scholarly journals Breathing affects self-other voice discrimination in a bodily state with increased otherness

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavo Orepic ◽  
Hyeong-Dong Park ◽  
Giulio Rognini ◽  
Nathan Faivre ◽  
Olaf Blanke
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
The State ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Voice Perception ◽  
Hearing Voices ◽  
Loss Of Self ◽  
Monitoring Framework ◽  
Bodily State ◽  
Voice Discrimination

A growing number of studies have focused on identifying cognitive processes that are modulated by interoceptive signals. Here we investigated whether interoception affects self-processing, by assessing changes in self-voice perception as a function of respiratory and cardiac cycles. Considering the fundamental role interoception plays in bodily self-consciousness, we additionally applied conflicting sensorimotor stimulation inducing a state characterized by a loss of self and increased otherness, and investigated its effects in self-other voice perception. Our data reveal that breathing, but not heartbeat, affects self-voice perception, by showing that participants (N = 30) discriminated self-voice from other voices better during inspiration, while being in the state of increased otherness and especially when hearing voices of other people. Loudness judgement of equivalent self-related stimuli was unaffected by breathing. Combining interoception and voice perception with self-monitoring framework, these data extend recent findings on breathing-dependent cognition to self-processing.

scholarly journals Learning and knowing as semiosis: Extending the conceptual apparatus of semiotics

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (3/4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cary Campbell ◽  
Alin Olteanu ◽  
Kalevi Kull
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Life Sciences ◽  
The State ◽  
Theory Of Knowledge ◽  
Conceptual Apparatus ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Semiotic Perspective ◽  
Semiotic Theory

If all knowing comes from semiosis, more concepts should be added to the semiotic toolbox. However, semiotic concepts must be defined via other semiotic concepts. We observe an opportunity to advance the state-of-the-art in semiotics by defining concepts of cognitive processes and phenomena via semiotic terms. In particular, we focus on concepts of relevance for theory of knowledge, such as learning, knowing, affordance, scaffolding, resources, competence, memory, and a few others. For these, we provide preliminary definitions from a semiotic perspective, which also explicates their interrelatedness. Redefining these terms this way helps to avoid both physicalism and psychologism, showcasing the epistemological dimensions of environmental situatedness through the semiotic understanding of organisms’ fittedness with their environments. Following our review and presentation of each concept, we briefly discuss the significance of our embedded redefinitions in contributing to a semiotic theory of knowing that has relevance to both the humanities and the life sciences, while not forgetting their relevance to education and psychology, but also social semiotic and multimodality studies.

scholarly journals Out of Body, Loss of Self: Spiritual or Scary?

Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 558
Author(s):  
Elpine M. de Boer
Keyword(s):  
Meaning Making ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Spiritual Experiences ◽  
Body Experience ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Loss Of Self ◽  
Out Of Body Experience ◽  
Mystical Experiences ◽  
Bodily State

The main aim of the present study is to investigate when “loss of self” results in scaredness or anxiety during or after an out-of body-experience (OBE). An OBE is an intense form of (bodily) self loss in which people have the impression that their self is located outside their body. In a sample of respondents reporting to have had an OBE (n = 171), anxiety and different conceptualizations of “self loss” were assessed. In addition, questions were asked about meaning making processes after the OBE. Results show that there was no relationship between anxiety and self loss with a relational component (i.e., mystical experiences, positive spiritual experiences). However, there was significantly more anxiety in respondents who (1) (have) experience(d) ego loss/deconstruction, (2) have difficulties to (re)turn their attention to an internal bodily state (low mindfulness) and/or (3) experience a lack of self-concept clarity. Respondents who did not succeed in making sense of their OBE experience more anxiety, more ego loss/deconstruction, lower mindfulness and higher self-unclarity. Finally, the article examines how respondents explain their OBE (by using, for instance, medical, spiritual or psychological explanations) and how and why respondents do (not) succeed in making sense of the OBE.

scholarly journals Online and other ICT-based Training Tools for Problem-solving Skills

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (06) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Athanasios Drigas ◽  
Maria Karyotaki
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Learning Environments ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Metacognitive Skills ◽  
Dynamic Learning ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Problem Solving Skills ◽  
Social Dynamic ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Real World Learning

Problem-solving requires creative skills, critical thinking as well the ability to implement ideas and theories in practical ways. Moreover, interactive and self-managed problem-solving experiences promote students’ motivation as expressed through the developmental progression of learners’ metacognitive skills, such as self-monitoring and self-reinforcement. Effective learning based on constructivist didactics, encompassing self-organized learning in combination with active and creative problem-solving in collaborative settings, advances students’ concomitant cognitive and meta-cognitive processes. Hence, students’ co-construction of knowledge embodied in social dynamic learning environments, such as school-based tasks leverage the semantic relationships rising from exercising, verifying and testing of knowledge through information sharing and discussion. Future studies should focus on designing interactive, adaptable, ill-defined, real-world learning environments to elicit students’ cognitive and meta-cognitive processes as a key factor for the effective training of problem-solving skills.

Measuring Online Flow

2007 ◽  
pp. 317-319
Author(s):  
D. Aiken
Keyword(s):  
Computer Use ◽  
The State ◽  
Optimal Experience ◽  
Flow Experience ◽  
Activity Time ◽  
Loss Of Self ◽  
Computer Mediated ◽  
Sense Of Time ◽  
Antecedents And Consequences

Examination of the flow construct began almost twenty years ago. Csikszentmihalyi has written extensively on this notion loosely described as attaining an intrinsically enjoyable “optimal experience” (Csikszentmihalyi, 1977, 1990, 1997). Flow requires people to be completely and totally immersed in an activity. Time will stand still and nothing else will seem to matter (Mannell, et al., 1988). Flow is important because it has a relatively clear set of antecedents and consequences that have significant implications for web commerce. While flow has been studied in a broad range of contexts including sports, work, shopping, games, and computer use, researchers are only now beginning to study flow during consumer web navigations. Hoffman and Novak (1996) have ascribed the flow experience to web behavior, measuring the loss of self-consciousness in an essentially blissful encounter. In this situation, flow is defined as the state occurring during web navigations characterized by: (1) a seamless sequence of responses facilitated by interactivity, (2) an intrinsically enjoyable experience, (3) accompanied by a loss of self-consciousness that is (4) self-reinforcing (Hoffman and Novak, 1997). Web consumers who achieve the flow experience are so acutely involved in the act of online navigation that thoughts and perceptions not relevant to navigation are filtered out completely – the consumer is immersed in the computer-mediated interaction. Self-consciousness disappears, the consumer’s sense of time becomes distorted, and they achieve an internalized sense of gratification (Novak, et al., 2000).

scholarly journals What’s in a word? Victims on ‘victim’

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Fohring
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
The State ◽  
Personal Beliefs ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Victims Of Crime ◽  
Societal Stigma

Identifying as a victim of crime is a complex process involving both social and personal motivations. This paper utilises data gathered from victims of crime to examine how their thoughts, feelings and reactions to the victim label are influenced by societal stigma, and how this influence is mediated by personal beliefs and cognitive processes. It does this firstly by examining participants’ thoughts and reactions to the word ‘victim’, where findings indicate a distinct disconnect between how an incident of crime is labelled and how a victim identifies themselves, suggesting an acknowledgement of the incident as wrong and illegal, but denial of victimhood. Secondly, key themes considered by participants to be characteristic of victimhood are identified. These include weakness as a core characteristic of victims, the fluidity of the state of victimhood and the importance of effective coping versus suffering.

scholarly journals Self-Monitoring Framework for Patients in Iot-Based Healthcare System

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 3641-3645
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Mobile Application ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring Framework ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Cost

With the recent developments in Internet of Things (IoT) and the increase of smartphone users, patient’s health can be monitored without visiting the hospital for medical services. Nowadays, the cost of healthcare is high and insufficient of workforce in the hospital caused the patient unwilling to visit the hospital. The proposed work is to design a monitoring system using sensor and microcontroller to be used by the patients at their place (eg. home). This paper discusses the designing process of the framework. This system will allow the patient to measure their pulse rate and body temperature by using sensors and data collected from the sensor are integrated by using a microcontroller. These acquired patients data could be viewed in mobile application. In addition, the system will provide features such as consultation or chat facility and medical reminder to further improve the feasibility of patients’ health care system.

scholarly journals Influence of Emergency Declaration Over Coronavirus Disease 2019 on Plasma Glucose Control of Patients With Diabetes Mellitus

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A347-A347
Author(s):  
Takuya Watanabe ◽  
Tetsuya Takamizawa ◽  
Junichi Okada ◽  
Eijiro Yamada ◽  
Tsugumichi Saito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Glucose Control ◽  
The State ◽  
The Self ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Hba1c Levels

Abstract COVID-19 pandemic poses problems that not only concern the economy but also the health of people all over the world. In Japan, despite the declaration of a “state of emergency”, no lockdown was implemented, and a request for self-restraint and avoidance of non-essential trips was instead issued. After a month, the state of emergency was lifted. Because patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) were forced to stay during the state of emergency, resulting in a lack of physical activity, concerns about their glycemic control were raised. Therefore, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels during different time periods were compared (May 2018, March 2019, June 2019, July 2019, May 2019, March 2020, June 2020, July 2020). We analyzed 165 patients with DM. The mean age of subjects was 67.8 + 11.5 years. Male comprised 67.3% of the participants. The mean body weight was 65.6 + 14.6 kg on July 2019 and 66.1 + 15.2 kg on July 2020. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 24.4 + 3.6 kg/m2 on July 2019 and 24.4 + 3.6 on July 2020. Patients with Type 2 DM (T2DM) comprised 90% of the participants, while the rest had T1DM. Mean duration of DM was 12.0 + 7.4 years. In order to assess the effect of the self-restraint on plasma glucose control, HbA1c levels during these periods were compared: May 2018, March 2019, June 2019, July 2019 (one year before COVID-19 pandemic.), and May 2019, March 2020, June 2020, July 2020 (The last three months during COVID-19). March 2020 is corresponded to a period before the request for self-restraint, while June and July 2020 corresponded to the periods right after the end of self-restraint. We also compared HbA1c levels between May 2019 and July 2020 using the Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG) to assess whether SMBG affected plasma glucose control during the period of self-restraint. HbA1c levels in May 2018, March 2019, June 2019, July 2019, May 2019, March 2020, June 2020, July 2020, were 7.32 + 1.23, 7.44 + 1.20, 7.16 + 1.06, 7.01 + 1.05, 7.23 + 1.06, 7.45 + 1.18, 7.15 + 10.7, and 7.11 + 1.17, respectively. Similarly, HbA1c levels between May 2019 without SMBG and May 2019 with SMBG were not statistically different. In this clinical study, we found that the request to avoid non-essential trips as a form of self-restraint during the country’s state of emergency did not affect plasma glucose control of patients with DM. We noted that the patients did not have signs of insulin resistance as their BMI on July 2019 and July 2020 were 24.4 + 3.6 and 24.4 + 3.6, respectively. Unexpectedly, the HbA1c levels were not affected by the absence or presence of SMBG. This could explain why HbA1c levels were not elevated, despite a temporarily sedentary lifestyle and a lack of exercise for a month. In addition, due to the self-restraint, the frequency of dining outside the house decreased, which could have contributed to the non-elevation of HbA1c levels.

scholarly journals Unsupervised Disentangled Representation Learning with Analogical Relations

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zejian Li ◽  
Yongchuan Tang ◽  
Yongxing He
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Representation Learning ◽  
Subspace Learning ◽  
Generative Models ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Learning Methods ◽  
Training Strategy

Learning the disentangled representation of interpretable generative factors of data is one of the foundations to allow artificial intelligence to think like people. In this paper, we propose the analogical training strategy for the unsupervised disentangled representation learning in generative models. The analogy is one of the typical cognitive processes, and our proposed strategy is based on the observation that sample pairs in which one is different from the other in one specific generative factor show the same analogical relation. Thus, the generator is trained to generate sample pairs from which a designed classifier can identify the underlying analogical relation. In addition, we propose a disentanglement metric called the subspace score, which is inspired by subspace learning methods and does not require supervised information. Experiments show that our proposed training strategy allows the generative models to find the disentangled factors, and that our methods can give competitive performances as compared with the state-of-the-art methods.

scholarly journals Language situation and status of languages in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1247-1259
Author(s):  
Elena B. Besolova ◽  
Bella K. Zakaeva ◽  
Varvilina P. Dzhioeva ◽  
Anastasia V. Denisenko ◽  
Julia M. Kalinina
Keyword(s):  
Native Language ◽  
The State ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
National Language ◽  
Loss Of Self ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
North Ossetia ◽  
Interethnic Communication

The article substantiates the socio-economic and cultural-historical introduction of the Ossetians to the Russian language, which is considered as the result of the natural development of the standard of living of the highlanders. The aim of the study is to consider the history and characteristics of national-Russian bilingualism, the role of language interaction in the formation of a bilingual personality, society, identification of deformed linguistic processes that led to both the loss of the function of language proficiency and its use in everyday life, as well as measures that contribute to the revival of native language. The article emphasizes that the Russian language has become a civilizing factor that has significantly accelerated the development of the spiritual culture of the mountaineers, that it, along with the Ossetian language, is recognized as the state language of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania as a language of interethnic communication, it is provided with free functioning throughout the republic. The work also focuses on the ethno-demographic composition of the population, emphasizes the polyethnicity of the region, which contributes to the strengthening of the role of the Russian language as a language of interethnic communication. During the 20th century, a sharp delimitation of the functions of the Russian and native languages leads to a weakening of the role of the national language, which exposes it to the threat of extinction. Loss of language entails a loss of self-awareness, culture, perception of the world, as well as the loss of self-identification. According to the authors, the republic itself needs to be concerned about the widespread use and all-round development of the native language in national government bodies, public organizations of science, culture, education, health care and the service sector. We need to work with those native speakers who do not consider it prestigious to communicate in their native language in the family, do not try to pass it on to the next generation: the lack of linguistic continuity is destructive. To preserve the language in the context of globalization, the authors propose to strengthen the role of the state and society, to consolidate the efforts of scientists, statesmen and public figures in order to influence the activities of the media to preserve the language and culture; direct their efforts towards harmonious bilingualism.

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