scholarly journals An International Survey of Face-Matching Training

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reuben Moreton ◽  
Ailsa Strathie ◽  
Catriona Havard ◽  
Graham Pike
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
International Survey ◽  
Delivery Methods ◽  
Face Matching ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level Training

Face matching decisions in applied settings, such as policing, forensics and immigration services, are typically carried out by two types of professionals; facial reviewers and facial examiners. Studies have demonstrated large individual differences in the face matching accuracy of both facial reviewers and examiners. Whether variances in training between agencies could be in part responsible for these individual differences is not currently known. Despite the existence of high-level training guidelines produced by the practitioner community the content, duration and delivery of face matching training is not widely understood in the academic research community. The current study aimed to address this gap in the scientific literature and to better understand how different agencies train facial reviewers and facial examiners, using results collected from an international survey. At the group level facial examiners received longer durations of training, covering more topics and with greater inclusion of mentoring than facial reviewers. However, the survey revealed large differences in the duration, delivery methods and content of training by individual agencies at both the facial review and facial examiner level and low inclusion of evidence-based training practices. These results should help researchers to better understand the diversity in training practices and durations of training between different agencies and may help explain the individual differences observed in the performance of face matching professionals in the literature.

scholarly journals Healthy ageing, resilience and wellbeing

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 579-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Cosco ◽  
K. Howse ◽  
C. Brayne
Keyword(s):  
Population Level ◽  
Healthy Ageing ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Environmental Resources ◽  
Great Achievement ◽  
Health Concept ◽  
Ageing Model ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level

The extension of life does not appear to be slowing, representing a great achievement for mankind as well as a challenge for ageing populations. As we move towards an increasingly older population we will need to find novel ways for individuals to make the best of the challenges they face, as the likelihood of encountering some form of adversity increases with age. Resilience theories share a common idea that individuals who manage to navigate adversity and maintain high levels of functioning demonstrate resilience. Traditional models of healthy ageing suggest that having a high level of functioning across a number of domains is a requirement. The addition of adversity to the healthy ageing model via resilience makes this concept much more accessible and more amenable to the ageing population. Through asset-based approaches, such as the invoking of individual, social and environmental resources, it is hoped that greater resilience can be fostered at a population level. Interventions aimed at fostering greater resilience may take many forms; however, there is great potential to increase social and environmental resources through public policy interventions. The wellbeing of the individual must be the focus of these efforts; quality of life is an integral component to the enjoyment of additional years and should not be overlooked. Therefore, it will become increasingly important to use resilience as a public health concept and to intervene through policy to foster greater resilience by increasing resources available to older people. Fostering wellbeing in the face of increasing adversity has significant implications for ageing individuals and society as a whole.

scholarly journals Do you see the “face”? Individual differences in face pareidolia

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liu-Fang Zhou ◽  
Ming Meng
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Face Perception ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Factors ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain

Abstract People tend to see faces from non-face objects or meaningless patterns. Such illusory face perception is called face pareidolia. Previous studies have revealed an interesting fact that there are huge individual differences in face pareidolia experience among the population. Here, we review previous findings on individual differences in face pareidolia experience from four categories: sex differences, developmental factors, personality traits and neurodevelopmental factors. We further discuss underlying cognitive or neural mechanisms to explain why some perceive the objects as faces while others do not. The individual differences in face pareidolia could not only offer scientific insights on how the brain works to process face information, but also suggest potential clinical applications.

Study of Foveal Tritanopia

1978 ◽  
Vol 46 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1319-1327
Author(s):  
S. R. Cobb ◽  
Maureen A. McCrossan
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Long Wavelength ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Male Subjects

This paper discusses the possibility there is a difference between men and women in foveal tritanopia. The discussion is based on a study carried out by Cobb and McCrossan in 1973 in which they measured the luminosity curves of the fovea in five women and five men. The instrument used was a Wright colorimeter which measured the luminosity curves with a 2° 12′ field and a 0° 12.5′ field. Comparison shows a loss of sensitivity to blue for the curve obtained with die 0° 12.5′ field relative to the curve obtained with the 2° 12′ field. Male subjects obtained two maxima with die 0° 12.5′ field, usually at 555 nm and 595 nm, whereas for females on maximum, usually at 555 nm and from 555 nm to the long wavelength end of the spectrum, curves followed loosely the curve obtained with the 2° 12′ field. Thus, a significant difference was found between the males and the females in their response to the longer wavelengths when the 0° 12.5′ (0° 12.5′) field was used. In addition to this there were also large individual differences in the matching points obtained by the males while the individual differences among the females were much smaller.

scholarly journals LabScrum: A Case Study For Agility in Academic Research Labs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa May ◽  
Tamara Runyon
Keyword(s):  
Academic Research ◽  
Feedback Loops ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
The Face ◽  
Student Training ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Graduate Student Training ◽  
The University

More information, including a guide to LabScrum, can be found at labscrum.org There are many challenges in the work of academic research labs, such as a lack of established process for planning, competing commitments requiring frequent task switching, and long delays in decisions. Silos of information create opacity of knowledge, and the individual nature of much of the work can create isolation that is demotivating.We were curious to see if an Agile-based project management approach could provide value in the face of these challenges. The Scrum framework seemed like a good place to start – lightweight, yet with more frequent and shorter feedback loops than before. As an experiment, we implemented Scrum with one lab in the Center for Translational Neuroscience at the University of Oregon. We continue to adapt and evolve as the implementation spreads to other labs and we work with an ever growing number of scientists. The adaption from Scrum to LabScrum took a great deal of consideration and experimentation given significant differences in goals, constraints, and environment between industry and academia. We named our adaptation LabScrum to reflect the customization for the academic research lab context. Using LabScrum, lab personnel are seeing increased productivity and increased visibility of short,medium, and long term planning and goals. Personnel are also benefiting from improved graduate student training, increased information sharing/collaboration, and improved social support and positive lab culture.

scholarly journals EXPRESS: When Two Fields Collide: Identifying “Super-Recognisers” for Neuropsychological and Forensic Face Recognition Research

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110276
Author(s):  
Sarah Bate ◽  
Emma Portch ◽  
Natalie Mestry
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Facial Identity ◽  
Common Definition ◽  
Face Matching ◽  
Recognition Ability ◽  
The Face ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Matching Field

In the last decade, a novel individual differences approach has emerged across the face recognition literature. While the field has long been concerned with prosopagnosia (the inability to recognise facial identity), it has more recently become clear that there are vast differences in face recognition ability within the typical population. “Super-recognisers” are those individuals purported to reside at the very top of this spectrum. On the one hand, these people are of interest to cognitive neuropsychologists who are motivated to explore the commonality of the face recognition continuum, whereas researchers from the forensic face matching field evaluate the implementation of super-recognisers into real-world police and security settings. These two rather different approaches have led to discrepancies in the definition of super-recognisers, and perhaps more fundamentally, the approach to identifying them, resulting in a lack of consistency that prohibits theoretical progress. Here, we review the protocols used in published work to identify super-recognisers, and propose a common definition and screening recommendations that can be adhered to across fields.

scholarly journals Individual differences in the effects of priors on perception: a multi-paradigm approach

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kadi Tulver ◽  
Jaan Aru ◽  
Renate Rutiku ◽  
Talis Bachmann
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Representational Momentum ◽  
Clinical Population ◽  
Pairwise Correlations ◽  
The Face ◽  
Behavioural Performance ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThe present study investigated individual differences in how much subjects rely on prior information, such as expectations or knowledge, when faced with perceptual ambiguity. The behavioural performance of forty-four participants was measured on four different visual paradigms (Mooney face recognition, illusory contours, blur detection and representational momentum) in which priors have been shown to affect perception. In addition, questionnaires were used to measure autistic and schizotypal traits in the non-clinical population. We hypothesized that someone who in the face of ambiguous or noisy perceptual input relies heavily on priors, would exhibit this tendency across a variety of tasks. This general pattern would then be reflected in high pairwise correlations between the behavioural measures and an emerging common factor. On the contrary, our results imply that there is no single factor that explains the individual differences present in the aforementioned tasks, as further evidenced by the overall lack of robust correlations between the separate paradigms. Instead, a two-factor structure reflecting differences in the hierarchy of perceptual processing was the best fit for explaining the individual variance in these tasks. This lends support to the notion that mechanisms underlying the effects of priors likely originate from several independent sources and that it is important to consider the role of specific tasks and stimuli more carefully when reporting effects of priors on perception.

scholarly journals Individual differences in the effects of priors: a multi-paradigm approach

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kadi Tulver ◽  
Jaan Aru ◽  
Renate Rutiku ◽  
Talis Bachmann
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Representational Momentum ◽  
Clinical Population ◽  
Pairwise Correlations ◽  
The Face ◽  
Behavioural Performance ◽  
The Individual

The present study investigated individual differences in how much subjects rely on prior information, such as expectations or knowledge, when faced with perceptual ambiguity. The behavioural performance of forty-four participants was measured on four different visual paradigms (Mooney face recognition, illusory contours, blur detection and representational momentum) in which priors have been shown to affect perception. In addition, questionnaires were used to measure autistic and schizotypal traits in the non-clinical population. We hypothesized that someone who in the face of ambiguous or noisy perceptual input relies heavily on priors, would exhibit this tendency across a variety of tasks. This general pattern would then be reflected in high pairwise correlations between the behavioural measures and an emerging common factor. On the contrary, our results imply that there is no single factor that explains the individual differences present in the aforementioned tasks, as further evidenced by the overall lack of robust correlations between the separate paradigms. Instead, a two-factor structure reflecting differences in the hierarchy of perceptual processing was the best fit for explaining the individual variance in these tasks. This lends support to the notion that mechanisms underlying the effects of priors likely originate from several independent sources and that it is important to consider the role of specific tasks and stimuli more carefully when reporting effects of priors on perception.

scholarly journals Extra-Curricular Activities and Well-Being: Results From a Survey of Undergraduate University Students During COVID-19 Lockdown Restrictions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael Finnerty ◽  
Sara A. Marshall ◽  
Constance Imbault ◽  
Laurel J. Trainor
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
University Students ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Musical Instrument ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
University Campuses ◽  
Extra Curricular Activities ◽  
Song Writing ◽  
The Individual

Participation in extra-curricular activities has been found to associate with increased well-being. Here we investigated in a survey (n = 786) what activities university students at a Canadian university engaged in during the stressful COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in April, 2020, which coincided with a novel online exam period, and how these activities related to perceived well-being, anxiety (STAI-S), social aspects of activities, and personality. Sixty-five percentage of students scored in the high anxiety category of the STAI-S, an alarming statistic given that only 24% had reached out for professional supports. This is consistent with reports that current supports on university campuses are inadequate. Listening to music (92%) and watching movies/series (92%) were engaged in most frequently, followed by socializing virtually (89%) and engaging in social media (85%). The activities students rated as most helpful to their well-being were somewhat different, with outdoor exercise rated highest, followed by socializing virtually and listening to music. While all activities were rated as beneficial, those with a social component tended to have high ratings, consistent with students attempting to replace lost social interactions. Linear regression models found few associations between STAI-S scores and other measures, likely because of large individual differences and lack of a pre-pandemic baseline needed to assess changes in anxiety. The importance of individual differences was evident in that those higher in conscientiousness or extraversion or emotional stability were more likely to engage in exercise, while those higher in openness to experience were more likely to engage in journaling, playing a musical instrument, or singing, with a trend for higher engagement in song writing. Individual differences were also evident in that equal numbers of students gave positive and negative comments related to their well-being during the pandemic. The individual differences uncovered here suggest that having a variety of proactive interventions would likely reach more students. Indeed, 52% indicated an interest in online group music therapy, 48% in art therapy and 40% in verbal therapy, despite music and art therapies being virtually non-existent on campuses. In sum, the findings highlight the importance of choice in extra-curricular activities and therapies that support well-being.

scholarly journals Individual differences in frequency and topography of slow and fast sleep spindles

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Cox ◽  
Anna C. Schapiro ◽  
Dara S. Manoach ◽  
Robert Stickgold
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Sleep Spindles ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Spindle Activity ◽  
Subject Specific ◽  
The Individual

AbstractSleep spindles are transient oscillatory waveforms occurring during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and are implicated in plasticity and memory processes. In humans, spindles can be classified as either slow or fast, but large individual differences in spindle frequency as well as methodological difficulties have hindered progress towards understanding their function. Using two nights of high-density electroencephalography recordings from healthy individuals, we first characterize the individual variability of NREM spectra and demonstrate the difficulty of determining subject-specific spindle frequencies. We then introduce a novel spatial filtering approach that can reliably separate subject-specific spindle activity into slow and fast components that are stable across nights and across N2 and N3 sleep. We then proceed to provide detailed analyses of the topographical expression of individualized slow and fast spindle activity. Group-level analyses conform to known spatial properties of spindles, but also uncover novel differences between sleep stages and spindle classes. Moreover, subject-specific examinations reveal that individual topographies show considerable variability that is stable across nights. Finally, we demonstrate that topographical maps depend nontrivially on the spindle metric employed. In sum, our findings indicate that group-level approaches mask substantial individual variability of spindle dynamics, in both the spectral and spatial domains. We suggest that leveraging, rather than ignoring, such differences may prove useful to further our understanding of the physiology and functional role of sleep spindles.

Fuzzy Set Representation of Kansei Texture and its Visualization for Online Shopping

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidenori Sakaniwa ◽  
◽  
Fangyan Dong ◽  
Kaoru Hirota ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Difference ◽  
Fuzzy Set ◽  
Online Shopping ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Proportional Relationship ◽  
Representation Method ◽  
Real Market ◽  
The Individual

A fuzzy set representation method of Kansei Texture is proposed to express individual difference of Kansei Texture feelings for the purpose of online shopping. The method provides buyers with criteria whether a request to send samples is necessary according to the variance degree of individual differences, and it also offers sellers with information regarding the possibility of returned goods in case of significant individual differences with regard to expensive prices. The correlation coefficient of the degree of individual difference and sample demand is 0.78 (P<0.05, t-test), i.e., a directly proportional relationship is observed between the two degrees. There is a tendency for expensive goods, e.g., those with price greater than $50, to be returned in the case of a large individual difference degree, i.e., the individual difference degree of Kansei Texture with price information provides a useful strategy for estimating the possibility of returned goods. Moreover, the relationship between stress and individual difference is also shown. Further validity verification is planned in order to realize practical applications in the real market.

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