scholarly journals The Consistency of White Advantage and the Heterogeneity of Nonwhite Disadvantage: Neighborhood Trajectories over Two Decades in the Lives of Multiple Birth Cohorts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Candipan ◽  
Robert Sampson
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Neighborhood Disadvantage ◽  
Multiple Birth ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Dynamic Heterogeneity ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Cohort Differences ◽  
Residential Neighborhood

Sociological research has established the greater exposure of African Americans from all income groups to disadvantaged environments compared to whites, but the traditional focus in studies of neighborhood stratification obscures heterogeneity within racial/ethnic groups in residential attainment over time. Also obscured are the moderating influences of broader social changes on the life-course and the experiences of Latinos, a large and growing presence in American cities. We address these issues by examining group-based trajectory models of residential neighborhood disadvantage among whites, Blacks, and Latinos in a multi-cohort longitudinal research design of over 1,000 children from Chicago as they transitioned to adulthood over the last quarter century. We find dynamic consistency among whites and dynamic heterogeneity among nonwhites in exposure to residential disadvantage, especially Blacks and those born in the 1980s compared to the 1990s. Racial and cohort differences are not accounted for by early-life characteristics that predict long-term attainment. Inequalities by race in trajectories of neighborhood disadvantage are thus at once more stable and more dynamic than previous research suggests, and they are modified by broader social changes. These findings offer insights on the changing pathways by which neighborhood racial inequality is produced.

scholarly journals Social change and cohort differences in group-based arrest trajectories over the last quarter-century

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (31) ◽  
pp. e2107020118
Author(s):  
Roland Neil ◽  
Robert J. Sampson ◽  
Daniel S. Nagin
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Crime Control ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Multiple Birth ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Cohort Differences ◽  
Trajectory Group

This article draws on official criminal histories for multiple birth cohorts spanning a 17-y difference in birth year to study how social change can alter our understanding of influential theories and policies about criminal offender groups. Arrest histories are linked to comprehensive longitudinal measurement on over 1,000 individuals originally from Chicago. Using group-based trajectory modeling, we investigated the magnitude and type of cohort differences in trajectories of arrest over the period 1995 to 2020. Our results show that trajectory group membership varies strongly by birth cohort. Membership in the nonoffender group is nearly 15 percentage points higher for cohorts born in the mid-1990s as compared to those born in the 1980s; conversely, older cohorts are more likely to be members of adolescent-limited and chronic-offender groups. Large cohort differences in trajectory group membership persist after controlling for a wide-ranging set of demographic characteristics and early-life risk factors that vary by cohort and that prior research has identified as important influences on crime. Not only does the effect of social change on cohort differentiation persist, but its magnitude is comparable to—indeed larger than—differences in trajectory group membership associated with varying levels of self-control or by whether individuals grew up in high-poverty households. These results suggest that changes in the broader social environment shared by members of the same birth cohort are as powerful in shaping their trajectory group membership as classic predictors identified in prior research, a finding that carries implications for crime-control policies that rely on prediction.

Cohort differences in intergenerational income transmission in Finland

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Outi Sirniö ◽  
Timo M Kauppinen ◽  
Pekka Martikainen
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Intergenerational Transmission ◽  
High Income ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Cohort Differences ◽  
Parental Background

Major social changes such as occupational restructuring, educational expansion and increasing income inequality are likely to significantly influence the intergenerational transmission of income. The aim in this article is to investigate this question in an analysis of the transmission of low and high income in Finland in five birth cohorts born between 1956 and 1978. The focus is on the contribution of parental social class and personal educational level to this association. The analyses are based on a longitudinal register-based data set that is a representative 11-per-cent sample of the Finnish population. The level of intergenerational income transmission among those with a low- and a high-income parental background is stable among men, and is increasing slightly among women. Simultaneously, the role of achieved education as a mechanism strengthens slightly upon entry to the lowest income level, and declines upon entry to the highest level. These results indicate that despite the increasing income inequality, intergenerational transmission remains rather stable, but the mediating role of educational qualifications may have changed. Occupational restructuring seems to have no clear influence on the process.

THE PROBLEM OF MORAL EDUCATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL IN THE CONDITIONS OF MODERN RUSSIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 114-123
Author(s):  
ALEXANDER OZEROV ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Moral Education ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Life Attitudes ◽  
Patriotic Education ◽  
Systemic Crisis ◽  
The Individual

The article is devoted to the problem of spiritual and moral education of personality in the conditions of modern Russia. Some aspects of the existing meaning of life attitudes, spiritual and moral characteristics of society are considered, ways of solving problems of a legal and moral nature in conditions of social changes are proposed. Particular attention is paid to examining the relationship between morality, law and patriotism in the system of personal perception. In modern conditions, great attention must be paid to monitoring the spiritual and moral characteristics of Russian society, its moral and ethical state. Specific data from such studies will make it possible to draw a conclusion taking into account specific territories, forming a visual “matrix” with territories where improvements are needed in relation to spiritual and moral values. The results of sociological research will help to see exactly where such work is needed. This is especially true of patriotic education, forms and methods, according to which it is recommended to carry out this kind of activity. In the process of creating methods, it is necessary to abandon the experience of building patriotism based on ineffective measures, without taking into account the historical specifics and specific statistics. It is important to take into account the situation on the ground, public opinion, the presence or absence of a systemic crisis, the situation in the field of human rights. In addition, it would be very useful to create patriotic applications on smartphones, where it would be possible, in a game or other form of active interaction, to gain knowledge about Russian history, heroic deeds of the past, and about the prospects for people with developed moral and ethical qualities. Outside of the separation from digital technologies, it is possible to give meaning to life not only to young people, but also to those who are already of age, by teaching them how to use the latest digital technologies and take advantage of high-speed Internet. It is necessary to create a complex toolkit, which would take into account all aspects of the conditions and circumstances under which effective and comprehensive patriotic and spiritual and moral education is possible.

scholarly journals Wisconsin Twin Project Overview: Temperament and Affective Neuroscience

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 794-799
Author(s):  
Nicole L. Schmidt ◽  
Kathryn Lemery-Chalfant ◽  
H. Hill Goldsmith
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Adolescent And Young Adult ◽  
Affective Neuroscience ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Environmental Assessments ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Birth Records ◽  
Early Recruitment

AbstractThe Wisconsin Twin Project encompasses nearly 30 years of longitudinal research that spans infancy to early adulthood. The twin sample was recruited from statewide birth records for birth cohorts 1989–2004. We summarize early recruitment, assessment, retention and recently completed twin neuroimaging studies. In addition to the focal twins, longitudinal data were also collected from two parents and nontwin siblings. Our adolescent and young adult neuroimaging sample (N = 600) completed several previous behavioral and environmental assessments, beginning shortly after birth. The extensive phenotyping is meant to support a range of empirical investigations with potentially differing theoretical perspectives.

Understanding Social Change

2005 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Action ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
British Society ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Social Reforms ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
The Social ◽  
Rapid Changes

These chapters not only describe the major changes in British society in recent years, but seek to understand and explain what is happening in British society. One of the themes running through this book is that, while there have been rapid changes in overall levels, there have been slower changes in relativities, and this analytical distinction is absolutely fundamental to a proper understanding of contemporary society. The book also considers the wide variety of mechanisms that underlie these changes, in particular processes of social interaction. The complex and often ill-understood nature of these mechanisms may be a major reason why so much social reform has proved ineffective. The verdict on social reforms in education, gender inequalities and ethnic inequalities is rather negative; and sociologists have long been concerned about the unintended consequences of social action, and in the policy field these are frequent. By highlighting the complexities of the causal mechanisms, sociological research can make a major contribution to policy and public debate. While these chapters do not claim that sociology will provide all the answers, they demonstrate that it has made real progress in understanding the social changes that Britain has experienced in recent decades.

Age and birth cohort differences in depression in repeated cross-sectional surveys in England: the National Psychiatric Morbidity Surveys, 1993 to 2007

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (10) ◽  
pp. 2047-2055 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Spiers ◽  
T. S. Brugha ◽  
P. Bebbington ◽  
S. McManus ◽  
R. Jenkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cohort Differences ◽  
Prevalence Of Depression ◽  
Icd 10

BackgroundThe National Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (NPMS) programme was partly designed to monitor trends in mental disorders, including depression, with comparable data spanning 1993 to 2007. Findings already published from this programme suggest that concerns about increasing prevalence of common mental disorders (CMDs) may be unfounded. This article focuses on depression and tests the hypothesis that successive birth cohorts experience the same prevalence of depression as they age.MethodWe carried out a pseudo-cohort analysis of a sequence of three cross-sectional surveys of the English household population using identical diagnostic instruments. The main outcome was ICD-10 depressive episode or disorder. Secondary outcomes were the depression subscales of the Clinical Interview Schedule – Revised (CIS-R).ResultsThere were 8670, 6977 and 6815 participants in 1993, 2000 and 2007 respectively. In men, the prevalence of depression increased between cohorts born in 1943–1949 and 1950–1956 [odds ratio (OR) 2.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4–4.2], then remained relatively stable across subsequent cohorts. In women, there was limited evidence of change in prevalence of depression. Women born in 1957–1963, surveyed aged 44–50 years in 2007, had exceptionally high prevalence. It is not clear whether this represents a trend or a quirk of sampling.ConclusionsThere is no evidence of an increase in the prevalence of depression in male cohorts born since 1950. In women, there is limited evidence of increased prevalence. Demand for mental health services may stabilize or even fall for men.

scholarly journals PROFESSIONAL CHOICE OF YOUTH IN MODERN KAZAKHSTAN

2020 ◽  
pp. 283-290
Author(s):  
M. K. Shnarbekova
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Young People ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
After School ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Professional Self ◽  
Market Needs

This article presented the most significant changes that took place in professional self-determination of young people in connection with economic and social changes of Kazakhstan. The aspirations of young people and their actual steps in choosing the path after school, especially the motivation to form an idea of the future professional activity are considered. Modern practices of educational guidance and professional choice of Kazakhstani youth are analyzed. Sociological research of the features of professional choices of young people in all its versatility opens up new opportunities and prospects in the study: the balance between supply and demand in the labor market. In article we aimed to answer the following research questions: Is the professional choice of young people «alarmingly» unrelated to the labor market needs? What objective and subjective motives guided the youth in a professional choice?  According to the methodology of the study, the sample is 1000 respondents. The survey covers all groups of young people in Kazakhstan – the sample represents young people by gender, age, nationality, marital status, presence of children, level of education, type of employment, degree of religiosity, level of material situation of households and type of settlement. The study results are processed and analyzed using custom software SPSS for Windows (version 21).

scholarly journals Improved Cognitive Function in the Tromsø Study in Norway From 2001 to 2016

2021 ◽  
pp. 10.1212/CPJ.0000000000001115
Author(s):  
Bente Johnsen ◽  
Bjørn Heine Strand ◽  
Ieva Martinaityte ◽  
Ellisiv B. Mathiesen ◽  
Henrik Schirmer
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cohort Effect ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Cohort Differences ◽  
Level Increase ◽  
Drinking Frequency ◽  
Birth Cohort Effect

AbstractObjective:Physical capacity and cardiovascular risk profiles seem to be improving in the population. Cognition have been improving due to a birth cohort effect, but evidence is conflicting on whether this improvement remains in the latest decades, and what is causing the changes in our population over 60 years old. We aimed to investigate birth cohort differences in cognition.Method:The study comprised 9514 participants from the Tromsø study, an ongoing longitudinal cohort study. Participants were in the ages 60–87 years, born between 1914 and 1956. They did four cognitive tests in three waves during 2001-2016. Linear regression was applied, and adjusted for age, education, blood pressure, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, stroke, heart attack, depression, diabetes, physical activity, alcohol use, BMI and height.Results:Cognitive test scores were better in later-born birth cohorts for all age groups, and in both sexes, compared with earlier born cohorts. Increased education, physical activity, alcohol intake, decreasing smoking prevalence and increasing height was associated with one third of this improvement across birth cohorts in women and one half of the improvement in men.Conclusion:Cognitive results were better in more recent born birth cohorts compared with earlier born, assessed at the same age. The improvement was present in all cognitive domains, suggesting an overall improvement in cognitive performance. The 80-year-olds assessed in 2015-16 performed like 60-year-olds assessed in 2001. The improved scores were associated with increased education level, increase in modest drinking frequency, increased physical activity and for men, smoking cessation and increased height.

Do Cohorts Matter? Cohort Analysis and Value-Difference Impressions of a Rising China

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-415
Author(s):  
Chung-li Wu ◽  
Alex Min-Wei Lin
Keyword(s):  
Party Identification ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Aging Effects ◽  
Cohort Differences ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
The Impact

As an emerging first-tier world power, China is exerting an important influence on countries in the Asia-Pacific region, especially Taiwan, with which it has a long history of often contentious relations. This study investigates the impact of “intergenerational value change” on impressions of China in 2017 among three political birth cohorts of Taiwanese. Based on a representative survey of Taiwanese citizens, the study finds that cohort impressions can be classified according to the extent to which they relate to the economic–political and the social–environmental dimensions, suggesting that Taiwanese perceptions of China are not unidimensional and are more nuanced than they first appear. The data by and large confirm the validity of cohort differences; members of the first and oldest cohort hold more positive impressions of China with respect to social and environmental issues than members of the second and middle cohort, while the third and youngest cohort would regard China in a more positive light if their economic and political concerns were addressed. A few variables remain statistically significant, including party identification and unification versus independence preference, even after controlling for aging effects.

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