impact on the expression of cognitive capacity and associated brain responses

2012 ◽  
Vol 367 (1589) ◽  
pp. 704-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth T. Kishida ◽  
Dongni Yang ◽  
Karen Hunter Quartz ◽  
Steven R. Quartz ◽  
P. Read Montague
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Group Setting ◽  
Group Settings ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
The Impact

Measures of intelligence, when broadcast, serve as salient signals of social status, which may be used to unjustly reinforce low-status stereotypes about out-groups' cultural norms. Herein, we investigate neurobehavioural signals manifest in small ( n = 5) groups using functional magnetic resonance imaging and a ‘ranked group IQ task’ where implicit signals of social status are broadcast and differentiate individuals based on their expression of cognitive capacity. We report an initial overall decrease in the expression of cognitive capacity in the small group setting. However, the environment of the ‘ranked group IQ task’ eventually stratifies the population into two groups (‘high performers’, HP and ‘low performers’, LP) identifiable based on changes in estimated intelligence quotient and brain responses in the amygdala and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In addition, we demonstrate signals in the nucleus accumbens consistent with prediction errors in expected changes in status regardless of group membership. Our results suggest that individuals express diminished cognitive capacity in small groups, an effect that is exacerbated by perceived lower status within the group and correlated with specific neurobehavioural responses. The impact these reactions have on intergroup divisions and conflict resolution requires further investigation, but suggests that low-status groups may develop diminished capacity to mitigate conflict using non-violent means.

scholarly journals When Leadership Powers Team Learning: A Meta-Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mieke Koeslag-Kreunen ◽  
Piet Van den Bossche ◽  
Michael Hoven ◽  
Marcel Van der Klink ◽  
Wim Gijselaers
Keyword(s):  
Team Learning ◽  
Leadership Behaviors ◽  
Leadership Behavior ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Team Leadership ◽  
Task Type ◽  
Learning Behavior ◽  
Team Processes ◽  
Support Team

Team learning behavior is found to be one of the most effective team processes, as learning behavior at the team level (e.g., sharing, discussing, and reflecting on knowledge and actions) enables teams to adapt existing or develop new knowledge. Team leadership behavior is considered a critical accelerant for creating conditions that are essential to engage in team learning behavior, such as a safe environment. Yet despite the growing amount of research in team learning, this relationship remains unclear. Meta-analytic techniques were used to examine when team leadership behaviors support team learning behavior and how the task type moderates that relationship. Forty-three empirical studies reporting 92 effect sizes were synthesized. Analyses show that team leadership behavior explains 18% of the variance in team learning behavior. Furthermore, results indicate that person-focused leaders foster team learning for both adaptive and developmental tasks, whereas task-focused leaders influence team learning for adaptive tasks only.

scholarly journals Friendship networks and social status

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRIAN BALL ◽  
M.E.J. NEWMAN
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Method ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Junior High Schools ◽  
Likelihood Method ◽  
Directed Network ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Friendship Networks ◽  
Large Collection ◽  
Almost All

AbstractIn empirical studies of friendship networks, participants are typically asked, in interviews or questionnaires, to identify some or all of their close friends, resulting in a directed network in which friendships can, and often do, run in only one direction between a pair of individuals. Here we analyze a large collection of such networks representing friendships among students at US high and junior-high schools and show that the pattern of unreciprocated friendships is far from random. In every network, without exception, we find that there exists a ranking of participants, from low to high, such that almost all unreciprocated friendships consist of a lower ranked individual claiming friendship with a higher ranked one. We present a maximum-likelihood method for deducing such rankings from observed network data and conjecture that the rankings produced reflect a measure of social status. We note in particular that reciprocated and unreciprocated friendships obey different statistics, suggesting different formation processes, and that rankings are correlated with other characteristics of the participants that are traditionally associated with status, such as age and overall popularity as measured by total number of friends.

scholarly journals Factors of Personal Acquisition of Social Status in a Small Group in a Leisure Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (13) ◽  
pp. 42-48
Author(s):  
Nataliia Lapshova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Group Cohesion ◽  
Psychological Climate ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Component Structure ◽  
Professional Orientation ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual

The article presents the main results of an empirical study of the factors of personal acquisition of social status in a small group in the field of leisure. Reflecting the position of the individual in the system of society, the social status of the individual is determined by the set of rights and responsibilities of the individual in the context of social ties, groups and systems. Thus, social status is a component that simultaneously affects the individual, and which, in some way, depends on the individual. Since social status is a complex and multicomponent phenomenon, it was possible to determine its socio-psychological component structure. Social status was studied through sociometric positions of respondents. The entire sample was divided into 4 groups depending on the number of elections: neglected, rejected, accepted, stars. It was found that the factors of social status in the permissive context are the acceptance of others, the psychological climate of the team, focus on the present, social approval, lack of normative behavior (conformity). Factors of social status in the working context are personal characteristics and features of group dynamics, so it should be taken into account in combination with individual psychological characteristics. Factors of each social status for separate social groups were also singled out. The social status of the individual is an important component of the social life of every person. Its main function is to organize, design, regulate and conduct groups and their members. In the leisure environment for a group of technical professional orientation, the factors of acquiring social status for certain groups are the following characteristics: neglected – group cohesion, unaccepted – socio-psychological adaptation, accepted – the tendency to affiliation, stars – acceptance of others; for the group of humanitarian professional orientation: neglected – acceptance of others, unaccepted – group cohesion, accepted – the psychological climate of the group, the stars – emotional comfort.

scholarly journals Between Consultation and Collaboration: Self-Reported Objectives for 25 Web-Based Geoparticipation Projects in Urban Planning

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 783
Author(s):  
Ian Babelon ◽  
Jiří Pánek ◽  
Enzo Falco ◽  
Reinout Kleinhans ◽  
James Charlton
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Web Based ◽  
The Public ◽  
Planning Processes ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Survey Responses

Web-based participatory mapping technologies are being increasingly harnessed by local governments to crowdsource local knowledge and engage the public in urban planning policies as a means of increasing the transparency and legitimacy of planning processes and decisions. We refer to these technologies as “geoparticipation”. Current innovations are outpacing research into the use of geoparticipation in participatory planning practices. To address this knowledge gap, this paper investigates the objectives of web-based geoparticipation and uses empirical evidence from online survey responses related to 25 urban planning projects in nine countries across three continents (Europe, North America, and Australia). The survey adopts the objectives of the Spectrum for Public Participation that range from information empowerment, with each category specifying promises about how public input is expected to influence decision-making (IAP2, 2018). Our findings show that geoparticipation can leverage a ‘middle-ground’ of citizen participation by facilitating involvement alongside consultation and/or collaboration. This paper constitutes a pilot study as a step toward more robust and replicable empirical studies for cross-country comparisons. Empowerment (or citizen control) is not yet a normative goal or outcome for web-based geoparticipation. Our evidence also suggests that information is pursued alongside other objectives for citizen participation, and therefore functions not as a “low-hanging fruit” as portrayed in the literature, but rather as a core component of higher intensities of participation.

scholarly journals Bring-Your-Own-Device Usage Trends in Australian Hospitals – A National Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tafheem Ahmad Wani ◽  
Antonette Mendoza ◽  
Kathleen Gray
Keyword(s):  
National Survey ◽  
Data Security ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Patient Data ◽  
Bring Your Own Device ◽  
Sensitive Information ◽  
Dominant Group ◽  
Data Breaches ◽  
Survey Responses ◽  
Personal Devices

Background: Healthcare is among the leading industries which drives the use of personal devices for work purposes (BYOD). However, allowing BYOD for healthcare workers comes at a cost, as it puts sensitive information assets such as patient data residing on personal devices at risk of potential data breaches. Objective: Previous review of the literature has highlighted the dearth of empirical studies in hospital settings regarding BYOD usage. As such, this paper aims to report BYOD usage trends in Australian hospitals through a national survey, first of its kind in Australia. Methods: An anonymous survey was conducted online among health IT personnel, asking them about their experiences about BYOD usage in their hospitals. 28 responses were collected based on public Australian hospitals, which included 21 hospital groups and 7 standalone hospitals, likely to represent more than 100 hospitals in total. Survey responses were quantitatively analysed through descriptive statistical analysis and cross tabulation. Results: BYOD is allowed in majority of the hospitals, and among all major staff groups, with doctors being the leading group. Participants ranked reasons for allowing BYOD, and most of them were related to improvement in clinical productivity, efficiency and mobility for clinical staff. Challenges were generally related to data security such as patient data breaches and compliance with data security laws, according to them. More than two thirds of hospitals had a cybersecurity officer employed, and CIOs were the most dominant group who held responsibility for managing BYOD within the hospital. Conclusion: This paper provides a starting point for better understanding of BYOD usage in a complex healthcare environment based on empirical evidence, one which highlights the security-usability conundrum, confirming previous literature themes.

Перваямироваявойнаиреволюциявчеловеческомизмерении

2019 ◽  
pp. 86-117
Author(s):  
V.I. Goltsov
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
World War ◽  
World War One ◽  
Army Officer ◽  
Political Views ◽  
Global Events ◽  
Anthropological Approach

The article represents an attempt by an anthropological approach to capture the reflection of World War One and revolutionary events of 1917, through thoughts and feelings of a small group of people frontline army officer Leontiy Byzov, his relatives and friends. Analyzed is their perception of the global events which took place, outlined are their psychological mindset relative to everyday life behavioral patterns. Shown are the attitudes of Byzovs social circle to the development of Russian society at that particular moment, at the same time outlined is the basis for such attitudes the mindset of L. Byzov and his writingparty, their political views, character traits and social status.Статья представляет собой попытку антропологического подхода запечатлеть отражение Первой Мировой Войны и революционных событий 1917 года через мысли и чувства небольшой группы людейфронтового армейского офицера Леонтия Бызова, его родственники и друзья. Проанализировано их восприятие происходивших глобальных событий, очерчено их психологическое мышление относительно повседневных жизненных поведенческих паттернов. Показаны отношения социального круга Бызова к развитию российского общества в данный конкретный момент, в то же время очерчена основа таких отношений менталитет л. Бызова и его писательской партии, их политические взгляды, черты характера и социальный статус.

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