From whom do we learn group norms? Low-ranking group members are perceived as the best sources

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer E Dannals ◽  
Emily Reit ◽  
Dale T. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Correlation Study ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Norm Perception ◽  
Lower Ranking ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Groups And Teams ◽  
Or Team ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
To Receive

Social norm perception is ubiquitous in small groups and teams, but how individuals approach this process is not well understood. When individuals wish to perceive descriptive social norms in a group or team, whose ad- vice and behavior do they prefer to rely on? Four lab studies and one Teld survey demonstrate that when in- dividuals seek information about a team’s social norms they prefer to receive advice from lower-ranking indi- viduals (Studies 1–4) and give greater weight to the observed behavior of lower-ranking individuals (Study 5). Results from correlation (Study 3) and moderation (Study 4) approaches suggest this preference stems from the assumption that lower-ranking team members are more attentive to and aware of the descriptive social norms of their team. Alternative mechanisms (e.g., perceived similarity to lower-ranking team members, greater honesty of lower-ranking team members) were also examined, but no support for these was found.

Positive Intelligence Education for Unleashing Student Potential

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pawan Tyagi
Keyword(s):  
College Student ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Student Attitude ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Maturity Level ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Level Design ◽  
Intelligence Education ◽  
And Behavior

Abstract Student attitude towards learning is strongly dependent on the hidden traits and habits they develop during the growing up period. Based on circumstances many students live in an individualistic mindset and perceive rather permanent misconceptions about the surrounding and opportunities. This paper focuses on providing positive intelligence training to college student to equip them with the necessary knowledge to not only unleash their talent but also to enable other students to give the highest performance. This paper focuses on an experiment under which 22 students in the senior level design of energy system course were exposed to the fundamental aspects of positive intelligence. Every student was tasked to demonstrate the depth of understanding about the positive intelligence and then apply it to group members to understand the strength and weakness. Most of the students expressed satisfaction that they were able to understand their attitude and behavior that they found as an impediment in their progress. After positive intelligence training, several students exhibited an increased maturity level and many students expressed higher degree of empathy towards their team members.

scholarly journals When Two Become One: How Group Mergers Affect Solidarity

Games ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Jan Schmitz
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Size Group ◽  
Exogenous Shock ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Norms And Values ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Group Member

Solidarity in teamwork situations is important for the success and longevity of teams. This paper studies how helping group members is affected when groups are randomly merged and increase in size. Group mergers put social norms that are prevailing in previously small groups to the test as new team members may not share the same norms and values. I present results from an experiment in which subjects interact in groups and face the decision to help a group member who is in need of help due to an exogenous shock. Subjects interact in small groups in the first part of the experiment and groups are randomly merged to form big groups in the second part of the experiment. Helping rates are higher in merged groups compared with big groups that stay in the same constellation throughout the experiment. Moreover, in merged groups, high helping norms are more influential compared with low helping norms.

scholarly journals The evolution of indirect reciprocity under action and assessment generosity

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Schmid ◽  
Pouya Shati ◽  
Christian Hilbe ◽  
Krishnendu Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Social Norm ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Evolution Of Cooperation ◽  
Indirect Reciprocity ◽  
Good Reputation ◽  
Group Members ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Full Cooperation

AbstractIndirect reciprocity is a mechanism for the evolution of cooperation based on social norms. This mechanism requires that individuals in a population observe and judge each other’s behaviors. Individuals with a good reputation are more likely to receive help from others. Previous work suggests that indirect reciprocity is only effective when all relevant information is reliable and publicly available. Otherwise, individuals may disagree on how to assess others, even if they all apply the same social norm. Such disagreements can lead to a breakdown of cooperation. Here we explore whether the predominantly studied ‘leading eight’ social norms of indirect reciprocity can be made more robust by equipping them with an element of generosity. To this end, we distinguish between two kinds of generosity. According to assessment generosity, individuals occasionally assign a good reputation to group members who would usually be regarded as bad. According to action generosity, individuals occasionally cooperate with group members with whom they would usually defect. Using individual-based simulations, we show that the two kinds of generosity have a very different effect on the resulting reputation dynamics. Assessment generosity tends to add to the overall noise and allows defectors to invade. In contrast, a limited amount of action generosity can be beneficial in a few cases. However, even when action generosity is beneficial, the respective simulations do not result in full cooperation. Our results suggest that while generosity can favor cooperation when individuals use the most simple strategies of reciprocity, it is disadvantageous when individuals use more complex social norms.

Netball Team Members, but Not Hobby Group Members, Distinguish Team Characteristics from Group Characteristics

2007 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-266
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Stillman ◽  
Richard B. Fletcher ◽  
Stuart C. Carr
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection Theory ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Detectable Difference ◽  
Sport Teams ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Team Characteristics ◽  
Groups And Teams ◽  
Group Characteristics

Research on groups is often applied to sport teams, and research on teams is often applied to groups. This study investigates the extent to which individuals have distinct schemas for groups and teams. A list of team and group characteristics was generated from 250 individuals, for use in this and related research. Questions about teams versus groups carry an a priori implication that differences exist; therefore, list items were presented to new participants and were analyzed using signal detection theory, which can accommodate a finding of no detectable difference between a nominated category and similar items. Participants were 30 members from each of the following: netball teams, the general public, and hobby groups. Analysis revealed few features that set groups apart from teams; however, teams were perceived as more structured and demanding, requiring commitment and effort toward shared goals. Team and group characteristics were more clearly defined to team members than they were to other participant groups. The research has implications for coaches and practitioners.

scholarly journals Current practice and perceptions of safety protocols for the use of intraperitoneal chemotherapy in the operating room: results of the IP-OR international survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Clerc ◽  
Martin Hübner ◽  
K.R. Ashwin ◽  
S.P. Somashekhar ◽  
Beate Rau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Operating Room ◽  
Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
High Volume ◽  
International Survey ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Cleaning Staff ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Or Team

Abstract Objectives To assess the risk perception and the uptake of measures preventing environment-related risks in the operating room (OR) during hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) and pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC). Methods A multicentric, international survey among OR teams in high-volume HIPEC and PIPAC centers: Surgeons (Surg), Scrub nurses (ScrubN), Anesthesiologists (Anest), Anesthesiology nurses (AnesthN), and OR Cleaning staff (CleanS). Scores extended from 0–10 (maximum). Results Ten centers in six countries participated in the study (response rate 100%). Two hundred and eleven responses from 68 Surg (32%), 49 ScrubN (23%), 45 Anest (21%), 31 AnesthN (15%), and 18 CleanS (9%) were gathered. Individual uptake of protection measures was 51.4%, similar among professions and between HIPEC and PIPAC. Perceived levels of protection were 7.57 vs. 7.17 for PIPAC and HIPEC, respectively (p<0.05), with Anesth scoring the lowest (6.81). Perceived contamination risk was 4.19 for HIPEC vs. 3.5 for PIPAC (p<0.01). Information level was lower for CleanS and Anesth for HIPEC and PIPAC procedures compared to all other responders (6.48 vs. 4.86, and 6.48 vs. 5.67, p<0.01). Willingness to obtain more information was 86%, the highest among CleanS (94%). Conclusions Experience with the current practice of safety protocols was similar during HIPEC and PIPAC. The individual uptake of protection measures was rather low. The safety perception was better for PIPAC, but the perceived level of protection remained relatively low. The willingness to obtain more information was high. Intensified, standardized training of all OR team members involved in HIPEC and PIPAC is meaningful.

“Scrub”

2012 ◽  
Vol 642 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott N. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Social Worlds ◽  
Site Analysis ◽  
Ethnographic Fieldwork ◽  
The Social ◽  
Specific Setting ◽  
Group Members ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Complete Account

Conducting ethnographic fieldwork in varied spaces, with different actors, enriches our understanding. A researcher may find paradoxes in practices and ideas and ask for clarification, or recognize that social dynamics and behavior are peculiar to group members present in a specific setting. This article highlights the usefulness of intentional variability and flexibility in the field. Researchers should plan to do multi-site analysis (MSA) to look for negative cases and opportunities to challenge commonsense notions. Additionally, this article emphasizes that the relationships built during fieldwork shape the data that are captured. Therefore, researchers need to consider the bases for their relationships, including what the subjects get out of them, and how subjects’ positionality affects what comes to be known. This perspective de-emphasizes false norms of objectivity and renders a more complete account of the social worlds we study.

scholarly journals Relationship between Entrepreneurial Team Characteristics and Venture Performance in China: From the Aspects of Cognition and Behaviors

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue-Liang Pei ◽  
Tung-Ju Wu ◽  
Jia-Ning Guo ◽  
Jia-Qi Hu
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Team Cognition ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Venture Performance ◽  
Entrepreneurial Team ◽  
Behavior Characteristics ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship

Entrepreneurial and innovative activities are becoming a global economic and social phenomenon, especially in emerging economies. This study focuses on a typical emerging economy, China, and its entrepreneurial and innovative activities. On the basis of current research, the literature review and the chain of “cognition–behavior–outcome” are used for constructing the theoretical model for the relationship among entrepreneurial team cognition characteristics, behavior characteristics, and venture performance. A total of 101 valid copies of questionnaire are collected from entrepreneurial team members, as the research objects, and the structural equation modeling (SEM) method is applied to test the theoretical hypotheses. The research results reveal (1) significant effects of entrepreneurial team cognition characteristics and behavior characteristics on venture performance and (2) partial mediating effects of entrepreneurial team behavior characteristics on the relationship between cognition characteristics and venture performance. The research results are the expansion of research on entrepreneurial teams as well as the important reference for entrepreneurial team management and behavioral practice.

scholarly journals MOTIVASI TIM SEPAKBOLA

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Atiq
Keyword(s):  
Homogeneous Group ◽  
Important Task ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Scientific Approach ◽  
Entry Requirements ◽  
Unit Unit ◽  
And Behavior

All team members must be motivated to work as part of a group of highly motivated and compact. Scientific approach to help coaches improve teamwork menuaikan task. There are several keys to motivating a team. compactness can be developed especially through the use of a perceptual approach to motivate and by always emphasizing its important thoughts and behavior are optimistic. in general, and the threat of reprimand is not productive, but if used wisely may be beneficial. Teamwork plays an important role in the motivation tim.kekompakan can be improved by limiting their membership on the team that can meet the entry requirements will ketat.kekompakan also greater in small and homogeneous group and the group that mempuyai clear goals, especially if the achievement of goals is threatened by an opponent. Important task of the coach is to develop cohesiveness tim.dengan determine the factors that affect the cohesiveness, more positively or negatively, the coach can draw up a team of highly motivated unit unit. If it's done well then small teams or large will easily earn achievements with goals in the team ingginkan.sebuah not easily handled if the coach does not have special skills and are able to provide guidance on an ongoing basis in demand means that coaches have expertise with good multi can educate and train.   Kata Kunci : Motivasi, Tim  Sepakbola

scholarly journals Knowledge convergence among pre-service mathematics teachers through online reciprocal peer feedback

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Mathematics Teachers ◽  
Concept Maps ◽  
Peer Feedback ◽  
School Students ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Knowledge Representations ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Knowledge Convergence ◽  
Group Members

This research focused on pre-service mathematics teachers’ sharing of knowledge through reciprocal peer feedback. In this study, pre-service teachers were divided into groups of five and engaged in an online reciprocal peer feedback activity. Specifically, after creating an individual concept map indicating high school students’ possible solutions to an algebra problem, pre-service teachers shared their individual maps with team members and engaged in online discussion, commenting on the concept maps of other group members and responding to peers’ feedback. Similarities in team members’ knowledge representations before and after this peer feedback activity were compared in order to analyze their knowledge convergence. It was found that a team member’s knowledge was more likely to match that of other team members after the online reciprocal peer feedback activity. Qualitative analysis was also conducted in order to explore the possible influence of a team’s interaction process on members’ knowledge convergence. It was also found that, after engaging in this peer feedback process, pre-service teachers demonstrated greater improvement in their convergence of concepts relating to problem-solving strategies than in the concepts representing problem context and domains.

Behavioral Effects of Prenatal and Adult Exposure To Toxic Chemicals Found in Lake Ontario Fish: Two Methodological Approaches

1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 419-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Daly ◽  
Thomas Darvill ◽  
Edward Lonky ◽  
Jacqueline Reihman ◽  
David Sargent
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Laboratory Rats ◽  
Confounding Variables ◽  
Correlational Method ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
And Control ◽  
Adult Exposure ◽  
To Receive

Two research approaches are described that were used to determine behavioral changes following a diet of Lake Ontario fish. Approach 1 involved the correlational method, in which human subjects voluntarily ate contaminated Lake Ontario fish. Demographic information, data on the amount of Lake Ontario fish consumed, and control variables were obtained during an interview. Respondents' behavior, as well as the behavior of their children, then was measured. Because subjects were not assigned randomly to eat or not eat Lake Ontario fish, other variables that might have influenced both consumption of fish and behavior had to be considered. Therefore, confounding variables were measured and their influence controlled for using statistical techniques. Approach 2 involved the experimental method using laboratory rats, where subjects were assigned randomly to receive a diet of environmentally contaminated Lake Ontario salmon, relatively uncontaminated Pacific Ocean salmon, or no salmon. Since the rats fed Lake Ontario salmon behaved differently than the other two groups on nine tasks, it was concluded that the contaminants in Lake Ontario salmon caused behavioral changes. Random assignment of subjects to groups eliminated competing explanations. If similar behavioral (e.g., emotional or cognitive) results were obtained using the two approaches, then the results utilizing rats probably could be generalized to humans, and the correlational results found in humans probably were due to a cause and effect relationship.

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