scholarly journals Exposure to economic inequality at the age of 8 enhances prosocial behavior in adult life

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Branas-Garza ◽  
Pedro Caldentey ◽  
Antonio M. Espin ◽  
Teresa García ◽  
Ana Hernandez
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
University Students ◽  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Dictator Game ◽  
Inequality Aversion ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Open Question

Children as young as 3-4 years old are already concerned about inequality and 18 declare that equality is a norm that should be followed. At the age of 3 to 8, they develop a strong preference for equality, which is typically reflected in both “envy” and “compassion”, that is, aversion to disadvantageous and advantageous inequality, respectively. Further studies suggest that inequality aversion does not continue increasing after that age, but rather exhibits an inverse-U shape relation with age in childhood and adolescence, with a peak at 8 years old. Since children are particularly 24 sensitive to inequality at the age of 8, it is an open question how exposure to real economic inequality at this age modulates prosocial behavior in adult life. Here, we link generosity in dictator game experiments conducted among Spanish university students (n > 400) with existing macro-level data on income inequality within the region they lived as children. The data show that individuals who were exposed to higher levels of inequality at the age of 8 are more generous in adult life. Interestingly, exposure at older ages has no impact on generosity. Our results extend previous findings on the development of egalitarianism by showing long-lasting effects of childhood inequality experiences in adult life. If prosocial behavior is (partly) developed as a reaction to an unequal environment, then inequality might be counteracted in the 34 future.

scholarly journals The Influence of Social Class on University Students’ Prosocial Behavior Based on the Game Perspective

Complexity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Hao Ding ◽  
Feng Xu ◽  
Jia-Ming Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
University Students ◽  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Dictator Game ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
Chinese University ◽  
The World ◽  
Research Objects

In the present research, based on the game research paradigm, the research tools are the dictator game and the trust game, and the research objects are Chinese university students. We adopt 2(self-social class: high, low) × 2(target social class: high, low) between-subjects design experiment to investigate the influence of social class on university students’ prosocial behavior. Across the experimental study, we find that (1) in the two situations of dictator game and trust game, self-social class has no significant influence on university students’ prosocial behavior; (2) in the situation of dictator game, target social class has a significant influence on university students’ prosocial behavior, and it is regulated by self-social class. Under the condition of low self-social class, the higher the target social class, the more prosocial behavior of university students, which confirms the perspective of status and negates “if you are poor, you will be good for yourself.” Under the condition of high self-social class, the lower the target social class, the more prosocial the behavior of university students, which confirms the perspective of fairness and echoes “if you are good, you will be good at the world”; (3) in the context of the trust game, target social class has a significant influence on university students’ prosocial behavior, and there is no interaction effect with self-social class.

Economic Inequality and Social Entrepreneurship

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 1150-1190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saurav Pathak ◽  
Etayankara Muralidharan
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Entrepreneurship ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Income Mobility ◽  
Global Competitiveness ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data

This article explores the extent to which income inequality and income mobility—both considered indicators of economic inequality and conditions of formal regulatory institutions (government activism)—facilitate or constrain the emergence of social entrepreneurship. Using 77,983 individual-level responses obtained from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) survey of 26 countries, and supplementing with country-level data obtained from the Global Competitiveness Report of the World Economic Forum, our results from multilevel analyses demonstrate that country-level income inequality increases the likelihood of individual-level engagement in social entrepreneurship, while income mobility decreases this likelihood. Further, income mobility negatively moderates the influence of income inequality on social entrepreneurship, such that the condition of low income mobility and high income inequality is a stronger predictor of social entrepreneurship. We discuss implications and limitations of our study, and we suggest avenues for future research.

Nationalism and Social Sanctioning Across Ethnic Lines: Experimental Evidence from the Kenya–Tanzania Border

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangick Jeon ◽  
Tim Johnson ◽  
Amanda Lea Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Dictator Game ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Inequality Aversion ◽  
Norm Violations ◽  
Group Members

AbstractPast research shows that ethnic diversity reduces the ability to sanction norm violators, ultimately undermining cooperation. We test this directly by experimentally varying the ethnic composition of groups playing a dictator game with third-party punishment among two ethnic groups along the Kenya–Tanzania border. We also implement a structurally identical game where the endowment division is randomly determined in order to isolate a punishment motivation from the motivation to rectify income inequality. While costly income adjustment in both games is driven primarily by norm violations and inequality aversion, the ethnic composition of groups also influences sharing and sanctioning behavior in Kenya but not Tanzania, consistent with documented differences in the strength of nationalism across the two countries. However, the way in which shared ethnicity affects sanctioning in Kenya—namely, increased punishment of out-group violations against in-group members—is at odds with theories that anticipate that costly sanctioning will primarily target coethnics.

Measuring perceptions of post-conflict actors’ economic behavior: the case of Colombia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago Alonso Diaz ◽  
Nicolás Enrique Arévalo Jaimes ◽  
Sebastian Balcucho ◽  
Daniel Duque ◽  
Tatiana García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Exposure To Violence ◽  
Dictator Game ◽  
Economic Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Economic Games ◽  
Risk Seeking ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Intertemporal Discounting

Exposure to violence has lasting effects on economic behavior years after it has ended. Previous literature has proved that there is an increase in altruism, impatience, and risk-seeking. However, it is unknown if regular citizens, not directly involved in the conflict, perceive such economic behavior in post-conflict actors. We asked participants to report, relative to them, how Colombia's post-conflict actors (ex-guerrillas, ex-paramilitaries, and victims) behave in different economic games (dictator game, lotteries, and intertemporal discounting). Our sample of university students believes that victims are less altruistic than current evidence with real victims, not particularly risky, and impatient. Also, that former combatants are risk-seeking, impatient, and altruistic towards victims. These beliefs about post-conflict actors' economic behavior do not consistently coincide with behavioral changes found in actual actors involved in violence and could guide reintegration policies.

scholarly journals Beyond cultural and geographical proximity: delving into the factors that influence the dynamics of academic relationships between students in higher education

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
José-Vicente Tomás-Miquel ◽  
Jordi Capó-Vicedo
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Academic Networks ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Specific Stage ◽  
The University ◽  
Proximity Dimensions ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractScholars have widely recognised the importance of academic relationships between students at the university. While much of the past research has focused on studying their influence on different aspects such as the students’ academic performance or their emotional stability, less is known about their dynamics and the factors that influence the formation and dissolution of linkages between university students in academic networks. In this paper, we try to shed light on this issue by exploring through stochastic actor-oriented models and student-level data the influence that a set of proximity factors may have on formation of these relationships over the entire period in which students are enrolled at the university. Our findings confirm that the establishment of academic relationships is derived, in part, from a wide range of proximity dimensions of a social, personal, geographical, cultural and academic nature. Furthermore, and unlike previous studies, this research also empirically confirms that the specific stage in which the student is at the university determines the influence of these proximity factors on the dynamics of academic relationships. In this regard, beyond cultural and geographic proximities that only influence the first years at the university, students shape their relationships as they progress in their studies from similarities in more strategic aspects such as academic and personal closeness. These results may have significant implications for both academic research and university policies.

Abstract P636: Social Determinants of Stroke Hospitalization and Mortality in the United States

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Randhir Sagar Yadav ◽  
Durgesh Chaudhary ◽  
Shima Shahjouei ◽  
Jiang Li ◽  
Vida Abedi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
Hemorrhagic Stroke ◽  
The United States ◽  
Care Physician ◽  
County Level ◽  
Medicare Beneficiaries ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Control And Prevention

Introduction: Stroke hospitalization and mortality are influenced by various social determinants. This ecological study aimed to determine the associations between social determinants and stroke hospitalization and outcome at county-level in the United States. Methods: County-level data were recorded from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as of January 7, 2020. We considered four outcomes: all-age (1) Ischemic and (2) Hemorrhagic stroke Death rates per 100,000 individuals (ID and HD respectively), and (3) Ischemic and (4) Hemorrhagic stroke Hospitalization rate per 1,000 Medicare beneficiaries (IH and HH respectively). Results: Data of 3,225 counties showed IH (12.5 ± 3.4) and ID (22.2 ± 5.1) were more frequent than HH (2.0 ± 0.4) and HD (9.8 ± 2.1). Income inequality as expressed by Gini Index was found to be 44.6% ± 3.6% and unemployment rate was 4.3% ± 1.5%. Only 29.8% of the counties had at least one hospital with neurological services. The uninsured rate was 11.0% ± 4.7% and people living within half a mile of a park was only 18.7% ± 17.6%. Age-adjusted obesity rate was 32.0% ± 4.5%. In regression models, age-adjusted obesity (OR for IH: 1.11; HH: 1.04) and number of hospitals with neurological services (IH: 1.40; HH: 1.50) showed an association with IH and HH. Age-adjusted obesity (ID: 1.16; HD: 1.11), unemployment (ID: 1.21; HD: 1.18) and income inequality (ID: 1.09; HD: 1.11) showed an association with ID and HD. Park access showed inverse associations with all four outcomes. Additionally, population per primary-care physician was associated with HH while number of pharmacy and uninsured rate were associated with ID. All associations and OR had p ≤0.04. Conclusion: Unemployment and income inequality are significantly associated with increased stroke mortality rates.

scholarly journals An Integrated Approach to Deal with Mental Health Issues of Children and Adolescent during COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mousumi Sethy ◽  
Reshmi Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Children And Adolescent ◽  
Mental Health Issues

The pandemic caused by COVID-19 has left few countries untouched. It is a far-reaching implication on humankind, with children and adolescents, being no exception. Although the prevalence and fatality are negligible among children, a possible impact on their psychological and mental health cannot be disregarded. The unprecedented change in the way of living is bound to be having some psychological consequences on children and adolescents. The experiences gathered in childhood and adolescence are known to contribute to shaping the physical, emotional, and social well-being in adult life. Children are highly susceptible to environmental stressors. The present situation has the potential of adversely affecting the physical and mental well-being of children. To save the children from the long term consequences of this pandemic, a holistic approach integrating biological, psychological, social and spiritual methods of enhancing mental health have become essential. A concerted effort of government, Non Government Organisations (NGOs), parents, teachers, schools, psychologists, counselors and physicians are required to deal with the mental health issues of children and adolescents. This paper discusses the possible role of these agencies in the holistic intervention of this crisis.

Early Maladaptive Schemas as Predictors of Interpersonal Orientation and Peer Connectedness in University Students

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 1377-1394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gyesook Yoo ◽  
Ju Hee Park ◽  
Hey Jung Jun
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Peer Relationships ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Early Maladaptive Schemas ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Maladaptive Schemas ◽  
Interpersonal Orientation

In this study we examined whether or not early maladaptive schemas regarding disconnection and rejection influenced peer connectedness of university students in emerging adulthood. We also investigated the mediating role of interpersonal orientation on these relationships. The participants were 304 students at universities in Korea, aged between 18 and 25 years. Results of structural equation modeling demonstrated that the defectiveness/shame schema had an indirect, negative effect on peer connectedness via interpersonal orientation, and the abandonment/instability schema had an indirect, positive influence on peer connectedness. The social isolation/alienation schema negatively and directly affected peer connectedness. Our findings suggest that when a sense of disconnection and rejection develops during childhood and adolescence, individuals show a relatively stable tendency to either avoid or overvalue interpersonal relationships. This may lead to difficulties in establishing peer relationships in emerging adulthood.

Income and Wealth Inequality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurel Sariscsany
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Workers ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
Research Practice ◽  
Grand Challenges ◽  
Critical Issues

Reversing extreme economic inequality is one of the grand challenges for social work, identified as one of the most critical issues in the field. Two key types of economic inequality, income and wealth inequality are described. Although, wealth and income inequality are often discussed synonymously they have differing levels of inequality and impact clients’ lives differently. Perhaps more importantly, as this article describes, solving income and wealth inequality require differing solutions. The article further explores the specific income and wealth inequality experienced by women and people of color, due in part to discrimination. Lastly, the efforts of social workers to address economic inequality through research, practice, and advocacy are described.

Nudging: The unexpected impact on observers' inference of donors' prosocial behavior

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Xiaoyue Wu ◽  
Liyin Jin
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Prosocial Behavior

We proposed that although nudging may encourage participation, being nudged may undermine the intrinsic motivation of a donor's prosocial behavior in the eyes of an observer. In 3 studies spanning various contexts of prosocial nudging (Ns = 198, 141, and 267 university students, respectively), we demonstrated that observers perceived a donor who was (vs. was not) nudged as less intrinsically motivated to help others. The findings suggested that the perceived motive of a donor's prosocial behavior is inferred by observers not only from the behavior itself but also from whether or not the behavior is a product of nudging. By investigating the consequences of nudging from the observer's perspective, we have provided a new lens for understanding the role of nudging in the prosocial domain.

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