Insatisfacción corporal y trastornos de conducta alimentaria en gimnastas: revisión sistemática (Body dissatisfaction and eating disorders in gymnasts: a systematic review)

Introducción: En los deportes gimnásticos ciertas medidas morfológicas como el peso, un índice de masa corporal (IMC) y un porcentaje de grasa bajo adquieren importancia para el éxito deportivo. La preocupación excesiva por estos factores o alteración de la Imagen Corporal (IC), puede llevar a estos gimnastas a padecer Trastornos de Conducta Alimentaria (TCA). Objetivo: El propósito de este estudio fue analizar los TCA y la IC en practicantes de deportes gimnásticos mediante una revisión sistemática. Material y método: Siguiendo la lista de verificación “PRISMA” se realizó la búsqueda en cinco bases de datos electrónicas (WOS, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Scopus y Google Scholar), de estudios transversales en inglés, español y portugués publicados desde enero del 2000 hasta diciembre del 2020. La selección fue realizada por tres investigadores en dos etapas (cribado y aplicación de criterios de elegibilidad). Se registraron edad, sexo, tamaño muestral, calidad metodológica, variables, instrumento y resultados en 16 artículos que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Resultados: El 56,25% de los estudios resaltan la insatisfacción corporal, así como el riesgo de padecer TCA en gimnastas de mayor nivel competitivo, resultando como factores causantes fundamentalmente la insatisfacción corporal y la presión del entorno sobre todo en el periodo de la adolescencia. El instrumento más utilizado fue Eating Attitude Test 26 (EAT-26) (75%). Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos indican que existe gran riesgo en gimnastas de padecer TCA, destacando la aparición en categorías superiores, siendo una de las principales causas, la distorsión e insatisfacción con la IC. Abstract. Introduction: In gymnastic sports, certain morphological measures such as weight, body mass index (BMI) and low-fat percentage are important for sporting success. Excessive preoccupation with these factors, or altered Body Image (BI), can lead to eating disorders (ED) in gymnasts. Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyse ED and CI in gymnastics athletes through a systematic review. Material and methods: Following the "PRISMA" checklist, five electronic databases (WOS, PubMed, Sports Discuss, Scopus and Google Scholar) were searched for cross-sectional studies in English, Spanish and Portuguese published from January 2000 to December 2020 Selection was performed by three investigators in two stages (screening and application of eligibility criteria). Age, sex, sample size, methodological quality, variables, instrument and results were recorded in 16 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Results: 56.25% of the studies highlight body dissatisfaction, as well as the risk of suffering from ED in gymnasts at a higher competitive level, with body dissatisfaction and environmental pressure being the main causal factors, especially in the adolescent period. The most commonly used instrument was the Eating Attitude Test 26 (EAT-26) (75%). Conclusion: The results obtained indicate that gymnasts are at high risk of suffering from BAD, with a high incidence in the higher categories, one of the main causes being distortion and dissatisfaction with the CI.

KiddyCAT- ja BigCAT -itsearviointilomakkeiden suomennosten normatiiviset ja psykometriset ominaisuudet

Lasten kommunikointiasenteita arvioivan “Communication Attitude Test for Preschool and Kindergarten Children Who Stutter” (KiddyCAT) ja aikuisten kommunikointiasenteita arvioivan “Communication Attitude Test for Adults” (BigCAT) -testien kansainvälinen tutkimus on osoittanut, että änkyttävät lapset ja aikuiset suhtautuvat kielteisemmin puhumiseen kuin sujuvasti puhuvat verrokit. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli arvioida KiddyCAT-Fin- ja BigCAT-Fin-testien suomennosten pätevyyttä (validiteettia) ja luotettavuutta (reliabiliteettia). Lisäksi tavoitteena oli määritellä kummallekin testille kliinisen käytön tueksi katkaisupistemäärä, jonka ylittävä pistemäärä ilmaisee keskimääräistä kielteisempää kommunikointiasennetta. Tutkimuksessa 86 alle kouluikäistä lasta (joista 41 änkyttävää) täytti KiddyCAT-Fin:n 12 kysymystä sisältävän itsearviointilomakkeen ja 109 aikuista (joista 29 änkyttävää) täytti BigCAT-Fin:n 34 kysymystä sisältävän itsearviointilomakkeen. Itsearviointien kokonaispistemäärien keskiarvot olivat lähellä alkuperäisten englanninkielisten versioiden arvoja. Lisäksi änkyttävien lasten ja aikuisten kommunikointiasenteet olivat merkitsevästi kielteisemmät kuin sujuvasti puhuvien. Kummankin testin sisäinen konsistenssi ja uudelleenmittausreliabiliteetti olivat korkeat. Suomennettujen KiddyCAT:n ja BigCAT:n voidaan todeta erottelevan änkyttävien ihmisten kommunikointiasenteet tehokkaasti sujuvasti puhuvien ihmisten asenteista

Eating Disorders and Nutritional Status of College Girls in Ludhiana City, Punjab (India)

Eating disorders and overweight are notable health issues, which are increasing day by day among young adults. Therefore, the study was conducted to evaluate the extent and type of eating disorders among college girls. A sample of 500 college girls in the age group of 18-25 years was randomly selected from five colleges of Ludhiana city, Punjab. Eating disorders were assessed by using Eating Attitude Test (EAT) questionnaire and subjects were categorized into two groups - With Eating Disorders (WED) and Without Eating Disorders (WOED). Prevalence of eating disorders among college girls on basis of EAT scale was 46 percent with higher mean scores of oral control (15.86±6.29) followed by dieting (13.17±8.47), bulimia, and food preoccupation (3.86±1.98). The correlation coefficient showed positive associations of eating disorders with body mass index. This study suggested formulating nutrition and health fitness clubs in colleges to create awareness and practices regarding diet, exercise, and yoga.

The study of the features of the psychological component of gestational dominance as an indicator of the formation of dysfunctional relationships in the ‟mother-child” system in women of different age categories

The article provides an analysis of the work on the problem of the specifics of the formation of the psychological component of gestational dominance (PCGD) in women with the peculiarities of the psycho-emotional state and residence of the pregnancy period. It is assumed that the features of the PCGD may be an indicator of the formation of dysfunctional relationships in the "mother-child" system and reflect the characteristics of maternal ontogenesis. Sample included pregnant women with different age categories. The method was Pregnancy attitude test of Igor’ Dobryakov. The author's approach of quantitative analysis was used in the processing of the results. It is concluded that there are significant differences in each of the types of relationships that form during pregnancy in women of different age groups, namely, in relation to pregnancy, mother, childbirth, to breastfeeding, to close significant in the face of their own mother, established by correlational analysis.

Hydration, Eating Attitudes and Behaviors in Age and Weight-Restricted Youth American Football Players

There is a paucity of research examining hydration and nutrition behaviors in youth American football players. A potentially unique risk factor are league restrictions based on weight (WR) or age (AR). The purpose of this study was to examine hydration status between WR and AR leagues. The secondary purpose was to describe eating patterns in players. An observational cohort design with 63 youth football players (10 ± 1 yrs, 148.2 ± 9.4 cm, 44.9 ± 15.3 kg) was utilized. Independent variables were league (AR (n = 36); WR (n = 27)) and activity type (practice (PX = 8); game (GM = 3)). Dependent variables were hydration status (urine osmolality; percent change in body mass (%BM)), eating attitudes (Children’s Eating Attitude Test (ChEAT-26)) and self-reported frequency of meals. On average, players arrived activity mildly hypohydrated (830 ± 296 mOsm/kg) and %BM was minimal (−0.1 ± 0.7%) during events. Players consumed 2 ± 1 meals and 1 ± 1 snack before events. The ChEAT-26 survey reported 21.6% (n = 8) of players were at risk for abnormal eating attitudes. Among these players, eating binges, vomiting, excessive exercise and drastic weight loss were reported. Youth American football players arrived activity mildly hypohydrated and consumed enough fluid during activity to maintain euhydration. Abnormal eating attitudes and the use of unhealthy weight loss methods were reported by some youth American football players.

überprüfung der Effekte dissonanzbasierter Primärprävention von Internet- und Computerspielabhängigkeit in der Jahrgangsstufe 5 auf die Einstellung zum Gaming: Eine Pilotstudie

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Das Kindesalter wurde bei der Entwicklung von wirksamen Präventions- und Interventionsprogrammen bei Computerspiel- und Internetabhängigkeit bisher kaum berücksichtigt. PROTECTdissonanz wurde daher als 1-stündiges dissonanzbasiertes universelles Primärpräventionsprogramm für die Klassenstufe 5 konzipiert. Die vorliegende Pilotstudie überprüft die unmittelbaren Effekte der Dissonanzinduktion auf die Einstellung zum Gaming. Methodik: In einem einarmigen A+B-Design mit drei Messzeitpunkten (T0, T1, T2) wurde die Einstellung zum Gaming anhand des Gaming Attitude Test (GAT) erfasst. In die Baselinesequenz (Sequenz A, T0 bis T1, Teilstichprobe) wurden N = 83 Schüler_innen eingeschlossen (Alter: M = 10.27; SD = 0.48) und in die Interventionssequenz (Sequenz B, T1 bis T2, Gesamtstichprobe) N = 200 Schüler_innen (Alter: M = 10.24; SD = 0.47). Akzeptanz und Zufriedenheit wurden nach der Intervention erfasst. Ergebnisse: Hierarchisch lineare Wachstumsmodelle zeigten eine signifikante Reduktion der GAT-Symptome durch die Intervention, sowohl im Gesamtwert des GAT als auch auf der Subskala „Bagatellisierung negativer Konsequenzen“. Im natürlichen Verlauf (Baselinesequenz A) zeigten sich keine Veränderungen. Die Schüler_innen bewerteten PROTECTdissonanz zudem mit einer hohen Zufriedenheit. Schlussfolgerungen: Eine kurze, gezielte übung zur Dissonanzinduktion zeigt unmittelbare Effekte auf ein Einstellungsmaß zum Gaming. Zur Weiterverfolgung dieses vielversprechenden Ansatzes sollte in künftigen Studien untersucht werden, ob sich eine verringerte Bagatellisierung negativer Konsequenzen von Gaming im Sinne der kognitiven Dissonanztheorie auch tatsächlich in einer Verhaltensänderung widerspiegelt.

Social Media and Attitude Change: Information Booming Promote or Resist Persuasion?

Emerging social media platforms such as Twitter and its Chinese equivalent Weibo have become important in information-sharing and communication. They are also gradually becoming stronger in guiding public opinion. When compared with traditional media, these platforms have salient characteristics, such as highly efficient dissemination of information and interactive commentary, which can contribute to information overload. In earlier research, only the effect of social media on attitude change has been studied, but the specific mechanism of this effect in the context of information overload has not been found. To answer this question, we measured the attitude change of participants after they read Weibo posts about street vendors. A 2 (post-attitude: positive posts vs. negative posts) × 4 (reading time: 35 vs. 25 vs. 15 vs. 5 min) experiment was set up, and the Single Category Implicit Attitude Test was used to measure the implicit attitudes. The interaction effect revealed that in both positive and negative posts, less reading time (i.e., information overload) had a stronger influence. Users were more easily persuaded by posts under high overload. Furthermore, the changes in the attitudes of users were not simply stronger with more information. We found three stages, namely, obedience, resistance, and acceptance, with different mechanisms. Therefore, in the positive information overload condition, the attitudes of individuals eventually change in a positive way. In the negative information overload condition, individuals tend to be biased against the group being reported.

Mediterranean Diet Adherence and Eating Disorders in Spanish Nurses with Shift Patterns: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background and Objectives: Shift work has a significant influence on the mental health of workers. Nursing is characterised by a rotational work system. This study aimed to determine whether there was a link between adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) and the risk of suffering an eating disorder (ED) in nurses according to their work shift. Materials and Methods: A total of 240 women (nurses and nursing assistants) were evaluated and completed the PREDIMED-PLUS questionnaire on adherence to the MD and the EAT-26 (Eating Attitude Test, 26 items). Results: The results indicate that there are no differences in adherence to the MD depending on the work shift, being that adherence to the diet is already low. Statistically significant differences appear depending on the work shift in the following dimensions: restrictive behaviours and bulimia subscales (presenting higher scores in the 7-h rotating shift versus the fixed morning shift or 12-h rotating shift) and for total EAT-26 score. Conclusion: Whilst they do not condition adherence to a MD, the nursing shifts that are the most changing in terms of time patterns may condition restrictive behaviours and compensatory risk behaviours related to an ED.

Self-Concept and Time Perspective of Convicts

Objective: The purpose of the article is to connect the time perspective of the convicts with their self-concept. Background: After an extended stay in places of deprivation of liberty, it is difficult for convicts to adapt to the conditions of life in freedom, to restore the social ties that were lost and weakened due to isolation. And therefore, they often fall into the marginal part of the population, cannot find their place in life, and often replenish the number of unemployed or, even worse, re-enter the criminal path and commit crimes. Method: The following psychological methods were used: the technique of “Who am I?”, which allowed studying the cognitive component of the self-concept; the methodology of personal differential that provides an opportunity to study the emotional component of the self-concept; the self-attitude test questionnaire and the method of F. Zimbardo allowed to determine the main features of the time perspective. Results: The article reflects the study of convicts based on which a typology of “self-concept” of convicts was proposed. Besides, the results of a study of the temporal perspective of convicts depending on the type of self-concept are presented. Conclusion: The authors are inclined to believe that a detailed study of this problem will identify and provide effective ways to stimulate the constructive resocialization of various categories of prisoners.

FEATURES OF CHILD-PARENT RELATIONS IN FAMILIES RAISING CHILDREN WITH COMPLEX DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS

Purpose. The purposeof the article is to analyze the results of an empirical study of the peculiarities of child-parent relationships in families raising children with complex developmental disorders.Methods. To achieve this goal, psychodiagnostic techniques were used, such as E. Schaefer’s Parental Attitude Test (PARI) and VV Parental Attitude Test Questionnaire. Stolina and A.Ya. Vargi. Student’s parametric criterion was used to identify statistical differences in parental attitudes in different groups.Results. A comparative study was conducted on 136 parents of children with musculoskeletal disorders and mental retardation, 152 parents of children with complex speech disabilities in combination with intellectual disabilities and 184 parents with children without developmental disabilities. A total of 472 parents took part in the study of child-parent relationships in families raising children with complex developmental disorders. The difference in the parental attitude to mentally retarded children with musculoskeletal disorders and to children with a complex of speech and intellectual disorders is a combination of the first higher level of emotional rejection and, at the same time, infantilization of the child. Parents of children with intellectual disabilities try to protect their children from the difficulties, complexities of the world and at the same time, this is one of the frustrating factors that manifests itself in the increased irritability of parents. Parents of children with disabilities are more likely to encourage the child’s dependence, to consider the child dependent and infantile. Parents of children with motor and intellectual disabilities are more likely to perceive their child as an unadapted life and a loser.Conclusions. The most unfavorable for the child attitudes and the nature of the relationship are demonstrated by parents who raise children with movement disorders and mental retardation compared to the parents of children with language and intellectual disabilities. Parents who have children with speech and intellectual disabilities have a more positive pedagogical prognosis of their upbringing and education of children, and hence the possible more successful social adaptation of the child in the future.Key words: children, dysontogenesis, parents, musculoskeletal disorders, mental retardation, speech disorders. Мета статті полягає в аналізі результатів емпіричного дослідження особливостей дитячо-батьківських стосунків у сім’ях, які виховують дітей із комплексними порушеннями розвитку.Методи. Для досягнення мети були використані такі психодіагностичні методики, як тест бать-ківських настанов (PARI) E. Шефера і тест-опитувальник батьківського ставлення В.В. Століна й А.Я. Варги. Для виявлення статистичної відмінності в батьківському ставленні в різних групах засто-совували параметричний критерій Стьюдента.Результати. Було проведено порівняльне дослідження 136 батьків дітей із порушенням опорно-рухового апарату та розумовою відсталістю, 152 батьків дітей зі складними мовленнєвими вадами в поєднанні з порушеннями інтелектуального розвитку та 184 батьків, які мають дітей із нормативним розвитком. Загалом у вивченні дитячо-батьківських взаємин у сім’ях, які виховують дітей із комплексними порушеннями розвитку, взяли участь 472 батьків. Відмінність у батьківському ставленні до розумово відсталих дітей із порушенням опорно-рухового апарату і до дітей із комплексом мовленнєвих та інте-лектуальних порушень полягає в поєднанні в перших більш високого рівня емоційного відкидання і водночас інфантилізації дитини. Батьки дітей, що мають інтелектуальне недорозвинення, намагаються захистити своїх дітей від труднощів, складнощів навколишнього світу, саме це є одним із фруструючих чинників, що проявляється в підвищеній дратівливості батьків. Батьки дітей із вадами розвитку більш схильні заохочувати залежність дитини, уважати дитину несамостійною й інфантильною. Батьки дітей із руховими й інтелектуальними порушеннями більш схильні сприймати свою дитину непристосованою до життя та невдахою. Висновки. Найбільш несприятливі для дитини настанови та характер взаємин демонструють батьки, які виховують дітей із руховими порушеннями та розумовою відсталістю, порівняно з батьками дітей із порушеннями мовленнєвого й інтелектуального розвитку. Батьки, які мають дітей із логопедичними й інтелектуальними вадами розвитку, мають більш позитивний педагогічний прогноз їх виховання і навчання, отже, і можливу більш успішну соціальну адаптацію дитини в майбутньому.Ключові слова: діти, дизонтогенез, батьки, порушення опорно-рухового апарату, розумова відсталість, мовленнєві порушення.