Going beyond ‘Because it’s there’ - Multiple motivations for pursuing high-risk adventure activities (Literature Review)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Kirilova Kancheva
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Personality Types ◽  
Extreme Sports ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives

The term ‘extreme sports’ has become synonymous with a variety of non-traditional high-risk adventure experiences. Participation in extreme sports is difficult to explain because it is a behaviour often seen as fascinating and puzzling given society’s efforts to reduce risks of death, or injury. Academics have employed varying theoretical perspectives to explain the motivational dynamics behind people’s adventure pursuits. Different factors have been proposed to play a role, ranging from sensation-seeking personality types to the desire to pursue optimal experiences and achieve a sense of self-agency. A literature review of existing research on people’s motives to engage in extreme sports is presented, arguing in favour of a multi-faceted view on risk-taking motivation. Various studies are discussed in relation to each other. Different theories and how they complement each other are reviewed to portray motivation as fluid and dynamic. Suggestions for improvement of existing methodologies in the field are put forward.

scholarly journals Not All Risks Are Equal: The Risk Taking Inventory for High-Risk Sports

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 479-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Woodman ◽  
Matt Barlow ◽  
Comille Bandura ◽  
Miles Hill ◽  
Dominika Kupciw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Behavioral Activation ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Population Attitudes

Although high-risk sport participants are typically considered a homogenous risk-taking population, attitudes to risk within the high-risk domain can vary considerably. As no validated measure allows researchers to assess risk taking within this domain, we validated the Risk Taking Inventory (RTI) for high-risk sport across four studies. The RTI comprises seven items across two factors: deliberate risk taking and precautionary behaviors. In Study 1 (n = 341), the inventory was refined and tested via a confirmatory factor analysis used in an exploratory fashion. The subsequent three studies confirmed the RTI’s good model–data fit via three further separate confirmatory factor analyses. In Study 2 (n = 518) and in Study 3 (n = 290), concurrent validity was also confirmed via associations with other related traits (sensation seeking, behavioral activation, behavioral inhibition, impulsivity, self-esteem, extraversion, and conscientiousness). In Study 4 (n = 365), predictive validity was confirmed via associations with mean accidents and mean close calls in the high-risk domain. Finally, in Study 4, the self-report version of the inventory was significantly associated with an informant version of the inventory. The measure will allow researchers and practitioners to investigate risk taking as a variable that is conceptually distinct from participation in a high-risk sport.

scholarly journals Factors Associated with Urban Risk-Taking Behaviour during 2018 Typhoon Mangkhut: A Cross Sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 4150
Author(s):  
Evan Su Wei Shang ◽  
Eugene Siu Kai Lo ◽  
Zhe Huang ◽  
Kevin Kei Ching Hung ◽  
Emily Ying Yang Chan
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Extreme Events ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Risk Behaviour ◽  
Disaster Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Risk Behaviour

Although much of the health emergency and disaster risk management (Health-EDRM) literature evaluates methods to protect health assets and mitigate health risks from disasters, there is a lack of research into those who have taken high-risk behaviour during extreme events. The study’s main objective is to examine the association between engaging in high-risk behaviour and factors including sociodemographic characteristics, disaster risk perception and household preparedness during a super typhoon. A computerized randomized digit dialling cross-sectional household survey was conducted in Hong Kong, an urban metropolis, two weeks after the landing of Typhoon Mangkhut. Telephone interviews were conducted in Cantonese with adult residents. The response rate was 23.8% and the sample was representative of the Hong Kong population. Multivariable logistic regressions of 521 respondents adjusted with age and gender found education, income, risk perception and disaster preparedness were insignificantly associated with risk-taking behaviour during typhoons. This suggests that other factors may be involved in driving this behaviour, such as a general tendency to underestimate risk or sensation seeking. Further Health-EDRM research into risk-taking and sensation seeking behaviour during extreme events is needed to identify policy measures.

scholarly journals Beyond Sensation Seeking: Affect Regulation as a Framework for Predicting Risk-Taking Behaviors in High-Risk Sport

2010 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 731-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carole Castanier ◽  
Christine Le Scanff ◽  
Tim Woodman
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Affect Regulation ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Negative Affectivity ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Risk Taking Behaviors

Sensation seeking has been widely studied when investigating individual differences in the propensity for taking risks. However, risk taking can serve many different goals beyond the simple management of physiological arousal. The present study is an investigation of affect self-regulation as a predictor of risk-taking behaviors in high-risk sport. Risk-taking behaviors, negative affectivity, escape self-awareness strategy, and sensation seeking data were obtained from 265 high-risk sportsmen. Moderated hierarchical regression analysis revealed significant main and interaction effects of negative affectivity and escape self-awareness strategy in predicting risk-taking behaviors: high-risk sportsmen’s negative affectivity leads them to adopt risk-taking behaviors only if they also use escape self-awareness strategy. Furthermore, the affective model remained significant when controlling for sensation seeking. The present study contributes to an in-depth understanding of risk taking in high-risk sport.

scholarly journals Examining Risk-Taking Behavior and Sensation Seeking Requirement in Extreme Athletes

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Agilonu ◽  
Gulsum Bastug ◽  
Tonguc Osman Mutlu ◽  
Adem Pala
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Extreme Sports ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Adrenaline Release ◽  
Risk Taking Behavior ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Data Frequency

Extreme sports are sport branches which include actions, adventures, risks and difficulties more rather than other sports. Special materials are used in sport branches such as surfing, kite surfing, sailing, snowboarding, paragliding, diving, mountaineering, motor sports and adrenaline release is more rather than in other sport branches. On the contrary, the situation for being eager to seek excitement and take risks with a view to having new experiences has been observed. It has been considered whether sensation seeking requirement and risk-taking behavior had effects upon each other. The aim of the study was to analyze sensation seeking and risk-taking behavior in extreme athletes. Total 101 extreme athletes including 31 females, 70 males with an age average of 22.03 ± 6.77 participated in the research. In order to determine athletes’ sensation seeking levels, “Arnett Inventory of Sensation Seeking” developed by Arnett (1994) and in order to determine their risk-taking behavior, “Risk Involvement and Perception Scale” developed by Siegel et al. (1994) were used. In evaluation of research data, frequency analysis, independent t test, in determination of relation between risk-taking and sensation seeking, correlation test were utilized.In conclusion, significant differences were found in risk-taking behavior, sensation seeking requirement and gender variable among the extreme athletes. In the male athletes sensation seeking requirement and risk-taking behavior had higher averages than the female athletes. Among the extreme athletes, significant relations were determined between risk-taking behavior and sensation seeking requirement. When risk-taking behavior values were high, sensation seeking requirement values were regarded to be high.

scholarly journals Risk-Taking and Sensation Seeking in Military Contexts: A Literature Review

SAGE Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 215824401882449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunnar Breivik ◽  
Trond Svela Sand ◽  
Anders McD Sookermany
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Research Paradigms ◽  
Military Conflicts ◽  
The Military

The article is based on a literature review of studies covering risk-taking and sensation seeking within military contexts over a time span of 3 decades from 1983 to 2015. Literature was gathered through a four-stage search procedure identifying 25 studies of risk-taking and 16 studies of sensation seeking altogether. Because warfare and military conflicts are dangerous and risky pursuits, one could imagine there being a lot of empirical research about risk-taking and sensation seeking in the military. We have found this not to be the case. The research is both small in volume and scattered when it comes to use of theories, methods, and samples of military personnel. In general, there seem to be few clear research paradigms. The results of the empirical studies show that there are adaptive as well as nonadaptive forms of risk-taking in relation to military situations. Similarly, military personnel scoring high on sensation seeking possess certain advantages, for instance, dealing with stress and risk, yet may also cause problems of various kinds. The review ends by pointing out implications for research and practice.

Adolescents’ view of health concept and its risk factors: a literature review

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soroor Parvizi ◽  
Zeinab Hamzehgardeshi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Risk Behaviors ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Socioeconomic Conditions ◽  
Educational Facilities ◽  
Concept Of Health ◽  
Health Concept

Abstract Background: Adolescence is the important period in human life. It is an essential prerequisite for playing social roles. Objective: The current study conducted a review on the concept, dimensions, and influential factors on health and risk taking, instruments and measurements of high-risk behaviors, risk factors, and high-risk behavior protective factors through adolescent perspectives. Methods: This literature review was conducted by electronic searching and library study on health and adolescents using Wiley Interscience, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, and Springer (1990–2012). The keywords for searching data collection sources included health, youth, young, adolescents, risk behaviors, risk taking, related factors, protective factors, risk factors, adolescent perspectives, quantitative study, qualitative study, measurement, and instrument. Results: This literature review led to the arrangement of subjects in nine general categories titled definition of health concept and its dimensions, adolescents and health in adolescence, risk taking in adolescence and its measuring tools, gender differences in adolescence health and risk taking, adolescents’ health and relationships, socioeconomic conditions and health, adolescents and psychiatric health, religion, and health, educational facilities and health, non-governmental organizations and their role in adolescents’ health. What has been achieved from a review of these articles is that several personal, social, and family factors are associated with health and risk taking in adolescents. Conclusion: Generally, adolescents cared more about the psychosocial aspects of health than the physical dimensions. They also considered factors such as independence, communication, socioeconomic conditions, mental health, religion, and educational facilities synonymous with the concept of health. Therefore, in formulation and implementation of health promotion programs for adolescents, the concept of health and its various dimensions must be considered from adolescent perspectives.

Humor as social risk-taking: The relationships among humor styles, sensation-seeking, and use of curse words

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelia M. Kennison ◽  
Rachel H. Messer
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
Humor Styles ◽  
Personality Variable ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Humor Style ◽  
Humor Appreciation ◽  
Aggressive Humor

Abstract The research investigated the view that using humor can be a form of social risk-taking, as the attempt at humor may not always be viewed positively by others. Prior research has shown that individuals’ levels of sensation-seeking, a personality variable related to risk-taking, was related to humor appreciation. Other research has shown that sensation-seeking also predicted the use of curse words, another form of verbal risk-taking. The present research tested two hypotheses: a) sensation-seeking positively relates to each of the four humor styles and b) the use of curse words also positively relates to each of the four humor styles. The results obtained from a large sample of undergraduate students partially supported the hypotheses. Multiple regression analyses using the hierarchical approach further showed that sensation-seeking predicted two of the four humor styles for men (i.e. affiliative, aggressive) and two of the four for women (i.e. aggressive and self-defeating). The use of curse words predicted variance not explained by variation in sensation-seeking in the use of the aggressive humor style in men and women and for the affiliative humor style only for men. Overall, men reported higher levels of aggressive humor, sensation-seeking, and cursing than women. Implications for theoretical perspectives on humor and social risk-taking are discussed.

Who Takes Risks in High-Risk Sport?: The Role of Alexithymia

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Barlow ◽  
Tim Woodman ◽  
Caradog Chapman ◽  
Matthew Milton ◽  
Daniel Stone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Present Model ◽  
Predictive Role ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Intense Emotion ◽  
Mediation Models

People who have difficulty identifying and describing their emotions are more likely to seek out the experience of emotions in the high-risk domain. This is because the high-risk domain provides the experience of more easily identifiable emotions (e.g., fear). However, the continued search for intense emotion may lead such individuals to take further risks within this domain, which, in turn, would lead to a greater likelihood of experiencing accidents. Across three studies, we provide the first evidence in support of this view. In Study 1 (n = 762), alexithymia was associated with greater risk taking and a greater propensity to experience accidents and close calls. In Study 2 (n = 332) and Study 3 (n = 356), additional bootstrapped mediation models confirmed these relationships. The predictive role of alexithymia remained significant when controlling for sensation seeking (Study 1) and anhedonia (Study 2 and Study 3). We discuss the practical implications of the present model as they pertain to minimizing accidents and close calls in the high-risk domain.

Why do people engage in high-risk sports? Beyond sensation seeking

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Woodman ◽  
Lew Hardy ◽  
Tim Woodman
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Sensation Seeking
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document