scholarly journals What 100 Years of Typing Research Can Tell Us

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Motonori Yamaguchi

The need of typewriting skill is ever increasing in our lives. The prevalence of personal computers and mobile devices has transformed the way people communicate with each other. Although many different types of human interfaces have been introduced over the decades, the dominant form of computer interface remains to be that of typing on a keyboard. [...] Whilst typing has become one of the common everyday skills within the last two decades, experimental psychologists have been studying it as a research subject for more than a hundred years. [...] Apart from its practical importance in the modern lifestyle, the act of typing involves the right amount of complexity as well as well-defined and measurable actions. These features of typewriting makes it an ideal testbed to gain our understanding of the control and acquisition of complex skills. This review article first presents a brief overview of the classic studies of typewriting skill in the early 20th century, discusses the developments that took place after the mid-20th century, and concludes with the current status and issues that remain for future investigations in the 21st century.

2021 ◽  
Vol 201 (3) ◽  
pp. 534-545
Author(s):  
Janusz Zuziak

Lviv occupies a special place in the history of Poland. With its heroic history, it has earned the exceptionally honorable name of a city that has always been faithful to the homeland. SEMPER FIDELIS – always faithful. Marshal Józef Piłsudski sealed that title while decorating the city with the Order of Virtuti Militari in 1920. The past of Lviv, the always smoldering and uncompromising Polish revolutionist spirit, the climate, and the atmosphere that prevailed in it created the right conditions for making it the center of thought and independence movement in the early 20th century. In the early twentieth century, Polish independence organizations of various political orientations were established, from the ranks of which came legions of prominent Polish politicians and military and social activists.


2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
I Wayan Sudirana

ABSTRACTGong kebyar emerged in early 20th century and was initially an instrumental genre. In its later advancement, the ensemble became accustomed to accompanying dance compositions, which are decorated with miscellaneous dance improvisations corresponding to the characteristic style of gong kebyar. There are three types of Balinese drumming that are considered improvisational, in particular the styles that are played in the repertory of gamelan gong kebyar. Gamelan gong kebyar is the most popular and influential genre of twentieth century music developed in Bali. In gamelan baru, the function of the drum (in Bali it is called kendang) in the ensemble is more important than it was in older styles and it is considered to be the leader of the ensemble. Drummers are skilled musicians and usually teachers, who know all of the parts that are played by other instruments in the ensemble. Krumpungan, Cedugan, and Gupekan are examples of drumming style that gives incorporate the idea of improvisation, though in Bali we do not have a special term for improvisation. We do however have the same ideas and sense of the meaning of improvisation itself in the way some drumming is played spontaneously in the course of performance, by using drummer’s abilities to create spontaneously new pattern on stage. There are some important aspects that need to be underlined in creating those patterns, such as: melody accompaniment, dancer’s cues, good partnership (in krumpungan and cedugan), and the ability to lead the ensemble. Those aspects have the prominent role in the acheivement of drum improvisation in the performance. Drumming improvisation remains something that has to be learned more comprehensively in the future. It is still an abstract concept for many musicians as well as Balinese gamelan lovers.Keywords: improvisation, drumming, kendang, gong kebyar. ABSTRAKGong kebyar muncul pada awal abad ke-20 dan pada mulanya merupakan genre instrumental. Dalam perkembangan selanjutnya, ensambel tersebut menjadi terbiasa dengan komposisi tari yang menyertainya, yang dihiasi dengan improvisasi tari yang berbeda sesuai dengan gaya khas gong kebyar. Ada tiga jenis drum Bali yang dianggap improvisasi, khususnya gaya-gaya yang dimainkan dalam repertoar gamelan gong kebyar. Gamelan gong kebyar adalah genre musik abad ke-20 yang paling populer dan berpengaruh yang dikembangkan di Bali. Dalam gamelan baru ini, fungsi drum (di Bali disebut kendang) dalam ensambel lebih penting daripada pada gaya lama dan dianggap sebagai pemimpin ensembel. Drumer adalah musisi yang terampil dan biasanya adalah guru, yang tahu semua bagian yang dimainkan oleh instrumen lain dalam ensembel. Krumpungan, Cedugan, dan Gupekan adalah contoh gaya drum yang memberikan ide improvisasi, meskipun di Bali tidak ada istilah khusus untuk improvisasi. Namun di sini ada ide yang sama dan rasa makna improvisasi itu sendiri dengan cara memainkan beberapa drum secara spontan dalam jalannya pertunjukan, dengan menggunakan kemampuan pemain drum untuk menciptakan pola spontan baru di panggung. Ada beberapa aspek penting yang perlu digarisbawahi dalam menciptakan pola-pola tersebut, seperti: iringan melodi, isyarat penari, kemitraan yang baik (dalam krumpungan dan cedugan), dan kemampuan untuk memimpin ensambel. Aspek-aspek tersebut memiliki peran penting dalam pencapaian improvisasi drum dalam pettunjukan. Improvisasi drum tetap sesuatu yang harus dipelajari lebih komprehensif di masa depan. Ini masih merupakan konsep abstrak bagi banyak musisi dan juga pecinta gamelan Bali. Kata kunci: improvisasi, drum, kendang, gong kebyar.


2017 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 239-249
Author(s):  
Michał Kowalczyk

Jan Ludwik Popławski (1854-1908) was one of the fathers of the Polish National Democratic ideology in the late 19th and early 20th century. He was particularly fascinated with matters pertaining to the common people, and especially Polish peasantry. He considered them to be the genuine Poles, free of foreign influences. It is worth pointing out that that he also served as an inspiration to Roman Dmowski, the founder of the National Democracy movement and one of the leaders whose efforts secured Polish independence. According to Popławski, the Polish gentry were servile to the powers occupying Poland. He therefore hoped that the common people would play a greater role in the political life of the nation. 


2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxim Lvovich Razmolodin

This monograph reveals the conservative essence of the Black Hundred movement and its ideology aimed at the protection of Christian and national traditions in Russia in 1905-1917. This task is solved on the basis of an analysis of the origins, foundations of the theoretical constructs and programs of the extreme right monarchist parties in comparison with the system of views of Russian nationalists. The subjects for consideration are a set of basic ideological principles, postulates and provisions of ideologies of the Black Hundred organizations; the Orthodox religious foundations of the right monarchist ideology; conservative bases of political problematics and the problem of "Russia – the West"; approaches to the definition of nation (nationality); Imperial and national perspectives; the role and place of the Russian people; attitudes to pogroms and terrorist methods of struggle. The research proposes a system of criteria for the identification of party and personal affiliation to the Black Hundred spectrum in Russia the early 20th century, allowing a clear border to be drawn with nationalist (including fascist) parties. The urgency for this research has been caused by a poor development in the historiography. Intended for historians, sociologists, political scientists.


10.12737/2612 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
Краюшкина ◽  
Elena Krayushkina

The system of property insurance in the pre-October-revolution Russia is explored. Typology of insurance institutions and types of insurance are proposed. Insurance legislation in the Russian Empire is reviewed and dynamics in the development of different types of insurance are assessed.


Diachronica ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikyung Ahn ◽  
Foong Ha Yap

This paper examines the development of five hearsay evidential markers in Korean, namely, tako, tamye, tamyense, tanun and tanta, and traces their extended pragmatic functions in discourse. We first identify their functions over time, from Middle Korean to Modern and Contemporary Korean, then quantitatively analyze the usage frequency of these functions, diachronically from the 16th century to the early 20th century using the UNICONC historical corpus, and synchronically in present-day Korean using the Sejong contemporary written and spoken corpus. From a pragmatic perspective, we examine how Korean speakers use these hearsay evidential markers to convey the interpersonal and intersubjective stances of interlocutors in natural conversations. Based on the differential rates of grammaticalization of these markers, and on their usage frequency, we also examine the relationship between evidentiality marking and finiteness; more specifically, we analyze the sequences and mechanisms of change whereby different types of non-finite evidential structures develop into finite evidential constructions. Our findings have broader theoretical and crosslinguistic implications for understanding the mechanisms of insubordination, whereby dependent structures become independent, and whereby lexically transparent constructions develop into grammaticalized markers of speakers’ stance.


2002 ◽  
Vol 116 (12) ◽  
pp. 988-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mathews ◽  
J. Lancaster ◽  
I. Sherman ◽  
G. O. Sullivan

Guillotine tonsillectomy was the widely practised technique of tonsillectomy in the late 19th century as it was considered a quick and reliable method of removing tonsils. It fell into disrepute in the early 20th century. This paper reviews the history of the origin of the tonsillotome and traces the various modifications over the last few centuries. The current practice of guillotine tonsillectomy is examined by means of a postal questionnaire surveyof all UK consultants.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 40-45
Author(s):  
Suddhasattwa Banerjee

Purpose of the study: This paper attempts to analyze the theme of journey in The Lunchbox in the context of the varied strains of Romantic journey motifs present in 19th Century and early 20th Century Romanticisms prevalent in England, Germany, France, and America in the said period. Methodology: It is primarily a revisionist study. I have attempted to place The Lunchbox in the context of Romantic literature, predominantly of the 19th Century and early 20th Century and meticulous textual analysis is the basic procedure for this venture. Main Findings: The findings of this study indicate that the theme of the journey is a signature mark of Romanticism has been used in The Lunchbox for remapping geo-cultural imaginaries of contemporary Mumbai, one of the representative cities of South Asia. Journey to some exotic locale has always been considered as an added advantage to the fundamental narrative of a film. Applications of this study: This study will be really helpful to those who want to have a clear idea of the common theme of journey present in different kinds of Romanticisms (Lovejoy, 1924) prevalent in England, Germany, France, and America in the 19th Century and early 20th Century. However temporally and spatially specific, this theme can transcend all the boundaries of time, space, and art form and can be traced in The Lunchbox. Novelty/Originality of this study: The way this paper has attempted to place The Lunchbox in the context of the Romantic literature, predominantly of the 19th Century and early 20th Century, is quite unique, in my opinion. I have not come by any such venture especially relating this movie and the flourish of different Romantic philosophies prevalent in the mentioned segments of the globe in the said period.


Author(s):  
Yu.M. Goncharov

The study of housing conditions in Western Siberia in the second half of the 19th — early 20th century con-stitutes an important and scientifically relevant problem of everyday history. Housing conditions are one of the most important indicators of the level and lifestyle of the population. This subject matter has so far received little attention from historians. The study is aimed at identifying the specifics of the housing conditions in an important province of the late Russian Empire. In order to study provincial housing conditions in the second half of the 19th — early 20th century, a fairly wide range of sources was used: records of city magistracies; statistical studies, with one-day city censuses being of particular value; memoirs of contemporaries; periodicals, etc. The concept of the dwelling existing in the cities of pre-revolutionary Russia differed slightly from that in rural areas. While in villages the concept of the dwelling, as a rule, meant a ‘family home’, in towns, the concepts of ‘flat’ or ‘room’ were of par-ticular importance. Some townspeople lived in their own houses, others rented out their property (‘apartments’, ‘rooms’ or even ‘part of a room’), while those having no property were forced to rent it. One of the most common types of buildings was a two-family house, whose lower floor was usually occupied by the owners and the upper floor was rented out. Most of the buildings were modest-looking, with many of them being battened and painted. Most often the territory of the yard was fenced, with a large high gate being placed in the middle of the fence, behind which there was a house on the left; outbuildings and sheds on the right; stables at the back of the house; as well as a vegetable garden next to the house. The housing conditions varied significantly among different population groups. Changes that occurred in the housing conditions in the region in the second half of the 19th — the beginning of the 20th century were primarily associated with the socio-economic development of post-reform Siberia. Rapid population growth often resulted in slum development. Urban planning reflects new trends, intensi-fied following the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which helped overcome the economic and cultural isolation from the central regions of the Empire.


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