scholarly journals General knowledge and detailed memory benefit from different training sequences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Mina Noh ◽  
Robert A. Bjork ◽  
Alison Preston
Keyword(s):  
Memory Performance ◽  
General Knowledge ◽  
Source Information ◽  
Individual Event ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Learning Contexts ◽  
Training Sequences ◽  
Memory Source ◽  
Real World Learning ◽  
Unique Source

Real-world learning contexts sometimes require the use of general knowledge, whereas others depend on recalling detailed information about individual events. By combining category learning with trial-unique source information, we examined how different learning sequences (blocked vs. interleaved) impact the acquisition of generalized (category-level) and detailed (exemplar-specific) knowledge. Participants were trained to identify paintings by different artists, half of which were studied in a sequence blocked by artist and the remainder interleaved between artists. Participants were tested on general knowledge (category induction) and detailed memory (source recall), both immediately after learning and a 1-week delay. We found that interleaved learning improved general knowledge, but blocked learning improved detailed memory. Furthermore, we found that general knowledge remained stable whereas detailed memory performance declined after a delay. Our results indicate that optimal training conditions differ based on the goals of learning such as enhancing general knowledge or improving memory of individual event details.

Motivation trajectory of attending performing arts: the role of knowledge

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-18
Author(s):  
Zakia Obaidalahe ◽  
Nadia Steils
Keyword(s):  
Performing Arts ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
General Knowledge ◽  
Cultural Education ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cultural Service ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Depth Interviews

Purpose This study concerns the attendance motivations for cultural services based on the audience’s level of knowledge. The purpose of this paper is to define the role played by general knowledge (e.g. cultural education) and specific knowledge (e.g. communication around a cultural product) in the attendance motivation trajectory of a cultural service. Design/methodology/approach The study uses in-depth interviews with 20 visitors to two public theatres, one in Belgium and one in France. Findings The results identify a tripartite motivation in the decision to attend a performance, corresponding to four visitor segments defined according to their level of general and specific knowledge. Originality/value The recommendations arising from the study are that potential audience members be targeted according to their particular profile and that their cultural tastes be developed by raising their level of general knowledge, an element that goes beyond the suggested motivation trajectory.

scholarly journals Management and Usage of Nitrogen Systems on Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Carriers

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-227
Author(s):  
Renato Ivče ◽  
Igor Rudan ◽  
Mateo Rudan
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Nitrogen Management ◽  
Inert Gas ◽  
General Knowledge ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Cargo Handling ◽  
Professional Interest ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Liquefied Gas

The importance of liquefied natural gas (LNG) vessels and the technology that enables their operations is steadily growing. Hence, in addition to professional interest, the general public also displays a considerably large interest in this issue. Today LNG carriers belong to the category of the most technologically developed vessels and therefore managing these vessels requires not only the general knowledge but also the specific knowledge relating to their cargo handling systems. To ensure the safe and economical transport of LNG by sea and to minimize the risk of fire or explosion it is necessary to understand the properties of LNG and nitrogen, an inert gas used in all phases of the carriage and transfer of liquefied gas. The subject of this research is the overall process of nitrogen management in daily operations on board LNG carriers. The aim of the research is to explain, evaluate and define the various applications of nitrogen systems on LNG carriers.

The Hays Creek Watershed: A Case Study of Collaborative Watershed Restoration Planning and Place-Based Learning

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
Laura Henry-Stone
Keyword(s):  
Liberal Arts ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Watershed Restoration ◽  
Restoration Planning ◽  
Chesapeake Bay Watershed ◽  
Learning Contexts ◽  
Creek Watershed ◽  
Liberal Arts Institution ◽  
Real World Learning

The goal of many environmental studies programs is to immerse students in real-world learning contexts while also contributing to the improvement of environmental conditions in local regions. Watersheds provide an excellent integrating context in which to pursue these complementary goals. For instance, the Chesapeake Bay watershed is a well-known national treasure that is experiencing many of the environmental problems facing watersheds everywhere, primarily centered on water pollution from anthropogenic sources. This paper describes the approach used in one particular course at a small liberal arts institution to facilitate student learning about and contribution to local watershed issues.

Phonological short-term and working memory in bilinguals' native and second language

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 1005-1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARGARITA KAUSHANSKAYA ◽  
JEEWON YOO
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Nonword Repetition ◽  
Executive Processes ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
L1 And L2 ◽  
Repetition Task

ABSTRACTThe goal of the current study was to examine bilinguals' phonological short-term and working memory performance in their native/first (L1) and second (L2) languages. Korean–English bilinguals were tested in both Korean (L1) and English (L2). Short-term memory (STM) was measured via a nonword repetition task, where participants repeated nonwords that increased in length. Working memory (WM) was measured via a complex task, where the nonword repetition task was combined with an animacy judgment task. In general, bilinguals performed better on the STM task than on the WM task, and with shorter nonwords than with longer nonwords. Results also revealed that L1 STM performance was superior to L2 STM performance, but only for the longest nonwords, whereas L1 WM performance was superior to L2 WM performance across all length levels. In addition, correlation analyses between bilinguals' L1 and L2 performance revealed stronger cross-linguistic associations for the WM task than for the STM task. Together, the findings suggest that WM tasks may engage domain-general central executive processes in bilinguals, whereas STM skills may depend on language-specific knowledge in the L1 and the L2.

scholarly journals Metacognitive Performance, the Tip-of-Tongue Experience, Is Not Disrupted in Parkinsonian Patients

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin D. Oh-Lee ◽  
Sarah M. Szymkowicz ◽  
Stefanie L. Smith ◽  
Hajime Otani
Keyword(s):  
College Student ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
General Knowledge ◽  
Motor Timing ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Timing Task ◽  
Student Control ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Elderly Control

The present study investigated whether a form of metamemory, the tip-of-tongue phenomenon (TOT), was affected in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). The PD patient (), age-matched elderly control (), and college student control () groups were compared on a motor timing task and TOT measures. Motor timing was assessed using a cued hand-clapping task, whereas TOT was assessed using general knowledge questions. The results indicated that motor timing was significantly impaired in the PD group relative to both control groups. However, all of the TOT metacognitive measures: frequency, strength, and accuracy were statistically equivalent between the PD patients and elderly control groups, both of whom showed significantly better memory performance than college controls. These findings demonstrate that TOT metamemory is not compromised in PD patients, and that further insight into TOT mechanisms in PD may prove helpful in developing novel intervention strategies to enhance memory and general cognitive functions in these patients.

scholarly journals Enhanced Partial Expansion A*

2014 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 141-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Goldenberg ◽  
A. Felner ◽  
R. Stern ◽  
G. Sharon ◽  
N. Sturtevant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Memory Performance ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Novel Variant ◽  
Branching Factor ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Pattern Databases

When solving instances of problem domains that feature a large branching factor, A* may generate a large number of nodes whose cost is greater than the cost of the optimal solution. We designate such nodes as surplus. Generating surplus nodes and adding them to the OPEN list may dominate both time and memory of the search. A recently introduced variant of A* called Partial Expansion A* (PEA*) deals with the memory aspect of this problem. When expanding a node n, PEA* generates all of its children and puts into OPEN only the children with f = f (n). n is re-inserted in the OPEN list with the f -cost of the best discarded child. This guarantees that surplus nodes are not inserted into OPEN. In this paper, we present a novel variant of A* called Enhanced Partial Expansion A* (EPEA*) that advances the idea of PEA* to address the time aspect. Given a priori domain- and heuristic- specific knowledge, EPEA* generates only the nodes with f = f(n). Although EPEA* is not always applicable or practical, we study several variants of EPEA*, which make it applicable to a large number of domains and heuristics. In particular, the ideas of EPEA* are applicable to IDA* and to the domains where pattern databases are traditionally used. Experimental studies show significant improvements in run-time and memory performance for several standard benchmark applications. We provide several theoretical studies to facilitate an understanding of the new algorithm.

scholarly journals Translating “Muhammad Al-Fatih: Perang Varna” Into English

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Zakiah Mahmudah ◽  
Hasbi Hasbi ◽  
Difiani Apriyanti
Keyword(s):  
Comic Book ◽  
English Department ◽  
Final Report ◽  
General Knowledge ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Final Project ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

This final report explains about the process of comic book translation that the title of comic book is “Muhammad al-Fatih: Perang Varna” which was created by Handri Satria an illustrator from Indonesia. This final project is entitled Translating “Muhammad Al-Fatih: Perang Varna” Comic by Handri Satria from Bahasa Indonesia into English which this final project is one of the requirements for the students of English Department in State Polytechnic of Padang in order to finish their study. This final project is aimed to add the reference of translating a comic. This final report gave the discussion of processes or steps that have to be passed so that the result of translation can be understood easily by the readers. By making this final project, it is quite helpful in applying and comprehending the theories of translation that had been learned. After finishing this final project, it can be concluded that to translate texts the translator must have the adequate vocabularies and wide insight either in specific knowledge or in general knowledge, because the translator’s role is to make people understand the ideas and the meaning of text.

scholarly journals The effect of disagreement on children's source memory performance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Mahr ◽  
Olivier Mascaro ◽  
Hugo Mercier ◽  
Gergely Csibra
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Source Information ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
Communicative Context

AbstractSource representations play a role both in the formation of individual beliefs as well as in the social transmission of such beliefs. Both of these functions suggest that source information should be particularly useful in the context of interpersonal disagreement. Three experiments with an identical design (one original study and two replications) with 3- to 4-year-old-children (N = 100) assessed whether children’s source memory performance would improve in the face of disagreement and whether such an effect interacts with different types of sources (first- vs. second-hand). In a 2 x 2 repeated-measures design, children found out about the contents of a container either by looking inside or being told (IV1). Then they were questioned about the contents of the container by an interlocutor puppet who either agreed or disagreed with their answer (IV2). We measured children’s source memory performance in response to a free recall question (DV1) followed by a forced-choice question (DV2). Four-year-olds (but not three-year-olds) performed better in response to the free recall source memory question (but not the forced-choice question) when their interlocutor had disagreed with them compared to when it had agreed with them. Children were also better at recalling ‘having been told’ than ‘having seen’. These results demonstrate that source memory capacities become sensitive to the communicative context of assertions over development.

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