scholarly journals Accommodating Heterogeneity: The Interaction of Instructional Scaffolding with Student Preconditions in the Learning of Hypothesis-Based Reasoning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Adriaan Edelsbrunner ◽  
Hanna Grimm
Keyword(s):  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
School Science ◽  
Third Graders ◽  
Logical Reasoning ◽  
Transition Analysis ◽  
Whole School ◽  
Instructional Scaffolding ◽  
Inhibition Ability

Hypothesis-based reasoning with conditionals is a skill that is required for engaging in integral activities of modern elementary school science-curricula. The teaching of this skill at this early stage of education, however, is demanding, particularly in whole school classes in which it is difficult to adapt teaching to children’s individual needs. We examine whether a scaffold that is static yet tailored to the context, in which the teacher explicitly models the reasoning process, manages to meet students’ individual cognitive preconditions for learning this skill. Within an inquiry-based learning setting, N = 143 third-graders underwent either an experimental condition in which they received the explicit scaffold, or a control condition in which they did not receive this specific scaffold. Employing a latent transition analysis and a general additive model, it is examined how the additional scaffold interacted with students’ prior knowledge, inhibition ability, and logical reasoning as judged by their own teachers. It is found that the additional scaffolds managed to meet the needs of students with little prior knowledge; under the control condition, students with little prior knowledge showed decreased learning achievement, whereas under the experimental condition, students with differing prior knowledge learned to comparable extent and on a higher level. The scaffolds also almost fully diminished a disadvantage for students with lower logical reasoning, and supported students with high inhibition ability in mastering the most difficult aspect of reasoning based on irrelevant evidence. Implications for science education are discussed.

Implement a Program with Contents of Measurement and Control for Elementary School Science Classes

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-440
Author(s):  
Shinichi Imai ◽  
Youichirou Ueno ◽  
Kazunori Kajihara ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
School Science ◽  
Smooth Transition ◽  
The Government ◽  
Science Classes ◽  
And Control ◽  
Measurement And Control

In today’s day and age, we encounter a wide array of electronic devices such as personal computers, game machines, mobile phones, etc. in our daily life. Such devices are controlled through invisible sites. The measurement and control of these devices constitute such an essential technology for the modern society that they have to be formally studied at junior high school and beyond. To facilitate the smooth transition of students into the process of learning about such devices, education about them should preferably be introduced at the early stage of elementary school. However, that will make the elementary school’s curriculum too restrictive, as activities not described in the government course of studies cannot be implemented. In this study, therefore, we have implemented graduation work activities (teaching for measurement and control) in accordance with the government course of studies to teach science at elementary schools and have verified its effectiveness.

scholarly journals Using Digital Games in the Science Classroom

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara L. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Science Classroom ◽  
Digital Games ◽  
School Science ◽  
High School Science ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Science Classes ◽  
Scaffolding Learning

High school science classes can be difficult for students to be successful in because of the content-specific vocabulary and the expectation of prior knowledge in the subject area that teachers have of their students. The use of digital games in the classroom can provide teachers with the tools to help students scaffold their learning and better grasp the vocabulary necessary to be successful in science class. The purpose of this mixed methods study was to focus teachers’ and students’ perceptions of digital games in the high school science classroom on vocabulary development, scaffolding learning by activating prior knowledge, and self-efficacy. Findings suggest that teachers and students believed that using digital games positively impacted the development of vocabulary knowledge and helped scaffolding learning. Some students found that their levels of self-efficacy were positively impacted by using digital games in their science classes. Teachers can use these findings to make informed decisions about how to integrate digital games into their science curriculum.

scholarly journals Information effect on consumer adoption for a new beef brand in the Vietnamese market: prior knowledge, appealing the brand distinction, differentiation and similarity

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1014-1034
Author(s):  
Thu Tran ◽  
Masahiro Moritaka ◽  
Ran Liu ◽  
Susumu Fukuda
Keyword(s):  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Ho Chi Minh City ◽  
Consumer Adoption ◽  
Information Bias ◽  
Knowledge Usage ◽  
Similarity Information

Abstract The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of information on consumer adoption when introducing a new beef brand to the Vietnamese markets. Three variables proxy the impacts of information are prior knowledge, usage experience, and price. This study developed three pieces of advertised information and combined them with three levels of price to indicate the relevant information to diffuse at the introduction of a new brand. Three kinds of information include: (1) distinction information, which defines a new brand to be distinct from existing competitive brands; (2) differentiation information, which identifies a new brand to be different from one existing brand; (3) similarity information, which defines a new brand to be similar to one existing brand. The survey was conducted via direct interviews with 480 customers at the food outlets in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The ordered logit model was applied to examine the influence of each kind of information on consumer preferences for a new beef brand. The results indicated that (1) the effect of information on consumer adoption for a new brand at early stage depends on how that information defines the new brand in consumers’ perception; (2) the distinction information generates the highest economic added value; (3) the similarity information creates the information bias at introduction; (4) the usage experience can be diagnostic for the information bias.

scholarly journals Good and Poor Readers' Recall of Familiar and Unfamiliar Text

1979 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara M. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Grade Level ◽  
Fifth Graders ◽  
Third Graders ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Poor Readers ◽  
Third Grade ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Good And Poor Readers

This study investigated poor readers' use of prior knowledge in reading by comparing good and poor readers' recall of familiar and unfamiliar text. Thirty-one third graders and thirty-one fifth graders, reading on a third grade level, and twenty fifth graders, reading on a fifth grade level, read and orally recalled two third grade expository passages, one on a familiar topic and one on an unfamiliar topic, which were very similar in structure. Both fifth grade groups recalled more than the third graders on the familiar passage. The fifth grade good readers recalled more than the poor readers and third graders on the unfamiliar passage. All groups recalled more on the familiar than unfamiliar passage, but the poor readers' mean difference score between the two passages was greater than the other two groups' mean difference scores. These findings suggest that poor readers' comprehension, in particular, suffers when their use of prior knowledge is restricted, as when reading unfamiliar material. Also, it appears that poor readers can do an adequate job of comprehending if given familiar material to read on an appropriate level.

scholarly journals Yearly and Daily Relationship Assessment between Air Pollution and Early-Stage COVID-19 Incidence: Evidence from 231 Countries and Regions

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 401
Author(s):  
Yuan Meng ◽  
Man Sing Wong ◽  
Hanfa Xing ◽  
Mei-Po Kwan ◽  
Rui Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Air Pollutions ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Relationship Assessment ◽  
Relationship Of

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused significantly changes in worldwide environmental and socioeconomics, especially in the early stage. Previous research has found that air pollution is potentially affected by these unprecedented changes and it affects COVID-19 infections. This study aims to explore the non-linear association between yearly and daily global air pollution and the confirmed cases of COVID-19. The concentrations of tropospheric air pollution (CO, NO2, O3, and SO2) and the daily confirmed cases between 23 January 2020 and 31 May 2020 were collected at the global scale. The yearly discrepancies of air pollutions and daily air pollution are associated with total and daily confirmed cases, respectively, based on the generalized additive model. We observed that there are significant spatially and temporally non-stationary variations between air pollution and confirmed cases of COVID-19. For the yearly assessment, the number of confirmed cases is associated with the positive fluctuation of CO, O3, and SO2 discrepancies, while the increasing NO2 discrepancies leads to the significant peak of confirmed cases variation. For the daily assessment, among the selected countries, positive linear or non-linear relationships are found between CO and SO2 concentrations and the daily confirmed cases, whereas NO2 concentrations are negatively correlated with the daily confirmed cases; variations in the ascending/declining associations are identified from the relationship of the O3-confirmed cases. The findings indicate that the non-linear relationships between global air pollution and the confirmed cases of COVID-19 are varied, which implicates the needs as well as the incorporation of our findings in the risk monitoring of public health on local, regional, and global scales.

scholarly journals Effects of a Whole-School Health Intervention on Clustered Adolescent Health Risks: Latent Transition Analysis of Data from the INCLUSIVE Trial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Melendez-Torres ◽  
Elizabeth Allen ◽  
Russell Viner ◽  
Chris Bonell
Keyword(s):  
Randomised Trial ◽  
Well Being ◽  
School Intervention ◽  
Latent Transition Analysis ◽  
Transition Analysis ◽  
Whole School ◽  
Latent Transition ◽  
Bullying Victimisation ◽  
Mental Well Being ◽  
Over Time

AbstractWhole-school interventions are a promising approach to preventing bullying and aggression while promoting broader health. The main analyses from a trial of the INCLUSIVE whole-school intervention reported reductions in bullying victimisation but not aggression and improved mental well-being. Latent transition analysis can examine how interventions ‘move’ people between classes defined by multiple outcomes over time. We examined at baseline what classes best defined individuals’ bullying, aggression and mental well-being and what effects did the intervention have on movement between classes over time? INCLUSIVE was a two-arm cluster-randomised trial with 20 high schools per arm, with 24-month and 36-month follow-ups. We estimated sequential latent class solutions on baseline data. We then estimated a latent transition model including baseline, 24-month and 36-month follow-up measurements. Our sample comprised 8179 students (4082 control, 4097 intervention arms). At baseline, classes were (1) bullying victims, (2) aggression perpetrators, (3) extreme perpetrators and (4) neither victims nor perpetrators. Control students who were extreme perpetrators were equally likely to stay in this class (27.0% probability) or move to aggression perpetrators (25.0% probability) at 24 months. In the intervention group, fewer extreme perpetrators students remained (5.4%), with more moving to aggression perpetrators (65.1%). More control than intervention extreme perpetrators moved to neither victims nor perpetrators (35.2% vs 17.8%). Between 24 and 36 months, more intervention students moved from aggression perpetrators to neither victims nor perpetrators than controls (30.1% vs 22.3%). Our findings suggest that the intervention had important effects in transitioning students to lower-risk classes.

scholarly journals Teaching Programming Principles through a Game Engine

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiane Camilo Hernandez ◽  
Luciano Silva ◽  
Rafael Alencar Segura ◽  
Juliano Schimiguel ◽  
Manuel Fernandez Paradela Ledón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Programming Language ◽  
Computer Games ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Logical Reasoning ◽  
Game Engine ◽  
Level Of Abstraction ◽  
Programming Skills ◽  
High Level

Teaching fundamental programming to freshmen is a hard task to be performed, given the high level of abstraction and logical reasoning that are required for these students to develop in a very early stage of their course. This paper presents a discussion about this topic, along with a case study where computer games are meant to be developed by students in a first programming course, through the use of a game engine which allow students to develop fundamental programming skills without having to learn syntax and idiosyncrasies of any programming language.

Direct ties, prior knowledge, and entrepreneurial resource acquisitions in China and Singapore

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Pek-Hooi Soh ◽  
Poh-kam Wong
Keyword(s):  
Information Asymmetry ◽  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Network Effects ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Resource Acquisition ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Network Ties ◽  
Start Up ◽  
The Social ◽  
Using Data

The entrepreneurship literature suggests that network ties are useful in mitigating the problem of information asymmetry faced by entrepreneurs when acquiring resources at the early stage of venture creation. We introduce prior knowledge of resource owners as an inverse measure of information asymmetry and investigate the contingent effect of prior knowledge and tie strength between entrepreneurs and resource owners on the likelihood of entrepreneurial resource acquisition. Using data from 378 high-tech ventures located in Beijing, China and Singapore, the analysis shows that strong ties are more important than weak ties, in entrepreneurs’ resource acquisition and this importance grows when resource owners have less prior knowledge to offset problems of information asymmetry. Similar network effects are found in both China and Singapore. The insignificant country difference suggests that the social network culture of the start-up community is universal.

scholarly journals How Are You Feeling Today?

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 448-457
Author(s):  
Michael Deerwater ◽  
Robbie Scarff
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Writing Skills ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Collaborative Approach ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The Common ◽  
First Time

This piece of creative writing explores the possible impact of emotional artificial intelligence (EAI), a variety of technologies which have the common aim of inferring human emotion from outward expressions such as facial expressions, vocal patterns, text, and physiological data. It is difficult to determine exactly how EAI might affect people when thinking in the abstract. We therefore took a collaborative approach, combining the imagination and writing skills of a Sci-Fi writer, with the knowledge base of an academic studying EAI, in order to create a story which makes the potential consequences of EAI real in a tangible way. Some readers may have prior knowledge of EAI, and for you we hope this piece can offer new insights or different perspectives to consider. However, we suspect many readers will not have heard of EAI and be considering it here for the first time. For you, we hope to provide a story which you can truly immerse yourself in, which can act as a prompt for you to begin to consider your views on this technology. EAI may be at a relatively early stage of development, but we do not anticipate it being long before it is a widespread technology. Our prompt as writers was to create an imagined surveillance future. Our invitation to you as readers is to not only imagine it, but ponder it, live in it, question it, and, ultimately, shape it. 

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document