scholarly journals Can the reward associated with gaze leading train faster gaze shifts to a jointly attended target?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malgorzata Kasprzyk ◽  
Margaret Jackson ◽  
Bert Timmermans
Keyword(s):  
Joint Attention ◽  
Inhibition Of Return ◽  
Target Location ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Reward ◽  
Previous Trial ◽  
Learning Effects ◽  
Reward Contingency ◽  
Monetary Rewards ◽  
Gaze Behaviour

We investigated whether the reward that has previously been associated with initiated joint attention (the experience of having one’s gaze followed by someone else; Pfeiffer et al., 2014, Schilbach et al., 2010) can influence gaze behaviour and, similarly to monetary rewards (Blaukopf & DiGirolamo, 2005; Manohar et al., 2017; Milstein & Dorris, 2007), elicit learning effects. To this end, we adapted Milstein and Dorris (2007) gaze contingent paradigm, so it required participants to look at an anthropomorphic avatar and then conduct a saccade towards the left or right peripheral target. If participants were fast enough, they could experience social reward in terms of the avatar looking at the same target as they did and thus engaging with them in joint attention. One side had higher reward probability than the other (80 % vs 20 %; on the other fast trials the avatar would simply keep staring ahead). We expected that if participants learned about the reward contingency and if they found the experience of having their gaze followed rewarding, their latency and success rate would improve for saccades to the high rewarded targets. Although our current study did not demonstrate that such social reward has a long lasting effect on gaze behaviour, we found that latencies became shorter over time and that latencies were longer on congruent trials (target location was identical to the previous trial) than on noncongruent trials (target location different than on the previous trial), which could reflect inhibition of return.

scholarly journals Motor Behaviour Mimics the Gaze Response in Establishing Joint Attention, but Individual Differences in Adopting the Intentional Stance Towards Robots Moderate Responses to Joint Attention

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesco Willemse ◽  
Abdulaziz Abubshait ◽  
Agnieszka Wykowska
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Joint Attention ◽  
Autistic Traits ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intentional Stance ◽  
Manual Response ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Gaze Behaviour ◽  
Readiness To Adopt ◽  
Motor Actions

Leading another person’s gaze to establish joint attention facilitates social interaction. Previously it was found that we look back at agents who engage in joint attention frequently and more quickly than agents who display this behaviour less often. This paper serves to fill in two knowledge gaps on the topic. Firstly, we examine whether this looking-back behaviour is replicated by a manual response. In an online, eyetracker-free task in which participant were asked to select one of two objects, one robot identity followed the selection most of the time, whilst the other looked at the other object most of the time. Participants moved back to the robot more quickly if the robot which most of the time followed their movement looked at the same object relative to when it did not. We found no such difference for the robot which most of the time did not follow participants. Secondly, we used the current datasets and datasets from prior experiments to look into how individual differences in autistic traits and readiness to adopt the intentional stance toward artificial agents affect how participants’ behaviour changed over time during the experiments. The results showed that individual differences in adopting the intentional stance influenced participants’ motor responses overtime, but not their gaze behaviour. Taken together, this indicates that whereas individual differences may not fully predicate reflexive social behaviour, its evoked gaze behaviour is likely coupled with motor actions.

scholarly journals An enquiry concerning the nature of heat, and the mode of its communication

1832 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 139-147
Keyword(s):  
Principal Part ◽  
Cylindrical Vessel ◽  
The Other ◽  
Metallic Surface ◽  
Previous Trial ◽  
Flat Surfaces ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
The One ◽  
Quantity Of Heat

The importance of the investigation here entered into,—inasmuch as it applies to most of the operations of nature as well as art,—appears so manifest, that we shall not recapitulate what the author advances on that subject. Before he proceeds to the detail of his experiments for the purpose of computing the emissions of heat from various bodies under a variety of circumstances, he finds it necessary to premise a minute description of the principal part of the apparatus he contrived for his purpose. This instrument consists of a hollow cylindrical vessel of brass, four inches long, and as many in diameter. It is closed at both ends; but has at one end a cylindrical neck about eight-tenths of an inch in diameter, by which it is occasionally filled with water of different temperatures, and through which also a thermometer, constructed for the purpose, is occasionally introduced, in order to ascertain the changes of temperature in the fluid. As it was in the first instance only meant to observe the quantity of heat that escapes through the sides of the vessel, two boxes were contrived, filled and covered with non-conducting substances, such as eiderdown, fur, &c., which were fitted to the two ends or flat surfaces of the cylinder. Six of these instruments, with proper stands, and auxiliary implements of obvious construction, were prepared for the sake of comparative experiments. A previous trial was made with two of the cylinders, the vertical polished sides of the one being naked, and those of the other covered with one thickness of fine white Irish linen, strained over the metallic surface. Here it was found, contrary to expectation, that in a certain space of time the covered cylinder had lost considerably more heat than the naked one.

scholarly journals Gazing at the partner in musical trios: a mobile eye-tracking study

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Vandemoortele ◽  
Kurt Feyaerts ◽  
Mark Reybrouck ◽  
Geert De Bièvre ◽  
Geert Brône ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Nonverbal Communication ◽  
The Other ◽  
Contrasting Cases ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Gaze Behaviour ◽  
Current Article ◽  
The One ◽  
Mobile Eye Tracking ◽  
Initial Exploration

Few investigations into the nonverbal communication in ensemble playing have focused on gaze behaviour up to now. In this study, the gaze behaviour of musicians playing in trios was recorded using the recently developed technique of mobile eye-tracking. Four trios (clarinet, violin, piano) were recorded while rehearsing and while playing several runs through the same musical fragment. The current article reports on an initial exploration of the data in which we describe how often gazing at the partner occurred. On the one hand, we aim to identify possible contrasting cases. On the other, we look for tendencies across the run-throughs. We discuss the quantified gaze behaviour in relation to the existing literature and the current research design.

Responding to Joint Attention and Language Development

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 715-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine E. F. Delgado ◽  
Peter Mundy ◽  
Mary Crowson ◽  
Jessica Markus ◽  
Marygrace Yale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Joint Attention ◽  
Developmental Delays ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Early Language ◽  
Attention Regulation ◽  
Developmental Progression ◽  
Unique Predictor

This study examined the importance of target location (within vs. outside the visual field) on the relation between responding to joint attention and subsequent language development in 47 normally developing infants. The results supported a developmental progression in the infants' ability to locate targets from within to outside the visual field. In addition, individual differences in 15-month-old infants' ability to correctly locate targets outside the visual field was a unique predictor of expressive language at 24 months. Infants' ability to locate targets outside the visual field may demonstrate increasing capacities for attention regulation, representational thinking, and social cognition that may facilitate language learning. The implications of this study are discussed with regard to the usefulness of measures of responding to joint attention for identifying early language and developmental delays.

Crossmodal Inhibition of Return in Adults with and Without Down Syndrome

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl Glazebrook ◽  
Digby Elliott ◽  
James Lyons ◽  
Luc Tremblay
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Inhibition Of Return ◽  
Verbal Stimulus ◽  
Previous Trial ◽  
Manual Aiming ◽  
Verbal Cues ◽  
Aiming Movements ◽  
Inhibitory Processes

This study investigated inhibition of return in persons with and without Down syndrome (DS) when visual or verbal cues were used to specify a target in a crossmodal paradigm. Individuals with DS and without DS performed manual aiming movements to a target located in right or left hemispace. The target was specified by an endogenous visual or verbal stimulus. Both groups were significantly slower when responding to the same target as the previous trial when the target was cued in a different modality. Although participants with DS initiated and executed their movements more slowly, they demonstrated a similar pattern of inhibition as people without DS, suggesting that inhibitory processes are functioning normally in persons with DS.

scholarly journals Joint Attention, Union with God, and the Dark Night of the Soul

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 187-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Bungum
Keyword(s):  
Joint Attention ◽  
Experimental Psychology ◽  
Consistent Pattern ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Dark Night ◽  
Interpersonal Closeness ◽  
Mother Teresa ◽  
Direct Awareness ◽  
Eleonore Stump

Eleonore Stump has argued that the fulfilment of union between God and human beings requires a mode of relatedness that can be compared to joint attention, a phenomenon studied in contemporary experimental psychology. Stump’s account of union, however, is challenged by the fact that mother Teresa, despite her apparent manifestation of the love of God to others, herself experienced an interior ‘dark night of the soul’ during which God seemed to be absent and to have rejected her completely. The dark night of the soul poses a problem for Stump’s account, since, if anyone had a union of divine love with God, it would seem that mother Teresa did. Nevertheless, I argue that the isolation and abandonment of mother Teresa’s dark night are contrary to the conditions assumed to be required for joint attention with God. As an alternative to Stump’s account, I suggest that the dark night of the soul might be better understood by reference to a combination of joint attention and blindsight, according to which interpersonal closeness might be realized through a consistent pattern of external actions without, however, a direct awareness of one person by the other.

scholarly journals A History of Emerging Modes?

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-103
Author(s):  
Michael Schmitz
Keyword(s):  
Joint Attention ◽  
The Other ◽  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Collective Intentionality ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Action And Perception ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

AbstractIn this paper I first introduce Tomasello’s notion of thought and his account of its emergence and development through differentiation, arguing that it calls into question the theory bias of the philosophical tradition on thought as well as its frequent atomism. I then raise some worries that he may be overextending the concept of thought, arguing that we should recognize an area of intentionality intermediate between action and perception on the one hand and thought on the other. After that I argue that the co-operative nature of humans is reflected in the very structure of their intentionality and thought: in co-operative modes such as the mode of joint attention and action and the we-mode, they experience and represent others as co-subjects of joint relations to situations in the world rather than as mere objects. In conclusion, I briefly comment on what Tomasello refers to as one of two big open questions in the theory of collective intentionality, namely that of the irreducibility of jointness.

scholarly journals Device-Free Localization and Identification Using Sub-GHz Passive Radio Mapping

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 6183
Author(s):  
Stijn Denis ◽  
Abdil Kaya ◽  
Rafael Berkvens ◽  
Maarten Weyn
Keyword(s):  
Target Location ◽  
The Other ◽  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Body Type ◽  
Localization Accuracy ◽  
Rf Communication ◽  
Distance Minimization ◽  
Rudimentary Form ◽  
Device Free ◽  
The Impact

The research domain of device-free localization (DFL) is centered on the study of localization techniques which do not require targets to wear any kind of device. Passive radio mapping or passive fingerprinting is an example of a training-based DFL technique which uses the impact of a human target on radio frequency (RF) communication between stationary nodes to perform localization. We describe a set of experiments performed in a 42 m2 empty office environment in which we installed a RF network with nodes communicating on the 433 MHz and 868 MHz bands. We attempted to locate a single stationary human target based solely on signal strength measurements and did so for six different participants using two different fingerprinting methods. One method was based on Euclidean distance minimization while the other made use of a naive Bayesian classifier. We investigated the impact of frequency band, number of nodes and target body type on localization accuracy. Results indicated that a root mean square error of 48 cm could be obtained with only four nodes, provided that the data from both frequency bands was combined. Additionally, we investigated the potential of these fingerprinting approaches to distinguish between targets based on body type and perform a rudimentary form of passive identification. Accuracy rates for identification could vary significantly depending on target location, with results ranging from 0.07 to 0.75 in the exact same environment. However, the experiment participant with the lowest height and weight could be distinguished from the other participants in over 90% of cases.

Inhibition of Return, but Not Facilitation, Disappears Under Vigilance Decrease Due to Sleep Deprivation

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Martella ◽  
Andrea Marotta ◽  
Luis J. Fuentes ◽  
Maria Casagrande
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Inhibition Of Return ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Attentional Orienting ◽  
Target Interval ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
Peripheral Cues ◽  
Endogenous Component ◽  
Phasic Alerting

In this study, we assessed whether unspecific attention processes signaled by general reaction times (RTs), as well as specific facilitatory (validity or facilitation effect) and inhibitory (inhibition of return, IOR) effects involved in the attentional orienting network, are affected by low vigilance due to both circadian factors and sleep deprivation (SD). Eighteen male participants performed a cuing task in which peripheral cues were nonpredictive about the target location and the cue-target interval varied at three levels: 200 ms, 800 ms, and 1,100 ms. Facilitation with the shortest and IOR with the longest cue-target intervals were observed in the baseline session, thus replicating previous related studies. Under SD condition, RTs were generally slower, indicating a reduction in the participants’ arousal level. The inclusion of a phasic alerting tone in several trials partially compensated for the reduction in tonic alertness, but not with the longest cue-target interval. With regard to orienting, whereas the facilitation effect due to reflexive shifts of attention was preserved with sleep loss, the IOR was not observed. These results suggest that the decrease of vigilance produced by SD affects both the compensatory effects of phasic alerting and the endogenous component involved in disengaging attention from the cued location, a requisite for the IOR effect being observed.

Social modulation of on-screen looking behaviour

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill A. Dosso ◽  
Nicola C Anderson ◽  
Basil Wahn ◽  
Gini Choi ◽  
Alan Kingstone
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gaze Control ◽  
Social Signals ◽  
Near Space ◽  
Social Modulation ◽  
Gaze Behaviour ◽  
Cardinal Directions ◽  
Control Image

While passive social information (e.g. pictures of people) routinely draws one's eyes, our willingness to look at live others is more nuanced. People tend not to stare at strangers and will modify their gaze behaviour to avoid sending undesirable social signals; yet they often continue to monitor others covertly “out of the corner of their eyes.” What this means for looks that are being made near to live others is unknown. Will the eyes be drawn towards the other person, or pushed away? We evaluate changes in two elements of gaze control: image-independent principles guiding how we look (e.g. biases to make eye movements along the cardinal directions) and image-dependent principles guiding what we look at (e.g. a preference for meaningful content within a scene). Participants were asked to freely view semantically unstructured (fractals) and semantically structured (rotated landscape) images, half of which were located in the space near to a live other. We found that eye movements were horizontally displaced away from a visible other starting at 700 msec after stimulus onset when fractals but not landscapes were viewed. These data suggest that the avoidance of looking towards live others extends to the near space around them, at least in the absence of semantically meaningful gaze targets.

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