scholarly journals Contextual Variations in Implicit Evaluation

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Mitchell ◽  
Brian A. Nosek ◽  
Mahzarin R. Banaji
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Contextual Influences ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Automatic Attitudes ◽  
Conscious Control

The present research examined contextual variations in automatic attitudes. Using two measures of automatic attitudes, five experiments demonstrated that evaluative responses differ qualitatively as perceivers focus on different aspects of a target’s social group membership (e.g., race or gender). Contextual variations in automatic attitudes were obtained when the manipulation involved overt categorization (Experiments 1-3) as well as more subtle contextual cues, such as category distinctiveness (Experiments 4 & 5). Furthermore, participants were shown to be unable to predict such contextual influences on automatic attitudes (Experiment 3). Taken together, these experiments support the idea of automatic attitudes as continuous, online constructions that are inherently flexible and contextually appropriate, despite being outside conscious control.

scholarly journals Is a PD game still a dilemma for Japanese rural villagers? A field and laboratory comparison of the impact of social group membership on cooperation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yohei Mitani
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Prisoner's Dilemma ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Prisoner’S Dilemma ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Prisoner’S Dilemma Game ◽  
Prisoner's Dilemma Game ◽  
The Impact

AbstractLocal norms and shared beliefs in cohesive social groups regulate individual behavior in everyday economic life. I use a door-to-door field experiment where a hundred and twenty villagers recruited from twenty-three communities in a Japanese rural mountainous village play a simultaneous prisoner’s dilemma game. To examine whether a set of experiences shared through interactions among community members affect experimental behavior, I compare villagers’ behavior under in-community and out-community random matching protocols. I also report a counterpart laboratory experiment with seventy-two university student subjects to address the external validity of laboratory experiments. The findings are three-fold. First, almost full cooperation is achieved when villagers play a prisoner’s dilemma game with their anonymous community members. Second, cooperation is significantly higher within the in-group compared to the out-group treatment in both the laboratory and field experiments. Third, although a significant treatment effect of social group membership is preserved, a big difference in the average cooperation rates is observed between the laboratory and field.

scholarly journals Speech Genre: A Study of Gossip in Australian English Speaking Context

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-271
Author(s):  
Nurhadi Hamka
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Generic Structure ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Speech Genre ◽  
Australian English ◽  
Diverse Context

A gossip as a casual conversation usually occurs in diverse context or a wide range of social situations; has distinct and various topics; and involve an irregular set of participants. The scholars scrutinize that conversation has highly structured activity of which people tacitly realize that there are some basic conventions to follow – such as when to speak or to stay silent and to listen. In this study, I specifically discuss one of the speech genre – a gossip, in Australia English speaking context. The gossip data of the study is taken from the research conducted by Thornburry, Scott, and Slade, Diana (2006). In a discussion, I focus the analysis of the generic structure of the gossip and how it establishes the social function (within) the speech members. Several findings conveyed that: 1) there is a leeway of shifting from one genre to another – e.g. narrative to gossip, within the same participants; 2) conversation can be successful if all the participants aware of and follow the basic conventions – when to talk or to listen, support to judgement or reluctant to the focus of conversation; 3) the genre, e.g. narrative or gossip, could motivate people to leave or to join the conversation which then could establish and reinforce the group membership and maintain the values of the social group.

scholarly journals Dietary and Genetic Effects on LDL Size Measures in Baboons

1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 1448-1453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amareshwar T.K. Singh ◽  
David L. Rainwater ◽  
Candace M. Kammerer ◽  
R. Mark Sharp ◽  
Mahmood Poushesh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Ldl Size ◽  
Sire Group ◽  
Two Measures

Genetic and dietary effects on LDL phenotypes, including predominant LDL particle diameter, LDL size distribution, and non–HDL cholesterol and apoB concentrations, were investigated in 150 pedigreed baboons that are members of 19 sire groups. Baboons were fed a sequence of three defined diets differing in levels of fat and cholesterol. Increasing dietary fat had relatively little effect on two measures of LDL particle size. However, increasing the level of cholesterol in the diet resulted in larger increases of the predominant LDL particle diameters and in the proportion of stain on LDLs >28 nm. As expected, apoB and non–HDL cholesterol concentrations significantly increased when levels of dietary fat and cholesterol were increased. Correlations among the LDL phenotypes suggested that several different aspects of the LDL phenotype were captured by the four LDL measures across the three diets. Genetic effects indicated by sire group membership were significant both for expression of the LDL phenotypes and for response to changes in diet.

The Effects of Speaker Group Membership and Stereotypes on Responses to Accumulated Underaccommodation

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 514-522
Author(s):  
Jessica Gasiorek ◽  
Marko Dragojevic
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Older Adult ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Stereotype Content ◽  
Initial Task

This study explored the role of social group membership and stereotypes in evaluating accumulated underaccommodation (i.e., repeated, insufficiently adjusted communication). Participants ( N = 229) engaged in three tasks in which they received underaccommodative instructions from another individual, ostensibly a young adult or an older adult. Consistent with hypotheses, speakers’ social group membership predicted stereotype content (with older adults stereotyped as warmer and more competent); warmth (but not competence) stereotypes, in turn, predicted inferred motive (directly) and perceived accommodation (indirectly) for the initial task, which in turn predicted ratings for subsequent tasks. Group membership also affected overall speaker evaluations.

scholarly journals On the Actual Risk of Bystander Intervention

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lasse Suonperä Liebst ◽  
Marie Bruvik Heinskou ◽  
Peter Ejbye-Ernst
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Bystander Behavior ◽  
Victimization Risk ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Actual Risk ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Degree Of Severity

Objectives: Bystander studies have rarely considered the victimization risk associated with intervention into violent, dangerous emergencies. To address this gap, we aim to identify factors that influence bystanders’ risk of being physically victimized. Method: We observed bystander behavior from video surveillance footage of naturally occurring violence in nighttime economy settings, and data were analyzed with a logistic regression model. Results: Data show that approximately one of the six interventions results in some type of victimization, typically with a relatively low degree of severity. The bystander’s social group membership, the setting of the emergency, and the bystander’s intervention type are estimated as risk factors for victimization. Conclusions: Previous research suggests that a bystander’s social group membership with victims promotes intervention behavior. Our results expand the role of social group membership as being a factor that also influences whether the intervening bystander is victimized.

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