Human-robot cooperation in economic games: People show strong reciprocity but conditional prosociality toward robots

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Te-Yi Hsieh ◽  
Bishakha Chaudhury ◽  
Emily S. Cross
Keyword(s):  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Incentive Structure ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Social Collaboration ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Social Tasks ◽  
Payoff Matrices ◽  
Robot Cooperation ◽  
Game Context

Understanding the social dynamics in human-robot cooperation stands to broaden our understanding of human behaviour in general, as well as to improve the design of robots designated for certain social tasks. This study investigated human cooperative behaviours in the context of prisoner’s dilemma (PD) games and the extent to which people’s willingness to cooperate with a robot varies according to incentives provided by the game context. We manipulated the payoff matrices of human-robot PD games and predicted that people would cooperate more often in the situation where cooperating with the robot was a relatively more rewarding option. Although the pre-registered mixed effect logistic regression model showed no significant effect of incentive structure on human decisions in the iterated PD games overall, further exploratory analyses revealed that in early game rounds, participants made significantly more cooperative decisions when the game structure provided more incentives for cooperation. However, subsequent game decisions were dominantly driven by other two factors. The first was the robot’s previous game choices, where participants played a tit-for-tat strategy against the robot even though its decisions were random. Second, presentation of real-time game scores significantly impacted people’s cooperative tendencies. Participants only showed prosocial tendencies toward the robot when they had achieved high scores themselves. Our findings on the initial effects of incentive structure, robust reciprocity, and conditional prosociality in human-robot cooperation highlight ways in which we might expect social behaviour toward robots to differ from social behaviour toward humans, and help to establish the foundations necessary to support successful social collaboration with robots.

Human-robot cooperation in economic games: People show strong reciprocity but conditional prosociality toward robots

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Te-Yi Hsieh ◽  
Bishakha Chaudhury ◽  
Emily S. Cross
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Incentive Structure ◽  
Incentive Condition ◽  
Strong Reciprocity ◽  
Economic Games ◽  
Social Tasks ◽  
Tit For Tat ◽  
Robot Cooperation ◽  
Future Work

Understanding human social interactions with robots is important for designing robots for social tasks. Here, we investigate undergraduate participants’ situational cooperation tendencies towards a robot opponent using prisoner’s dilemma games. With two conditions where incentives for cooperative decisions were manipulated to be high or low, we predicted that people would cooperate more often with the robot in high-incentive conditions. Our results showed incentive structure did not predict human cooperation overall, but did influence cooperation in early rounds, where participants cooperated significantly more in the high-incentive condition. Exploratory analyses revealed other two behavioural tendencies: (1) participants played a tit-for-tat strategy against the robot (whose decisions were random); and (2) participants only behaved prosocially toward the robot when they had achieved high scores themselves. Our findings highlight ways in which social behaviour toward robots might differ from social behaviour toward humans, and inform future work on human–robot interactions in collaborative contexts.

Learning from Social Collaboration

2018 ◽  
pp. 500-524
Author(s):  
Kimmo Oksanen ◽  
Timo Lainema ◽  
Raija Hämäläinen
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Simulation Game ◽  
Business Simulation ◽  
Game Based Learning ◽  
Computer Supported Collaborative Learning ◽  
Simulation Games ◽  
Social Collaboration ◽  
Emotional Processes ◽  
Game Mechanics ◽  
Game Context

This chapter focuses on the challenge of evaluating game-based learning. It argues that linking game-based learning with the characteristics of a specific game or game-produced engagement is challenging. It further proposes a framework in which the game-based learning process is approached by considering (business) simulation games as Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) environments and presents an approach on how learning can be approached and evaluated from this perspective. In addition, it highlights how simulation game mechanics appears to be a potential way to promote learners' socio-emotional processes and give rise to social interaction and to structure collaboration among the learners in the game context. The proposed framework of this chapter takes into account both cognitive and socio-emotional perspectives of learning. The results of the chapter will present a contemporary view on the roles of sociability, collaboration and engagement in game-based learning.

Social Behaviour in an Australian Allodapine Bee Exoneura (Brevineura) xanthoclypeata (Hymenoptera : Apidae)

1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon M. Tierney ◽  
Michael P. Schwarz ◽  
M. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Social Evolution ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Brood Production ◽  
Brood Rearing ◽  
Reproductive Differentiation ◽  
Two Factors

The allodapine bees are well suited for comparative studies of social evolution because of the wide variation in social behaviour within and between genera. There are three main clades in the endemic Australian genus Exoneura. Two groups (Exoneura sensu stricto and Exoneurella) have received extensive study. In this paper we provide the first detailed study of social behaviour in the third group, Brevineura, based on a heathland population of Exoneura (B.) xanthoclypeata Rayment. This species has two seasonal pulses of egg-laying and brood rearing occurs throughout most of the year, including winter. This extended period of egg-laying and brood development differs from the two other Australian Exoneura subgenera and provides extensive opportunities for eusocial-like sib-rearing. Dissection data indicate that reproductive differentiation among adult nestmates is well developed and dependent on body size, with smaller females being mostly or entirely non-reproductive. Per capita brood production is dramatically higher in multi-female nests than in single-female nests and relatedness between adult nestmates is moderately high (r ≈ 0·5). These two factors suggest that local fitness enhancement may be occurring and our limited sex allocation data suggest female-biased ratios. Because of the opportunities for sib-rearing in this species, local fitness enhancement has the potential to lower selective thresholds for eusociality.

Learning from Social Collaboration

2017 ◽  
pp. 41-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimmo Oksanen ◽  
Timo Lainema ◽  
Raija Hämäläinen
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Simulation Game ◽  
Business Simulation ◽  
Game Based Learning ◽  
Computer Supported Collaborative Learning ◽  
Simulation Games ◽  
Social Collaboration ◽  
Emotional Processes ◽  
Game Mechanics ◽  
Game Context

This chapter focuses on the challenge of evaluating game-based learning. It argues that linking game-based learning with the characteristics of a specific game or game-produced engagement is challenging. It further proposes a framework in which the game-based learning process is approached by considering (business) simulation games as Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) environments and presents an approach on how learning can be approached and evaluated from this perspective. In addition, it highlights how simulation game mechanics appears to be a potential way to promote learners' socio-emotional processes and give rise to social interaction and to structure collaboration among the learners in the game context. The proposed framework of this chapter takes into account both cognitive and socio-emotional perspectives of learning. The results of the chapter will present a contemporary view on the roles of sociability, collaboration and engagement in game-based learning.

Controlling Terrorism Through the Nudging of Social Interactions

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-190
Author(s):  
Siddhartha Mitra
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Social Evolution ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Axiomatic System ◽  
Individual Choice ◽  
Analytical Argument ◽  
Corporate Social

The article explains how ‘nudge theory’ can be applied to alleviate the incidence of terrorism. Nudges, which bring about a change in the environment in which individual choice is exercised, do not just modify the behaviour of individuals in a society but thereby influence the social environment which impacts both the human brain and behaviour. Thus, a nudge when appropriately administered to a large number of individuals can potentially bring about social evolution. This article seeks to reap dividends from this analytical argument by setting up an axiomatic system which captures present-day individual and social behaviour and then elaborates on the resultant social dynamics, which lead to growth of terrorism inducing intercommunity hatred. As humans can evolve, any axioms about human and social behaviour are not timeless. The article therefore suggests nudges for utilizing the bidirectional causality between the human brain and social environment to render one or more axioms toothless and diminish the societal propensity for terrorism. The recommended nudges include those that promote formation of mixed neighbourhoods by discreetly inducing more frequent interactions of a positive nature between members of hitherto hostile socio-economic groups; cultural exchange on neutral ground; and corporate social responsibility fostering the wellbeing of poor communities. JEL Classification: B55, D74, D87

scholarly journals The relationship between social behaviour and habitat familiarity in African elephants ( Loxodonta africana )

2008 ◽  
Vol 276 (1659) ◽  
pp. 1009-1014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noa Pinter-Wollman ◽  
Lynne A Isbell ◽  
Lynette A Hart
Keyword(s):  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Loxodonta Africana ◽  
African Elephants ◽  
Conservation Practice ◽  
Direct Benefits ◽  
The Social ◽  
Novel Environments ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Social associations with conspecifics can expedite animals' acclimation to novel environments. However, the benefits gained from sociality may change as the habitat becomes familiar. Furthermore, the particular individuals with whom animals associate upon arrival at a new place, familiar conspecifics or knowledgeable unfamiliar residents, may influence the type of information they acquire about their new home. To examine animals' social dynamics in novel habitats, we studied the social behaviour of African elephants ( Loxodonta africana ) translocated into a novel environment. We found that the translocated elephants' association with conspecifics decreased over time supporting our hypothesis that sociality provides added benefits in novel environments. In addition, we found a positive correlation between body condition and social association, suggesting that elephants gain direct benefits from sociality. Furthermore, the translocated elephants associated significantly less than expected with the local residents and more than expected with familiar, but not necessarily genetically related, translocated elephants. The social segregation between the translocated and resident elephants declined over time, suggesting that elephants can integrate into an existing social setting. Knowledge of the relationship between sociality and habitat familiarity is highly important in our constantly changing world to both conservation practice and our understanding of animals' behaviour in novel environments.

scholarly journals Helping in humans and other animals: a fruitful interdisciplinary dialogue

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1863) ◽  
pp. 20170929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Redouan Bshary ◽  
Nichola J. Raihani
Keyword(s):  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Inclusive Fitness ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Functional Theory ◽  
Pairwise Interactions ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Artificial Boundaries ◽  
Payoff Matrices ◽  
Human Social Behaviour

Humans are arguably unique in the extent and scale of cooperation with unrelated individuals. While pairwise interactions among non-relatives occur in some non-human species, there is scant evidence of the large-scale, often unconditional prosociality that characterizes human social behaviour. Consequently, one may ask whether research on cooperation in humans can offer general insights to researchers working on similar questions in non-human species, and whether research on humans should be published in biology journals. We contend that the answer to both of these questions is yes. Most importantly, social behaviour in humans and other species operates under the same evolutionary framework. Moreover, we highlight how an open dialogue between different fields can inspire studies on humans and non-human species, leading to novel approaches and insights. Biology journals should encourage these discussions rather than drawing artificial boundaries between disciplines. Shared current and future challenges are to study helping in ecologically relevant contexts in order to correctly interpret how payoff matrices translate into inclusive fitness, and to integrate mechanisms into the hitherto largely functional theory. We can and should study human cooperation within a comparative framework in order to gain a full understanding of the evolution of helping.

scholarly journals ATTEMPT TO UNDERSTAND PUBLIC-HEALTH RELEVANT SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF COVID-19 OUTBREAK IN POLAND

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 7-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDRZEJ JARYNOWSKI ◽  
MONIKA WÓJTA-KEMPA ◽  
DANIEL PŁATEK ◽  
KAROLINA CZOPEK
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Computational Social Science ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Demographic Patterns ◽  
The Impact

Recently, the whole of Europe, including Poland, have been significantly affected by COVID-19 and its social and economic consequences which are already causing dozens of billions of euros monthly losses in Poland alone. Social behaviour has a fundamental impact on the dynamics of the spread of infectious diseases such as SARS-CoV-2, challenging the existing health infrastructure and social organization. Modelling and understanding mechanisms of social behaviour (e.g. panic and social distancing) and its contextualization with regard to Poland can contribute to better response to the outbreak on a national and local level. In the presented study we aim to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 on society by: (i) measuring the relevant activity in internet news and social media; (ii) analysing attitudes and demographic patterns in Poland. In the end, we are going to implement computational social science and digital epidemiology research approach to provide urgently needed information on social dynamics during the outbreak. This study is an ad hoc reaction only, and our goal is to signal the main areas of possible research to be done in the future and cover issues with direct or indirect relation to public health.

Success Factors of Future-Viable Organizations in the Post-COVID-19 Era

2021 ◽  
pp. 106-124
Author(s):  
Peter Behrendt ◽  
Alexander Holicki ◽  
Veronika Matzner
Keyword(s):  
Success Factors ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Leadership Behavior ◽  
Integrative Model ◽  
External Resources ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Future Viability ◽  
Digital Processes ◽  
External Actors

The COVID-19 crisis has disrupted societies and will be succeeded by economic and social dynamics. Therefore, organizations need to adapt and seize new opportunities quickly. To learn from the early part of the COVID-19 crisis, 24 leader interviews were conducted and categorized based on the integrative model of leadership behavior. In consequence, eight success factors were derived that foster the future-viability of organizations in times of crisis: the three success factors, (1) providing iterative leadership within uncertainty, (2) promoting absolute customer-loyalty, and (3) providing sustainable public value, foster coordination with internal and external actors and provide meaning. Two factors, (4) promoting a culture of trust and (5) establishing collaborative ecosystems of organizations, promote cooperation and sustain trust. The final three success factors, (6) creating an agile culture, (7) driving digital processes, and (8) ensuring economic agility, enhance agility by activating internal and external resources.

scholarly journals PEMIMPIN INFORMAL DAN DINAMIKA SOSIAL (Studi Kasus Lima tokoh Di Desa Allu Taroawang Kecamatan Batang Kabupaten Jeneponto)

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-182
Author(s):  
Abd. Wahidin ◽  
Asmaun Azis ◽  
Dwia A. Tina P
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Informal Leaders ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Problem Solving Strategies ◽  
And Behavior

The substance of this research was to find out, to describe, to provide information about roles and statuses by informal leaders in Allu Tarowang village as well as its relationship with social dynamics that occurred. Informal leaders have roles and statuses that is important and strategic in the dynamics of development. This statement was the research result that has been done with use three variabels: identifying the process how to be an informal leader, identifying the ability of informal leaders how to conduct social change and how to problem solving strategies in the dynamics of development. The method which used in this research is descriptive research with case study while techniques of the data collection uses indepth interview and observation afterwards data analysis is qualitative. The research result, in identifying the process how to be an informal leader was obtained two-factors: social needs and social status factors. However, it is reviewed from nature of the informal leaders was included traditional leader type. In identifying the ability of informal leaders how to conduct social change were influenced by attitudes and behavior, alignment of instruction and expectations of the community, means and approaches. And last, In identifying the ability of informal leaders how to problem solving strategies in the dynamics of development were divided three stages, with regards to: (1) looking at the condition and situation of problem, (2) knowing the source of the problem, and (3) finding out the alternative of the solution for the problem. Based on the description above, this researh shows an informal leader as a respected person and a role models in society. other than, they have roles for motivating, mediating and catalysting in the dynamics of development.

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