scholarly journals The effect of disagreement on children's source memory performance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Mahr ◽  
Olivier Mascaro ◽  
Hugo Mercier ◽  
Gergely Csibra
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Source Information ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
Communicative Context

AbstractSource representations play a role both in the formation of individual beliefs as well as in the social transmission of such beliefs. Both of these functions suggest that source information should be particularly useful in the context of interpersonal disagreement. Three experiments with an identical design (one original study and two replications) with 3- to 4-year-old-children (N = 100) assessed whether children’s source memory performance would improve in the face of disagreement and whether such an effect interacts with different types of sources (first- vs. second-hand). In a 2 x 2 repeated-measures design, children found out about the contents of a container either by looking inside or being told (IV1). Then they were questioned about the contents of the container by an interlocutor puppet who either agreed or disagreed with their answer (IV2). We measured children’s source memory performance in response to a free recall question (DV1) followed by a forced-choice question (DV2). Four-year-olds (but not three-year-olds) performed better in response to the free recall source memory question (but not the forced-choice question) when their interlocutor had disagreed with them compared to when it had agreed with them. Children were also better at recalling ‘having been told’ than ‘having seen’. These results demonstrate that source memory capacities become sensitive to the communicative context of assertions over development.

scholarly journals The effect of disagreement on children’s source memory performance

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0249958
Author(s):  
Johannes B. Mahr ◽  
Olivier Mascaro ◽  
Hugo Mercier ◽  
Gergely Csibra
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Source Information ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
The Face ◽  
Communicative Context

Source representations play a role both in the formation of individual beliefs as well as in the social transmission of such beliefs. Both of these functions suggest that source information should be particularly useful in the context of interpersonal disagreement. Three experiments with an identical design (one original study and two replications) with 3- to 4-year-old-children (N = 100) assessed whether children’s source memory performance would improve in the face of disagreement and whether such an effect interacts with different types of sources (first- vs. second-hand). In a 2 x 2 repeated-measures design, children found out about the contents of a container either by looking inside or being told (IV1). Then they were questioned about the contents of the container by an interlocutor puppet who either agreed or disagreed with their answer (IV2). We measured children’s source memory performance in response to a free recall question (DV1) followed by a forced-choice question (DV2). Four-year-olds (but not three-year-olds) performed better in response to the free recall source memory question (but not the forced-choice question) when their interlocutor had disagreed with them compared to when it had agreed with them. Children were also better at recalling ‘having been told’ than ‘having seen’. These results demonstrate that by four years of age, source memory capacities are sensitive to the communicative context of assertions and serve social functions.

Effects of Moderate Exercise and Circadian Rhythms on Human Memory

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Potter ◽  
Denis Keeling
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Peak Performance ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Repeated Measures Design

The effects of exercise and circadian rhythms on memory function were explored in a group of shift workers (mean age 32 yrs). A variant of the Auditory-Verbal Learning Test was used to test memory for word lists at 9:30 a.m. and 12:30, 3:30, and 6:30 p.m. in a repeated-measures design. Without exercise there was clear evidence of a circadian rhythm in memory performance, with peak performance occurring at 12:30 and poorest performance at 3:30. A brisk 10-min walk followed by a 15- to 30-min recovery period resulted in significant improvement in memory recall at all time periods except 12:30. The results of the AVLT task suggest an improvement in both working memory and long-term memory performance. Rhythmic changes in serotonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine levels all affect cortical arousal and cognitive function. Exercise may have resulted in altered levels of these neurotransmitters, increased glucose, oxygen, or nutrient levels, or from temporary changes in growth hormone or brain-derived neurotropic factor levels resulting in increased synaptogenesis and neurogenesis. The physiological basis of this temporary improvement in memory remains to be determined, but this simple behavioral intervention may have widespread application in improving memory function in all sections of the population including children and the elderly.

scholarly journals Hunger increases delay discounting of food and non-food rewards

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Skrynka ◽  
Benjamin Thomas Vincent
Keyword(s):  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Quantitative Modeling ◽  
State Change ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Undesirable State ◽  
The Face ◽  
Food Commodities

How do our valuation systems change to homeostatically correct undesirable psychological or physiological states, such as those caused by hunger? There is evidence that hunger increases discounting for food rewards, biasing choices towards smaller but sooner food reward over larger but later reward. However, it is not understood how hunger modulates delay discounting for non-food items. We outline and quantitatively evaluate six possible models of how our valuation systems modulate discounting of various commodities in the face of the undesirable state of being hungry. With a repeated-measures design, an experimental hunger manipulation, and quantitative modeling, we find strong evidence that hunger causes large increases in delay discounting for food, with an approximately 25% spillover effect to non-food commodities. The results provide evidence that in the face of hunger, our valuation systems increase discounting for commodities, which cannot achieve a desired state change as well as for those commodities that can. Given that strong delay discounting can cause negative outcomes in many non-food (consumer, investment, medical, or inter-personal) domains, the present findings suggest caution may be necessary when making decisions involving non-food outcomes while hungry.

Bacterial Reduction by Cell Salvage Washing and Leukocyte Depletion Filtration

2003 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 652-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan H. Waters ◽  
Marion J. Tuohy ◽  
Donna F. Hobson ◽  
Gary Procop
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Cell Salvage ◽  
Bacterial Reduction ◽  
Culture Collections ◽  
Fixed Amount ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Leukocyte Depletion ◽  
The Face ◽  
A Cell

Background Blood conservation techniques are being increasingly used because of the increased cost and lack of availability of allogeneic blood. Cell salvage offers great blood savings opportunities but is thought to be contraindicated in a number of areas (e.g., blood contaminated with bacteria). Several outcome studies have suggested the safety of this technique in trauma and colorectal surgery, but many practitioners are still hesitant to apply cell salvage in the face of frank bacterial contamination. This study was undertaken to assess the efficacy of bacterial removal when cell salvage was combined with leukocyte depletion filtration. Methods Expired packed erythrocytes were obtained and inoculated with a fixed amount of a stock bacteria (Escherichia coli American Type Culture Collections [ATCC] 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, or Bacteroides fragilis ATCC 25285) in amounts ranging from 2,000 to 4,000 colony forming units/ml. The blood was processed via a cell salvage machine. The washed blood was then filtered using a leukocyte reduction filter. The results for blood taken during each step of processing were compared using a repeated-measures design. Results Fifteen units of blood were contaminated with each of the stock bacteria. From the prewash sample to the postfiltration sample, 99.0%, 99.6%, 100%, and 97.6% of E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and B. fragilis were removed, respectively. Discussion Significant but not complete removal of contaminating bacteria was seen. An increased level of patient safety may be added to cell salvage by including a leukocyte depletion filter when salvaging blood that might be grossly contaminated with bacteria.

One and Two Year Outcomes for Adults with Learning Disabilities Discharged to the Community

1996 ◽  
Vol 168 (5) ◽  
pp. 598-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Donnelly ◽  
Sinead McGilloway ◽  
Nicholas Mays ◽  
Martin Knapp ◽  
Shane Kavanagh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Problem Behaviour ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Perceived Quality Of Life ◽  
The Social ◽  
Adults With Learning Disabilities ◽  
Design Skills

BackgroundLong-stay patients with learning disabilities (n=214) were assessed in hospital and 12 and 24 months after discharge in order to examine the effects of relocation.MethodEach resident acted as his/her own control in a prospective repeated-measures design. Skills and behavioural problems were assessed by keyworkers. Self-perceived quality of life was obtained during interviews with researchers who also completed an environmental checklist of the residents' accommodation.ResultsThere was little or no change in peoples low pre-discharge skill levels. Certain aspects of problem behaviour improved after 12 months, although socially unacceptable behaviour increased slightly. People were less depressed (P ⩽ 0.01) 12 months after discharge (n=119) and were more satisfied (P ⩽ 0.05) with their new ‘homes’ (n=108). There were few changes in the pattern of activities or the social networks of people 12 months later. Little or no further change in outcomes was reported 24 months after discharge.ConclusionsThe implementation of the deinstitutionalisation policy in Northern Ireland has been limited by the predominance of residential and nursing homes and the lack of ‘ordinary’ accommodation. There is a need for purchasers and providers to give more attention to ways in which the principles of normalisation could be incorporated in the process of contracting and delivering services.

A Reexamination of Source Monitoring Deficits in the Elderly: Evidence for Independent Age Deficits of Item and Source Memory

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.J. Tree ◽  
T.J. Perfect
Keyword(s):  
Source Memory ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Correct Recall ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Item Information ◽  
Source Information ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Deficits

AbstractWithin the experimental literature there is substantial evidence of larger age-related deficits in retrieving source information relative to item-based information. However, this evidence is potentially subject to methodological criticism given that several studies have argued for the presence of source-monitoring deficits by examining source memory contingent on correct recall of item information but not the reverse. In order to address this potential shortcoming our study examines recall of both item information contingent on correct source judgement and source-based information contingent on correct recall of item information. We demonstrate that when this novel type of analysis is conducted, there are age deficits for both source and item information, and no evidence of a selectively greater source-monitoring deficit in the elderly. The results are discussed with reference to two overarching theoretical positions concerning age-related deficits in memory performance.

scholarly journals Hunger increases delay discounting of food and non-food rewards

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 1729-1737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Skrynka ◽  
Benjamin T. Vincent
Keyword(s):  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Quantitative Modeling ◽  
State Change ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Undesirable State ◽  
The Face ◽  
Food Commodities

Abstract How do our valuation systems change to homeostatically correct undesirable psychological or physiological states, such as those caused by hunger? There is evidence that hunger increases discounting for food rewards, biasing choices towards smaller but sooner food reward over larger but later reward. However, it is not understood how hunger modulates delay discounting for non-food items. We outline and quantitatively evaluate six possible models of how our valuation systems modulate discounting of various commodities in the face of the undesirable state of being hungry. With a repeated-measures design, an experimental hunger manipulation, and quantitative modeling, we find strong evidence that hunger causes large increases in delay discounting for food, with an approximately 25% spillover effect to non-food commodities. The results provide evidence that in the face of hunger, our valuation systems increase discounting for commodities, which cannot achieve a desired state change as well as for those commodities that can. Given that strong delay discounting can cause negative outcomes in many non-food (consumer, investment, medical, or inter-personal) domains, the present findings suggest caution may be necessary when making decisions involving non-food outcomes while hungry.

Retrograde Personal Semantic Memory During Post-Traumatic Amnesia and Following Emergence

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1064-1072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline M. Roberts ◽  
Gershon Spitz ◽  
Matthew Mundy ◽  
Jennie L. Ponsford
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Deficit ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Traumatic Amnesia ◽  
Severe Tbi ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Negative Gradient

AbstractObjectives:Anecdotal reports suggest that following traumatic brain injury (TBI) retrograde memories are initially impaired and recover in order of remoteness. However, there has been limited empirical research investigating whether a negative gradient in retrograde amnesia—relative preservation of remote over recent memory—exists during post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) compared with the acute phase post-emergence. This study used a repeated-measures design to examine the pattern of personal semantic (PS) memory performance during PTA and within two weeks of emergence to improve understanding of the nature of the memory deficit during PTA and its relationship with recovery.Methods:Twenty patients with moderate-severe TBI and 20 healthy controls (HCs) were administered the Personal Semantic Schedule of the Autobiographical Memory Interview. The TBI group was assessed once during PTA and post-emergence. Analysis of variance was used to compare the gradient across lifetime periods during PTA relative to post-emergence, and between groups.Results:PS memory was significantly lower during PTA than post-emergence from PTA, with no relative preservation of remote memories. The TBI group was still impaired relative to HCs following emergence from PTA. Lower overall PS memory scores during PTA were associated with increased days to emerge from PTA post-interview.Conclusions:These results suggest a global impairment in PS memory across lifetime periods particularly during PTA, but still present within 2 weeks of emergence from PTA. PS memory performance may be sensitive to the diffuse nature of TBI and may, therefore, function as a clinically valuable indicator of the likely time to emerge from PTA. (JINS, 2018,24, 1064–1072)

scholarly journals Prevalence of Two-Syllable Digits Affecting Forward Digit Span Test Score

SAGE Open ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 215824401668182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars E. Egner ◽  
Stefan Sütterlin ◽  
Ricardo G. Lugo
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Word Length ◽  
Test Score ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Length Effect ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Digit Span Test ◽  
Span Test ◽  
Word Length Effect

The word length effect shows a connection between word length and working memory performance. Although the relationship between digit verbal length and digit span has been investigated between languages, it has not been investigated within a language. It was hypothesized that this effect can be shown as a connection between the prevalence of digits with two syllables and digit span score. The study examined the effect of amount of syllables on Norwegian digit span test scores by altering the prevalence of two-syllable digits using three conditions in a repeated measures design ( N = 54). Results suggest that an elimination of two-syllable digits in a digit span test significantly reduced forward span test score (Cohen’s d = 0.36), but had no effect on backward span scores. These results suggest that a balanced distribution of two-syllable digits in a forward digit span tests should theoretically increase the test’s comparability and reduce language-related biases thus increasing the test’s parallel-form reliability. A peak-span model is proposed to integrate the findings into previous research on the word length effect.

Inefficient Encoding as an Explanation for Age-Related Deficits in Recollection-Based Processing

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Friedman ◽  
Ray Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Semantic Retrieval ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Face ◽  
Episodic Memories

A cardinal feature of aging is a decline in episodic memory (EM). Nevertheless, there is evidence that some older adults may be able to “compensate” for failures in recollection-based processing by recruiting brain regions and cognitive processes not normally recruited by the young. We review the evidence suggesting that age-related declines in EM performance and recollection-related brain activity (left-parietal EM effect; LPEM) are due to altered processing at encoding. We describe results from our laboratory on differences in encoding- and retrieval-related activity between young and older adults. We then show that, relative to the young, in older adults brain activity at encoding is reduced over a brain region believed to be crucial for successful semantic elaboration in a 400–1,400-ms interval (left inferior prefrontal cortex, LIPFC; Johnson, Nessler, & Friedman, 2013 ; Nessler, Friedman, Johnson, & Bersick, 2007 ; Nessler, Johnson, Bersick, & Friedman, 2006 ). This reduced brain activity is associated with diminished subsequent recognition-memory performance and the LPEM at retrieval. We provide evidence for this premise by demonstrating that disrupting encoding-related processes during this 400–1,400-ms interval in young adults affords causal support for the hypothesis that the reduction over LIPFC during encoding produces the hallmarks of an age-related EM deficit: normal semantic retrieval at encoding, reduced subsequent episodic recognition accuracy, free recall, and the LPEM. Finally, we show that the reduced LPEM in young adults is associated with “additional” brain activity over similar brain areas as those activated when older adults show deficient retrieval. Hence, rather than supporting the compensation hypothesis, these data are more consistent with the scaffolding hypothesis, in which the recruitment of additional cognitive processes is an adaptive response across the life span in the face of momentary increases in task demand due to poorly-encoded episodic memories.

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