scholarly journals Active exploration of faces in police lineups increases discrimination accuracy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Fay Colloff ◽  
Heather D Flowe ◽  
Harriet M J Smith ◽  
Travis Morgan Seale-Carlisle ◽  
Christian A. Meissner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basic Science ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Policy Issue ◽  
Discrimination Accuracy ◽  
Race Bias ◽  
The World ◽  
Police Lineup ◽  
Lineup Procedure ◽  
Eyewitness Identifications ◽  
Active Exploration

Eyewitness identifications play a key role in the justice system, but eyewitnesses make errors, often with profound consequences. Errors are more likely when the witness is of a different race to the suspect, due to a phenomenon called the Own Race Bias (ORB). ORB is characterized as an encoding-based deficit, but has been predominantly tested using static photographs of people facing the camera. We used findings from basic science and innovative technologies to develop and test whether a novel interactive lineup procedure, wherein witnesses can rotate and dynamically view the lineup faces from different angles, improves witness discrimination accuracy and attenuates the ORB, compared to the most widely used procedure in laboratories and police forces around the world—the static frontal-pose photo lineup. No novel procedure has previously been shown to improve witness discrimination accuracy. In Experiment 1, participants (N=220) identified own-race or other-race culprits from sequentially presented interactive lineups or static frontal-pose photo lineups. In Experiment 2, participants (N=8,507) identified own-race or other-race culprits from interactive lineups that were either presented sequentially, simultaneously wherein the faces could be moved independently, or simultaneously wherein the faces moved jointly into the same angle. Interactive lineups enhanced witnesses’ discriminability compared to static lineups, especially when they were presented simultaneously, for both own-race and other-race identifications. Our findings suggest that ORB is an encoding-based phenomenon, and exemplify how basic science can be used to address the important applied policy issue on how best to conduct a police lineup and reduce eyewitness errors.

scholarly journals “The Terror of their Lives”: Irish Jurors' Experiences

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 703-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Níamh Howlin
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Poor State ◽  
Public Meetings ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Jury Service ◽  
The World ◽  
Jury System

A commentator noted in 1881 that Irishmen regarded jury service as “the greatest burden that can be inflicted upon them … they would be delighted if trial by jury was suspended tomorrow.” He later added, “[o]f course an enormous outcry would be raised about it in the national press, and in public meetings; but jurors … would give anything in the world not to serve … because it is the terror of their lives.” Much has been written about the poor state of the nineteenth-century Irish jury system, and it is certainly true that for various social, economic and political reasons, in comparison with that in England, the Irish system appears to have operated in a way that fell somewhat short of ideal. This article seeks to provide an understanding of the realities facing the jurors themselves, and will examine their experiences of the justice system before, during, and after the trial.

Some Random Thoughts about Victimological Movement in the World with Special Reference to India

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-41
Author(s):  
K. Chockalingam
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Abuse Of Power ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Complete Neglect ◽  
Victims Of Crime ◽  
Principles Of Justice

Historically, priority of the criminal justice system was always to establish the guilt of the accused and provide a punishment to the offender. Even after the advent of scientific criminology, focus was on all aspects of the offender, to the complete neglect of the victim. Victim was always treated as a witness, and victim justice has been a struggle throughout the world. Many scholars and criminal justice administrators recommended urgent measures to improve the conditions of victims, particularly after the historic Report of President’s Task Force in 1982 in the USA. Since then a victimological movement emerged which culminated in the creation of UN Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, 1985. In this article, the emergence of victimological movement, its impact and the subsequent developments in India are discussed.

scholarly journals Trade, environment and sustainable development: What changed in Doha

2002 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 336-353
Author(s):  
Jessica Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Policy Issue ◽  
World Summit ◽  
Agenda 21 ◽  
Environmental Negotiations ◽  
Civil Society Organisations ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The World

Agenda 21, the blueprint for sustainable development, adopted at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, does not have a chapter dedicated to trade. Yet since 1992, trade has become increasingly important to democracy, human rights, women's rights, economic development, employment and the environment. "Trade and environment" has been identified by many governments and civil society organisations as an important policy issue in preparations for the World Summit on Sustainable Development. At the same time, environment has become a highly politicised word in the world inhabited by trade negotiators. The aim of this paper is to examine whether or not the inclusion of WTO environmental negotiations, as outlined in the Doha Ministerial Declaration, advances or retards sustainable development.

Jury trial, continental style

Legal Studies ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roderick Munday
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Jury Trial ◽  
The World

Strange events are occurring in the world of the jury. At a time when English confidence in the institution is on the ebb, a phenomenon evidenced both in the titles of recent jury studies - The Jury Under Attack and Taking Liberties- and in a steady stream of skeptical commentaries, it is reported that in Japan the Bar Federation is set to call for the restoration of jury trial, first introduced by a law of 1926 but suspended after an experimental period in 1942. Spain has a new Constitution that imposes a duty on the legislature to institute jury trial, an undertaking currently under examination by the Spanish Ministry of Justice. And in South Africa, recent calls for a more representative justice system have prompted the editor of the South African Law Journal, Professor Ellison Kahn, to devote a tetralogy of articles to consideration of the reintroduction of jury trial within that jurisdiction.

scholarly journals Affordability of water supply in Mongolia: empirical lessons for measuring affordability

Water Policy ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Gawel ◽  
Katja Sigel ◽  
Wolfgang Bretschneider
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Policy ◽  
Policy Issue ◽  
Household Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Residual Income Approach ◽  
Insight Into

Affordability of water services is a pressing water policy issue for both the developed and, in particular, for the developing world. Despite its well-known theoretical shortcomings, affordability analysis of water supply has, up to now, been widely based on the ratio of a household's water expenditure to its income, the Conventional Affordability Ratio (CAR). However, in the housing sector, alternative concepts for measuring affordability have been developed, among them being the ‘Potential Affordability Approach’ (PAA) and the ‘Residual Income Approach’ (RIA). Against this background, this paper compares these three prominent affordability measures (CAR, PAA, RIA) on the basis of an empirical case study of a peri-urban, low-income area in the second largest Mongolian city of Darkhan, using household data from a survey conducted in 2009. Thus we gain insight into both the water-related affordability situation of people in Mongolia, checking the World Bank's finding of an absence of water affordability problems in peri-urban areas in the Mongolian capital Ulaanbaatar, as well as into the comparative functionality of different affordability measures. It is shown that affordability problems do occur but have to be distinguished depending on the economic causation. We argue that none of the regarded measures give a satisfyingly contoured notion of affordability properly distinguished from the adjacent problems of poverty and access.

scholarly journals Sustainable Tax Policy Through the Lens of Intergenerational Justice

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Policy Issue ◽  
Intergenerational Justice ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
New Members ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
The University ◽  
Policy Question

Professor Lind’s summary of the papers in this issue ably captures the range of topics addressed by the scholars who gathered for our conference at the University of Gävle last year. More importantly, she points out how well the various articles translate into the era of COVID-19. Even though no one could possibly have imagined the changes that we have experienced just since February of 2020, the issues of inequality, environmental degradation, international tax coordination, gender-and race-based unfairness, and so on have become even more important as the world explores how to move forward from this global tragedy. One of my long-term research projects has involved exploring the obligations between generations, in particular the “downward” obligations from older generations to younger generations that determine whether new members of society will thrive in the future.1 It is a source of inspiration but also some frustration that nearly every policy issue can be viewed from an intergenerational perspective—inspiration because it reminds us that all policy decisions have effects (direct and indirect) that carry into the future, but frustration because merely “having an impact in the future” does not necessarily make a policy question ripe for an intergenerational analysis and is thus too broad.

scholarly journals PENDEKATAN RESTORATIF DALAM PENJATUHAN SANKSI TINDAKAN BAGI ANAK YANG BERKONFLIK DENGAN HUKUM

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-143
Author(s):  
Citra
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Character Development ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Law

Children are the next generation of the nation, the existence of children is very important because the child is a potential fate of the nation as well as a mirror attitude of life of the nation in the future. A child who is a superior seed and has the widest hope to prepare for his future as a milestone of success of a nation in the future should not fall in the world of evil. It is unfortunate that children at an early age have been involved in criminal offenses and past their youth behind bars, increasingly contaminated with other inmates. This research was empirical legal research, that is the research on the provisions of the legislation in the national law concerning restorative approach in the imposition of action sanctions against children in conflict with law in order to keep children away from imprisonment and negative stigma in society . Addressing the issue of a child in conflict with the law should be done in a familial approach and avoiding children from prison as much as possible. The sanction of action for the child contained in Article 82 of Law Number 11 of 2012 on Criminal Justice System for Children expected to prevent the child from the negative stigma in society and keep the children from bad effects of prison. Thus the current restorative model of punishment is more applicable in handling child offenders. It is expected that law enforcement officers to pay attention to the provisions of the rules that apply to children in conflict with the law in terms of imposition of more sanctions toward education and character development of children so that the threat of imprisonment becomes the last alternative in imposing sanctions for children

scholarly journals Where Have All the Women Gone?

2008 ◽  
pp. 259
Author(s):  
A. Anne McLellan
Keyword(s):  
Focus Groups ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Attorney General ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Public ◽  
Conference Theme ◽  
The World ◽  
Degree Of Confidence ◽  
Key Participants ◽  
High Degree

It is a pleasure to be here this evening at the end of that which I know has been a stimulating and challenging set of panel discussions on lawyers and the legal profession in the twenty-first century. I do not intend to revisit your discussions of earlier today. When thinking about the perspective I might offer this evening, I reflected upon my time as Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada as it related to your conference theme. Ministers of Justice are regularly faced with the assertion that the public is losing, or worse, has lost, confidence in the justice system and in key participants within the system, particularly lawyers (and to a much lesser degree judges). The public continues to express a high degree of confidence in the police. There have been many surveys, polls, and focus groups done, both in Canada and around the world, regarding confidence in aspects of the justice system...

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