scholarly journals Bridging Interpersonal and Ecological Dynamics of Cognition through a Systems Framework of Bilingualism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrgol Tiv ◽  
Ethan Kutlu ◽  
Jason William Gullifer ◽  
Ruo Ying Feng ◽  
Marina M. Doucerain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Residential Neighborhood ◽  
Language Behavior ◽  
Ambient Language ◽  
Language Characteristics ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
Systems Framework

Human cognition occurs within social contexts, and nowhere is this more evident than language behavior. Regularly using multiple languages is a globally ubiquitous, individual experience that is shaped by social environmental forces, ranging from interpersonal interactions to ambient language exposure. Here, we develop a Systems Framework of Bilingualism, where embedded layers of individual, interpersonal, and ecological sociolinguistic factors jointly predict people’s language behavior. Of note, we quantify interpersonal and ecological language dynamics through the novel applications of language-tagged social network analysis and geospatial demographic analysis among 106 English-French bilingual adults in Montréal, Canada. Consistent with a Systems view, we found that people’s individual language behavior, on a global level (i.e., overall language use), was jointly predicted by the language characteristics of their interpersonal social networks and the ambient linguistic patterns of their residential neighborhood environments, whereas more granular aspects of language behavior (i.e., word-level proficiency) was mainly driven by local, interpersonal social networks. Together, this work offers a novel theoretical framework, bolstered by innovative analytic techniques to quantify complex social information and empower more holistic assessments of multifaceted human behaviors and cognition, like language.

Acculturation and Physical Activity Among Latinos

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana F. Abraído-Lanza ◽  
Karen R. Flórez ◽  
Rachel C. Shelton
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
United States ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Socioeconomic Position ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Many

Despite the many health benefits of physical activity (PA), the majority of Latinos do not meet recommended levels of PA. This chapter provides an overview of research on acculturation and PA among adult Latinos in the United States. It identifies gaps in knowledge concerning the association between acculturation and different types of PA, the joint effects of socioeconomic position and acculturation on PA, and research on gender. It suggests several areas for further research related to acculturation and PA, including an exploration of norms, social networks, and broader social contexts. It concludes that although the bulk of evidence indicates that greater acculturation is associated with increased PA, more complex research designs and greater methodological and conceptual rigor are needed to move forward research in this area.

Software

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Assembly Language ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Basic Design ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
The Core ◽  
Alan Turing ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Digital Hardware ◽  
Logic Functions

Digital computers are “protean” in that they can become almost anything through software. Their basic design elements came from a 19th-century British tradition in logic, exemplified by Boole and Babbage. It seemed natural to have logic realized in hardware. This tradition culminated in the work of Alan Turing who proposed a universal computing machine, now called a Turing machine, based on logic. Although hardware that computes logic functions lies at the core of digital hardware, low-level practical machine operations are grouped together in “words.” Programs are based on hardware operations controlling computation at the word level. This chapter presents a detailed example of what a computer does when it actually “computes.” Because human cognition finds it hard to use such an alien device, there is a brief discussion of how programming became “humanized” with the invention of software tools like assembly language and FORTRAN.

scholarly journals Placing self-assessed health within the systems framework: a preliminary insight into social synergy and syntony

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 626-635
Author(s):  
Elena-Mădălina Vătămănescu ◽  
Andreia Gabriela Andrei ◽  
Adriana Zaiţ
Keyword(s):  
Social Trust ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Fields Of Study ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
Self Assessed Health ◽  
Systems Framework ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Specific Contribution

AbstractThe issue of self-assessed health (SAH) has been discussed within the scope of multiple interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary studies, gathering the attention and interest of scholars from various fields of study. Emerged at the confluence of subjective and objective measurements, the construct has triggered controversies and debates on its relevance and reliability, yet it is employed in many analyses as a pertinent reference point for individuals’ perceptions regarding their health status or wellbeing. Starting from these considerations, the current study aims to move the discussion further, by placing SAH in a broader argumentative perspective, as a multivalent process dependent on a myriad of individual, social, environmental, digital, etc. factors apposite to complex social systems. Therefore, the specific contribution intended via this approach is the advancement of a preliminary outlook on SAH within the social systems framework with a special emphasis on synergy and syntony. Against the backdrop of a conceptual undertaking, several factors are brought forward – i.e., environmental factors such as housing, neighborhood, residence and social (interactional) factors such as digital exposure, face-to-face communication, and social trust – hewing the path for future in-depth investigations on the topic.

scholarly journals Individual Differences in Learning Social and Non-Social Network Structures

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Tompson ◽  
Ari E Kahn ◽  
Emily B. Falk ◽  
Jean M Vettel ◽  
Danielle S Bassett
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Social Orientation ◽  
Order Structure ◽  
Network Learning ◽  
Social Traits ◽  
The Impact

Learning about complex associations between pieces of information enables individuals to quickly adjust their expectations and develop mental models. Yet, the degree to which humans can learn higher-order information about complex associations is not well understood; nor is it known whether the learning process differs for social and non-social information. Here, we employ a paradigm in which the order of stimulus presentation forms temporal associations between the stimuli, collectively constituting a complex network structure. We examined individual differences in the ability to learn network topology for which stimuli were social versus non-social. Although participants were able to learn both social and non-social networks, their performance in social network learning was uncorrelated with their performance in non-social network learning. Importantly, social traits, including social orientation and perspective-taking, uniquely predicted the learning of social networks but not the learning of non-social networks. Taken together, our results suggest that the process of learning higher-order structure in social networks is independent from the process of learning higher-order structure in non-social networks. Our study design provides a promising approach to identify neurophysiological drivers of social network versus non-social network learning, extending our knowledge about the impact of individual differences on these learning processes. Implications for how people learn and adapt to new social contexts that require integration into a new social network are discussed.

scholarly journals The Utilisation of Migrant Capital to Access the Labour Market: The Case of Swedish Migrants in Helsinki

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 181-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Östen Wahlbeck ◽  
Sabina Fortelius
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Cultural Capital ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Migration Process ◽  
Market Knowledge ◽  
Local Labour ◽  
Gain Access

This article explains from a Bourdieusian perspective how migrants gain access to fields in which their resources are valued and their cultural and social capital can be mobilised. Interviews conducted among Swedish migrants in Helsinki (Helsingfors) illustrate how the migrants have been able to utilise various forms of capital to gain access to the local labour market. Knowledge of the Swedish language and society may constitute cultural capital, but only in specific occupations and social contexts. The article highlights the importance of access to social networks among Finnish spouses and friends in finding information about the jobs in which knowledge of the Swedish language and society is valued. The results indicate that the resources of migrants do not always constitute a valuable social capital, migrants also need to be able to mobilise their resources in a given social context. It is also argued that there may be specific forms of cultural and social capital that are only available to migrants as a consequence of their being migrants. This migrant capital consists of the various forms of capital that are connected to the migration process and are mobilisable by the migrants.

scholarly journals How social contexts affect cognition: mentalizing interferes with sense of agency during voluntary action

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nura Sidarus ◽  
Patrick Haggard ◽  
Frederike Beyer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Sense Of Agency ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Voluntary Action ◽  
Causal Mechanism ◽  
The Social

Living in complex social structures, humans have evolved a unique aptitude for mentalizing. On one view, mentalizing has shaped neurocognitive evolution, yet, little is known about how mentalizing interacts with other cognitive processes. For social animals, the actions of one individual often impact others. “Sense of agency” refers to the feeling of control over the outcomes of one’s actions, providing a precursor of responsibility. Here, we test a model of how social context influences this key feature of human action, even when action outcomes are not specifically social.We show that the presence of another potential agent reduces sense of agency for both positive and negative outcomes. This dissociates social modulation of sense of agency from classical self-serving bias, since the latter would reduce sense of agency only for undesirable outcomes. Instead, we propose that the cognitive load involved in decision-making is increased by the requirement to mentalize, and compute the possible actions of others, and their outcomes. In a second experiment, we test this hypothesis by comparing two situations, in which participants either need to consider potential actions of another person, or potential failures of a causal mechanism not involving any person. We find reduced sense of agency only in the social condition, suggesting that the presence of another intentional agent has a unique influence on the cognitive processes underlying one’s own voluntary action. Previous work primarily focussed on social facilitation of human cognition. However, when people must incorporate the potential actions of others into their decision-making, we show that the resulting cognitive load reduces individuals’ feelings of control.

Konstruksi Harmoni Keberagaman Masyarakat Pedesaan Berbasis Masjid

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
M Mukhibat
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Service Learning ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Cultural Communication ◽  
Adaptation Capacity ◽  
Rural Village ◽  
The Core ◽  
Social Environmental

The life of today's society provides a dichotomist color, between togetherness and a life-altering attitude. Concern and togetherness to tackle the economic, social, environmental, and educational issues that are shackling their lives are running low. This condition reflects that society is losing togetherness and group energy due to the loss of social capital. Devotion with this service learning strategy, to raise awareness of the society and students towards the re-growth of social capital, because the researcher believes that social capital can be a force in generating adaptation capacity of mosque community in a rural village in forming harmonious life. Community social activities centered from the mosque have made people aware that the religion they embrace there is wisdom (wisdom) as capital in arranging the harmonization of life and the obligation to solve various problems of life. The differences have become positive energy in fostering harmony and peace. The dialogue of their actions has enriched their theological dialogue, as evidenced by the functioning of the mosque in its vast dimensions of educational, economic, social, cultural, communication and information functions, and social networks. Service-Learning devotion has been able to produce positive changes in various fields of education, health, economics, and environment. This shows that the four main elements, namely: possibility, strengthening, protection, support, and maintenance have become the core of this devotion.

scholarly journals Better Off Alone: Daily Solitude Is Associated With Lower Negative Affect in More Conflictual Social Networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 1152-1161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kira S Birditt ◽  
Jasmine A Manalel ◽  
Heidi Sommers ◽  
Gloria Luong ◽  
Karen L Fingerman
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Adaptive Strategy ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Network Quality ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Design And Methods

Abstract Background and Objectives Older adults are often considered at risk for social isolation. Little is known, however, about how often older adults lack social contact (in person, phone, electronic) throughout the day, the implications of lacking contact (i.e., solitude), and whether the effects of solitude vary by the broader social context. Research Design and Methods Participants were from the Daily Experiences and Well-being Study (DEWS) which included 313 older adults (aged 65+) who completed baseline interviews followed by 5–6 days of ecological momentary assessments approximately every 3 hr. Results Individuals reported having no social contact (i.e., solitude) on 11% of the occasions. Solitude predicted lower negative and positive affect on those occasions. The solitude-negative affect link varied by social network quality. Solitude predicted lower negative affect among individuals with more conflictual social networks but not among those with less conflictual networks. Discussion and Implications Overall, solitude may serve as an adaptive strategy for individuals embedded in demanding or irritating social contexts.

Accessibility and Mobilisation of Social Capital in First-Generation Students’ Social Networks—A Mixed-Methods Approach

2020 ◽  
pp. 152102512097964
Author(s):  
Britta Wittner ◽  
Luisa Barthauer ◽  
Simone Kauffeld
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Academic Success ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
First Generation Students ◽  
Mixed Methods Approach

Social support is a crucial factor for first-generation students’ (FGS) integration at university and their educational success. FGS are often assumed to lack social support and integration, but research shows mixed results. By means of a mixed-methods approach (combination of interviews and online survey), we aimed to shed light on the characteristics in FGS social networks that classify them as high-quality networks in order to obtain a deeper understanding of the structure and setup of the social contexts from which FGS receive support. Using these characteristics, we constructed types of socially supported students and related them to academic success. For that, we conducted N = 40 semi-structured interviews linked to Qualitative Social Network Analysis at an urban German University. Prior to the interviews, the interviewees filled out an online survey (1) consisting of demographic variables and psychological scales. During the interviews (2), we followed a problem-centred interview approach for the first part and then (3) asked about the FGS’s support networks during the beginning of their bachelor’s degrees. All the interviews were coded by applying content analysis. Network maps were analysed using qualitative structural analysis (QSA). Both maps and codes were used to build three types of support as received by the students. These types were in turn connected to the results of the support forms in content analysis and the psychometric scales to estimate how students perceive different structures in their networks as supportive. The results revealed three types: small and dense bijou networks, medium networks with emotionally close alters (close-knit networks), and large and diverse networks (have-it-all networks). The types show different results for university success and perceived support for their networks.

scholarly journals Classification of Theory of Mind tasks and their computational models

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tessa Rusch ◽  
Jan Gläscher
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Computational Modeling ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Decision Processes ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Intentional States ◽  
Social Decisions

The ability to from a Theory of Mind (ToM) that is to theorize about others mental states and explain and predict behavior in relation to attributed intentional states, constitutes a hallmark of human cognition. These abilities are multi-faceted and include a variety of different cognitive sub-functions. Here, we focus on decision processes in social contexts and review a number of experimental and computational modeling approaches in this field. We classify experimental accounts and formal computational models with respect to two categories: interactivity and uncertainty. Thereby, we aim at capturing the most relevant variations in ToM-related cognitive sub-functions and highlight the nuances of what broadly is referred to as social decisions processes. Finally, we discuss the most typical neuroimaging findings in light of the categorization results.

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