scholarly journals Examining Risk-Taking Behavior and Sensation Seeking Requirement in Extreme Athletes

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Agilonu ◽  
Gulsum Bastug ◽  
Tonguc Osman Mutlu ◽  
Adem Pala
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Extreme Sports ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Adrenaline Release ◽  
Risk Taking Behavior ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Data Frequency

Extreme sports are sport branches which include actions, adventures, risks and difficulties more rather than other sports. Special materials are used in sport branches such as surfing, kite surfing, sailing, snowboarding, paragliding, diving, mountaineering, motor sports and adrenaline release is more rather than in other sport branches. On the contrary, the situation for being eager to seek excitement and take risks with a view to having new experiences has been observed. It has been considered whether sensation seeking requirement and risk-taking behavior had effects upon each other. The aim of the study was to analyze sensation seeking and risk-taking behavior in extreme athletes. Total 101 extreme athletes including 31 females, 70 males with an age average of 22.03 ± 6.77 participated in the research. In order to determine athletes’ sensation seeking levels, “Arnett Inventory of Sensation Seeking” developed by Arnett (1994) and in order to determine their risk-taking behavior, “Risk Involvement and Perception Scale” developed by Siegel et al. (1994) were used. In evaluation of research data, frequency analysis, independent t test, in determination of relation between risk-taking and sensation seeking, correlation test were utilized.In conclusion, significant differences were found in risk-taking behavior, sensation seeking requirement and gender variable among the extreme athletes. In the male athletes sensation seeking requirement and risk-taking behavior had higher averages than the female athletes. Among the extreme athletes, significant relations were determined between risk-taking behavior and sensation seeking requirement. When risk-taking behavior values were high, sensation seeking requirement values were regarded to be high.

Sexual Coercion in the College Population: A Form of Risk-Taking Behavior

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (23-24) ◽  
pp. 5276-5291
Author(s):  
Alisa R. Garner ◽  
Laura C. Spiller ◽  
Patrick Williams
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Sexual Coercion ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Outcome Expectation ◽  
College Population ◽  
Risk Taking Behavior ◽  
Reckless Behavior ◽  
Decision Making Model ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this study was to examine whether a decision-making model of risk-taking behavior, specifically impulsivity, positive and negative outcome expectation, and sensation seeking, can be extended to motivation for perpetration of sexual coercion. Participants included 276 sexually active college students between the ages of 18 and 25 years old who completed a set of questionnaires: (a) Sexual Experiences Survey, (b) Sensation Seeking Scales, (c) Cognitive Appraisal of Risky Events, (d) Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, and (e) Reckless Behavior Questionnaire. Multiple regression analyses were utilized to examine the relationship between these decision-making models and sexually coercive behaviors. General risk-taking behaviors were positively correlated with acts of sexual coercion, r = .16, p < .01. The predictor variables accounted for a significant amount of the variance in sexual coercion, R2 = .11, F(4, 246) = 7.57, p < .01. Only sensation seeking contributed unique variance to our model of sexual coercion, β = .27, t = 4.06, p < .01. Interventions to reduce sexual coercion may be more successful if they target those high in risk-taking. Similarly, prevention efforts informed by research on how to engage and hold the attention of sensation seeking youth may be more successful.

scholarly journals Examination of Turkish extreme athletes' personality traits in terms of gender and some demographic factors

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 502
Author(s):  
Merve Ceylan ◽  
Ersin Altıparmak ◽  
Fahri Akçakoyun
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Short Form ◽  
T Test ◽  
Mountain Biking ◽  
Extreme Sports ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Dominant Society ◽  
Study Questionnaire ◽  
Significant Factors

<p> The present study was conducted for the purpose of examining the personality traits of extreme athletes. In line with this purpose a total of 227 extreme athletes, as 86 female and 141 male athletes selected through judgment sampling, that either actively compete or trains to compete in any of the branches of snowboarding, snowkiting, kitesurfing, windsurfing, river kayaking, mountain biking, free diving, paragliding and rafting were included within the sample group of the study. Questionnaire applications were carried out in extreme sports facilities throughout the country.</p><p>Within the scope of the study, an 85-item short form of the Five Factor Personality Scale developed by Somer, Korkmaz and Tatar was used as the data collection tool. Data analysis was carried out by means of the SPSS 16.0 software and the percentages frequencies, mean, standard deviation and to find the differences between the sexes "independent t" test were calculated.</p><p>Examining the obtained results showed that the male athletes have higher extravertion level from female athletes (p &lt;0.05). This finding obtained in our study suggest that, in an essentially male-dominant society, the higher level of pressure women are subjected to in social, economic, cultural and psychological terms and the difficulties and pressure they experience in the working life are significant factors for women to be more introvert.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p><strong>Özet</strong></p><p>Bu araştırma, ekstrem sporcuların kişilik özelliklerinin incelemesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda araştırmaya, yargısal örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilmiş, snowboard, snowkite, uçurtma sörfü, rüzgar sörfü, akarsu ve nehir kanosu, dağ bisikleti, serbest dalış, yamaç paraşütü, kaya tırmanışı ve rafting branşlarında yarışmacı olan ya da bir yarışmaya katılmak için hazırlık yapan, 86’sı kadın, 141’i erkek olmak üzere 227 ekstrem sporcu katılmıştır.  Anket uygulamaları, ülke genelinde bulunan ekstrem spor tesislerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir.</p><p> Araştırmada veri toplamak amacıyla Somer, Korkmaz ve Tatar tarafından geliştirilen beş faktör kişilik envanterinin 85 sorudan oluşan kısa forumu kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS programında kaydedilmiş, frekans, yüzde, aritmetik ortalama, standart sapma değerleri hesaplanmış ve cinsiyetler arası farklılığı bulmak için “independent samples t- test” kullanılarak yorumlanmıştır.</p><p>Elde edilen bulgular incelendiğinde, erkek sporcuların erkek sporcuların kadın sporculara oranla daha yüksek dışa dönük özellik gösterdiği görülmektedir (p &lt;0.05). Sonuç olarak; temelde erkek egemen bir toplumda, sosyal, ekonomik, kültürel ve psikolojik anlamda kadının daha çok baskıya maruz kalması, sosyal hayatında üstelendiği roller, iş hayatında karşılaşılan zorluk ve baskıların bir sonucu olarak, daha içe kapanık bir yapıya sahip olmalarında önemli bir etken olduğunu düşündürmektedir.</p>

scholarly journals A Temporal Examination of Elite Performers Sources of Sport-Confidence

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kieran Kingston ◽  
Andrew Lane ◽  
Owen Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Temporal Changes ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
Mental Preparation ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Main Effects

This study examined temporal changes in sources of sport-confidence during the build up to an important competition. Elite individual athletes (N = 54) completed the Sources of Sport-Confidence Questionnaire (SSCQ) at five precompetition phases (6 weeks, 4 weeks, 3 weeks, 2 weeks and 1 week before competition). A two-factor (gender x time-to-competition) MANOVA revealed no significant interactions, but highlighted both time-to-competition and gender main effects. Time-to-competition main effects indicated the importance placed upon demonstration of ability, physical/mental preparation, physical self-presentation and situational favorableness sources of sport-confidence changed during the precompetition phase. Gender main effects revealed that female athletes demonstrated a significantly greater reliance on sources associated with mastery, physical self-presentation, social support, environmental comfort and coach’s leadership than male athletes. These findings emphasize the benefit of considering sources of sport-confidence as competition approaches; they may have implications for the design and timing of confidence based interventions.

Developmental changes and individual differences in risk and perspective taking in adolescence

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 1213-1229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eveline A. Crone ◽  
L. Bullens ◽  
E. A. A. van der Plas ◽  
E. J. Kijkuit ◽  
P. D. Zelazo
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Developmental Change ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Risky Choices ◽  
Efficient Integration ◽  
Risk Taking Behavior ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual

AbstractDespite the assumed prevalence of risk-taking behavior in adolescence, the laboratory evidence of risk taking remains scarce, and the individual variation poorly understood. Drawing from neuroscience studies, we tested whether risk and reward orientation are influenced by the perspective that adolescents take when making risky decisions. Perspective taking was manipulated by cuing participants prior to each choice whether the decision was made for “self,” or from the perspective of an “other” (the experimenter in Experiment 1; a hypothetical peer in Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, we show a developmental decrease in risk-taking behavior across different stages of adolescence. In addition, all age groups made fewer risky choices for the experimenter, but the difference between self and other was larger in early adolescence. In Experiment 2, we show that high sensation-seeking (SS) adolescents make more risky choices than low SS adolescents, but both groups make a similar differentiation for other individuals (low risk-taking or high risk-taking peers). Together, the results show that younger adolescents and high SS adolescents make more risky choices for themselves, but can appreciate that others may make fewer risky choices. The developmental change toward more rational decisions versus emotional, impulsive decisions may reflect, in part, more efficient integration of others’ perspectives into one's decision making. These developmental results are discussed regarding brain systems important for risk taking and perspective taking.

scholarly journals Preprint: Bursting Balloons - Comparison of Risk Propensity Between Extreme Sports Esports and the General Public

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Keller ◽  
Maik Bieleke ◽  
Wanja Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
General Public ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Risk Propensity ◽  
Extreme Sports ◽  
Specific Risk ◽  
Risk Appetite ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Risk Taking Behavior

Arguably, extreme sports athletes exhibit a more significant risk appetite than the general public. Are standard behavioral risk measures able to capture this? To answer this question, we assessed self-reports of risk taking and measured the risk-taking behavior of samples of snowboarders and climbers. Two groups of non-athletes, university students and crowdworkers, and athletes of a sport that does not include the potential of grave injury or death, esports athletes, serve as control conditions and complement our study. Across these five different groups, 1313 participants performed an online version of the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) and gave self-reports of general risk-taking propensity and sports-specific risk taking. Extreme sports athletes exhibited greater risk propensity in the BART than non-athletes and esports athletes. Furthermore, BART-performance predicted sports-specific risk taking and its affective consequences. Our results speak to the BART’s ecological validity and the unique role of physical consequences on risk-taking behavior.

scholarly journals What Difference Does it Make? Risk-Taking Behavior in Obesity after a Loss is Associated with Decreased Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Activity

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor Steward ◽  
Asier Juaneda-Seguí ◽  
Gemma Mestre-Bach ◽  
Ignacio Martínez-Zalacaín ◽  
Nuria Vilarrasa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Risky Choices ◽  
Risk Taking Behavior

Altered activity in decision-making neural circuitry may underlie the maladaptive food choices found in obesity. Here, we aimed to identify the brain regions purportedly underpinning risk-taking behavior in individuals with obesity. Twenty-three adult women with obesity and twenty-three healthy weight controls completed the Risky Gains Task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This task allows participants to choose between a safe option for a small, guaranteed monetary reward and risky options with larger rewards. fMRI analyses comparing losing trials to winning trials found that participants with obesity presented decreased activity in the left anterior insula in comparison to controls (p < 0.05, AlphaSim corrected). Moreover, left insula activation during losses vs. wins was negatively correlated with UPPS-P questionnaire sensation seeking scores. During safe vs. risky trials following a loss, the control group exhibited increased activation in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) (p < 0.05, AlphaSim corrected) in comparison to the OB group. Moreover, vmPFC response in the obesity group during post-loss trials was negatively correlated with risky choices on the task overall. As a whole, our findings support that diminished tuning of the insula towards interoceptive signals may lead to a lack of input to the vmPFC when weighing the costs and benefits of risky choices.

Framing Alters Risk-Taking Behavior on a Modified Balloon Analogue Risk Task (Bart) in a Sex-Specific Manner

2010 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 699-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kara I. Gabriel ◽  
Ashley Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Balloon Inflation ◽  
Balloon Analogue Risk Task ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Risk Taking Behavior ◽  
Risk And Benefit ◽  
And Behavior

Framing uncertain scenarios to emphasize potential positive or negative elements influences decision making and behavior. The current experiment investigated sex differences in framing effects on risk-taking propensity in a modified version of the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). Male and female undergraduates completed questionnaires on sensation seeking, impulsiveness, and risk and benefit perception prior to viewing one of three framing conditions for the BART: (1) positively-framed instructions emphasizing the ability to earn money if balloons were inflated to large size; (2) negatively framed instructions emphasizing the possibility that money could be lost if balloons were inflated to bursting; and (3) completely framed instructions noting both possible outcomes. Results revealed correlations between BART performance and impulsiveness for both sexes. Compared to positive and complete framing, negatively framed instructions decreased balloon inflation time in women but not men, indicating sex differences in response to treatments designed to alter risk-taking behavior.

scholarly journals Relationships between Head Impacts, Competitive Aggression, and Risk-taking Behavior in Collegiate Ice Hockey Players

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 780-780
Author(s):  
M S DiFabio ◽  
T A Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Linear Acceleration ◽  
Head Impact ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Impact Loads ◽  
Head Impacts ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Risk Taking Behavior ◽  
Sensation Seeking Scale

Abstract Purpose To examine relationships between head impact kinematics sustained over a season and competitive aggression and self-reported risk-taking behavior in collegiate club ice-hockey athletes. Methods Twenty male ice-hockey players (19.9±1.2 y.o, 1.8±0.06 m, 78.5±5.7 kg) completed the Competitive Anger and Aggression Scale (CAAS, Range:0-84) and the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (BSSS, Range:8-40) during the preseason as measures of competitive aggression and risk-taking behavior with higher/lower reflecting higher/lower aggression and risk taking. Penalty minutes (PM) and games played (GP) were taken from official game records. Head impact kinematics (number of impacts, linear mean, peak, cumulative acceleration) were recorded by tri-axial accelerometers worn during games/practices. Spearman correlation was performed to examine relationships between variables. Results The mean number of impacts was 76.6±54.9 (range: 6–171); mean and cumulative acceleration were 36.3±4.2g (range:27.8–42.2g) and 2829.4±2024.9g (range:198.4–6527.2g), respectively. Neither CAAS (mean: 48.7±10.9, range: 24–64) nor BSSS scores (mean: 25.3±4.4, range:15–32) were significantly related to impact kinematics. GP was significantly correlated with number of impacts (r=.63, p=.003) and cumulative linear acceleration (r=.61, p=.004). PM was significantly correlated with number of impacts (r=.52, p=.20) and cumulative linear acceleration (r=.55, p=.13). Conclusion There were no relationships between the head impact kinematics and self-reported aggressiveness or risk taking behavior, but more PM was strongly related to higher head impact loads. Considering PM may be useful in aiding to identify athletes who may sustain higher head impact loads, however, self-reports of behavior may not be.

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