scholarly journals The Role of Expertise Judgments in Children's Social Learning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney Baugh;Baugh ◽  
Rebekah Richert
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Concept Formation ◽  
Character Theory ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Preschool Classrooms ◽  
Visual Matching ◽  
Over Time

Previous research has examined how children judge sources of information (Corriveau & Harris, 2009; Corriveau, Pickard, & Harris, 2010; Koenig & Harris, 2005), but no studies have attempted to increase or decrease a children’s trust in informants, measure learning from that informant, and analyze how that learning persists over time. The current study examined if children’s trust in informants can be manipulated, and how this trust relates to learning STEM concepts from a video of the character in question. Fifty-seven 3- to 6-year-olds were visited in their preschool classrooms at 3 different time points. Children watched a video of Sid from Sid the Science Kid solving a problem. After the video, children were tasked with solving an analogically-similar problem. Children were tested for verbal reasoning, concept formation, visual matching, executive function, character realism, identification with the character, theory of mind, and character trust (belief in Sid’s expertise in problem-solving). Presenting Sid to the participants as either clever or clumsy did not affect character trust or learning. Children’s belief in Sid’s expertise also did not affect learning; however, levels of learning remained stable over time. Identification with Sid may play a role in how children viewed Sid and learned from him.

Reconsidering institutions

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-54
Author(s):  
Kate Crowley ◽  
Jenny Stewart ◽  
Adrian Kay ◽  
Brian W. Head
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Institutional Theory ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
New Institutionalism ◽  
Policy Network ◽  
Complex Landscape ◽  
Emergent Networks ◽  
Over Time

Although institutions are central to the study of public policy, the focus upon them has shifted over time. This chapter is concerned with the role of institutions in problem solving and the utility of an evolving institutional theory that has significantly fragmented. It argues that the rise of new institutionalism in particular is symptomatic of the growing complexity in problems and policy making. We review the complex landscape of institutional theory, we reconsider institutions in the context of emergent networks and systems in the governance era, and we reflect upon institutions and the notion of policy shaping in contemporary times. We find that network institutionalism, which draws upon policy network and community approaches, has a particular utility for depicting and explaining complex policy.

The role of retrieval practice in memory and analogical problem-solving

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 858-871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Autumn B Hostetter ◽  
Elizabeth A Penix ◽  
Mackenzie Z Norman ◽  
W Robert Batsell ◽  
Thomas H Carr
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Retrieval Practice ◽  
Analogous Problem ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Term Retention ◽  
Analogical Problem ◽  
Long Term Retention ◽  
Do So

Retrieval practice (e.g., testing) has been shown to facilitate long-term retention of information. In two experiments, we examine whether retrieval practice also facilitates use of the practised information when it is needed to solve analogous problems. When retrieval practice was not limited to the information most relevant to the problems (Experiment 1), it improved memory for the information a week later compared with copying or rereading the information, although we found no evidence that it improved participants’ ability to apply the information to the problems. In contrast, when retrieval practice was limited to only the information most relevant to the problems (Experiment 2), we found that retrieval practice enhanced memory for the critical information, the ability to identify the schematic similarities between the two sources of information, and the ability to apply that information to solve an analogous problem after a hint was given to do so. These results suggest that retrieval practice, through its effect on memory, can facilitate application of information to solve novel problems but has minimal effects on spontaneous realisation that the information is relevant.

Ethyl Glucuronide and Ethyl Sulphate in Urine: Caution in their use as markers of recent alcohol use

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabella Mercurio ◽  
Pamela Politi ◽  
Eleonora Mezzetti ◽  
Fausto Agostinelli ◽  
Gianmarco Troiano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Intake ◽  
Interindividual Variability ◽  
Ethyl Glucuronide ◽  
Urinary Concentration ◽  
Ethyl Sulfate ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Recent Alcohol Use ◽  
Ethanol Metabolites ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Aim To clarify the role of the ethanol metabolites, ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS), in monitoring alcohol consumption. Method We recruited 7 female and 17 male volunteers who were instructed to consume a quantity of beer (containing 48 gm ethanol) with food in one session. We examined urinary excretion of EtG and EtS over time and looked for correlations between the concentrations of the metabolites EtG and EtS. Results EtG concentrations in urine varied between 0.026 and 430.372 μg/ml with average values between 11.85 μg/ml (SD 19.75), 30 min after alcohol intake, and 100.39 μg/ml (SD 101.34), 4.5 h after alcohol intake. EtS urinary concentration ranged from 0.006 to 101.432 μg/ml with average values between 4.77 μg/ml (SD 5.42), 30 min after alcohol intake, and 30.14 μg/ml (SD 27.20), 4.5 h after alcohol intake. Spearman’s test showed that urinary EtG and EtS correlated significantly at several time points. Conclusion The great interindividual variability in their excretion suggests caution in the use of urinary measurement of these metabolites in forensic investigations.

scholarly journals The Impact of Household Chaos and Dietary Intake on Executive Function in Young Children

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 4442
Author(s):  
Samantha Iwinski ◽  
Sharon M. Donovan ◽  
Barbara Fiese ◽  
Kelly Bost
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Moderation Effect ◽  
Household Chaos ◽  
Behavior Rating Inventory ◽  
Independent Association ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Children’s executive functions (EFs) emerge over time and can be shaped by household environments and dietary intake. However, there is a lack of knowledge about how these factors influence EFs in children aged 18–24 months. This study tested a model exploring the relations between parent-reported dietary intake, household chaos, and child EF. The sample consisted of 294 families participating in the STRONG Kids2 birth cohort study of nutrition and child health. Caregivers completed the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), the Confusion, Hubbub, and Order Scale (CHAOS), and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function®-Preschool Version (BRIEF-P) to assess model variables. Regression analyses revealed a significant and independent association between assorted snacks and processed foods and two EF subscales. There were also significant associations between household chaos and each EF subscale. There was no significant moderation effect. These findings suggest that family households characterized by dysregulation are associated with children’s EF difficulties during early childhood and that the role of unhealthy dietary intake in child EF should be explored further. Future longitudinal studies that include multi-method approaches are needed to document the mechanisms through which household chaos impacts child EF over time.

Perfectionism shapes the way adolescents perceive family acceptance over time

2022 ◽  
pp. 026540752110565
Author(s):  
Iulia M. Domocus ◽  
Lavinia E. Damian ◽  
Oana Benga
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Previous Theory ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Time Points ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Acceptance ◽  
Self Worth ◽  
Conditional Acceptance ◽  
Over Time

Previous theory and research linked perfectionism to contingent self-worth and conditional acceptance, but little research directly investigated how adolescents’ perfectionism and their perceived family acceptance shape each other over time. The present study is the first to investigate the reciprocal longitudinal relations between adolescents’ perfectionism and their perceived family acceptance. The study examined a sample of 264 adolescents (aged 14–19 years) over a period of 3 months, using a cross-lagged longitudinal design with two time points. Results showed that perfectionistic standards predict relative increases, whereas perfectionistic concerns predict relative decreases in adolescents’ perceived mother, father, and family acceptance. However, perceived family acceptance did not predict significant changes in perfectionistic standards nor in perfectionistic concerns. Considering this, the results emphasize the role of perfectionism as a predictor for perceptions of mother, father, and family acceptance and capture how perfectionism may shape interpersonal experiences within the family. Implications of these findings for both research and practice are discussed.

scholarly journals Role of Executive Function in Response to a Problem Solving Based Psychoeducational Intervention in Adolescents with Psychosis: The PIENSA Trial Revisited

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2108
Author(s):  
Marta Rapado-Castro ◽  
Carmen Moreno ◽  
Ana Ruíz-Sancho ◽  
Francisco Camino ◽  
Celso Arango ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Group Intervention ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Intervention ◽  
Cognitive Domain ◽  
Semantic Fluency ◽  
Number Of Visits

An improvement in negative symptoms and a reduction in the number of visits to the emergency department have been reported in a problem solving based psychoeducational group intervention (PE) for adolescents with psychosis relative to a nonstructured group (NS). One of the factors that may play a role on the response to PE treatment is executive function (EF), a crucial cognitive domain for problem-solving performance. We aimed to examine the role of EF in response to PE treatment versus an NS group. We examined the associations between changes in cognition and in clinical/functional variables within each treatment group using Spearman-ranked and partial correlation analyses. A total of 22 individuals (mean age: 16.3) were randomized to PE (N = 10) and NS (N = 12). We found an association between improvements in EF performance and a reduction in positive symptoms (rs = –0.756, p = 0.030 for semantic fluency), reduction in negative symptoms (r = 0.758, p = 0.029 for semantic; rs = –0,733, p = 0.025 for verbal fluency), and reduction in the number of visits to the emergency department (r = –0,743, p = 0.035 for semantic fluency) in the PE group. No associations were found in the NS group. Our results suggest that EF may play a role in the specific improvements observed in the PE group. This may have implications in the development of new areas of clinical intervention focusing on the role of cognitive functioning in response to psychosocial treatments in psychosis.

Parent- and Adolescent-reported Executive Functioning in the Context of Randomized Controlled Trials of Online Family Problem-Solving Therapy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Allison P. Fisher ◽  
Lisa M. Gies ◽  
Megan E. Narad ◽  
Cynthia A. Austin ◽  
Keith Owen Yeates ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Family Functioning ◽  
Internet Resource ◽  
Problem Solving Therapy ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Family Problem ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Behavior Rating Inventory ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Objective: We examined parent- and adolescent-reported executive functioning (EF) behaviors following pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the context of Online Family Problem-Solving Therapy (OFPST) and moderators of change in EF behaviors. Method: In total, 274 families were randomized to OFPST or an internet resource comparison group. Parents and adolescents completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function at four time points. Mixed models were used to examine EF behaviors, assessing the effects of visit, treatment group, rater, TBI severity, age, socioeconomic status, and family functioning. Results: Parents rated their adolescents’ EF as poorer (F(3,1156) = 220.15, p < .001; M = 58.11, SE = 0.73) than adolescents rated themselves (M = 51.81, SE = 0.73). Across raters, EF behaviors were poorer for adolescents whose parents had less education (F(3,1156) = 8.60, p = .003; M = 56.76, SE = 0.98) than for those with more education (M = 53.16, SE = 0.88). Age at baseline interacted with visit (F(3,1156) = 5.05, p = .002), such that families of older adolescents reported improvement in EF behaviors over time. Family functioning also interacted with visit (F(3, 1156) = 2.61, p = .049), indicating more improvement in EF behaviors over time in higher functioning families. There were no effects of treatment or TBI severity. Conclusion: We identified a discrepancy between parent- and adolescent-reported EF, suggesting reduced awareness of deficits in adolescents with TBI. We also found that poorer family functioning and younger age were associated with poorer recovery after TBI, whereas adolescents of parents with less education were reported as having greater EF deficits across time points.

Bidirectional and transactional relationships between parenting styles and child symptoms of ADHD, ODD, depression, and anxiety over 6 years

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Anna E. S. Allmann ◽  
Daniel N. Klein ◽  
Daniel C. Kopala-Sibley
Keyword(s):  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Oppositional Defiant ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Maladaptive Parenting

Abstract It is well established that mothers’ parenting impacts children's adjustment. However, much less is known about how children's psychopathology impacts their mothers’ parenting and how parenting and child symptoms relate either bidirectionally (i.e., a relationship in both directions over two time points) or transactionally (i.e., a process that unfolds over time) to one another over a span of several years. In addition, relatively little research addresses the role of fathers’ parenting in the development of children's symptoms and, conversely, how children may elicit certain types of parenting from fathers. In this study, data were collected from 491 families on mothers’ and fathers’ parenting styles (authoritarianism, authoritativeness, permissiveness, and overprotectiveness) and children's symptoms of psychopathology (attention deficit, oppositional defiant, depression, and anxiety) when children were age 3, 6, and 9 years old. Cross-lagged panel analyses revealed that parents and children affected one another in a bidirectional and transactional fashion over the course of the six years studied. Results suggest that children's symptoms may compound over time partially because they reduce exposure to adaptive and increase exposure to maladaptive parenting styles. Likewise, maladaptive parenting may persist over time due to the persistence of children's symptoms.

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