Improved Cognitive Function in the Tromsø Study in Norway From 2001 to 2016

AbstractObjective:Physical capacity and cardiovascular risk profiles seem to be improving in the population. Cognition have been improving due to a birth cohort effect, but evidence is conflicting on whether this improvement remains in the latest decades, and what is causing the changes in our population over 60 years old. We aimed to investigate birth cohort differences in cognition.Method:The study comprised 9514 participants from the Tromsø study, an ongoing longitudinal cohort study. Participants were in the ages 60–87 years, born between 1914 and 1956. They did four cognitive tests in three waves during 2001-2016. Linear regression was applied, and adjusted for age, education, blood pressure, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, stroke, heart attack, depression, diabetes, physical activity, alcohol use, BMI and height.Results:Cognitive test scores were better in later-born birth cohorts for all age groups, and in both sexes, compared with earlier born cohorts. Increased education, physical activity, alcohol intake, decreasing smoking prevalence and increasing height was associated with one third of this improvement across birth cohorts in women and one half of the improvement in men.Conclusion:Cognitive results were better in more recent born birth cohorts compared with earlier born, assessed at the same age. The improvement was present in all cognitive domains, suggesting an overall improvement in cognitive performance. The 80-year-olds assessed in 2015-16 performed like 60-year-olds assessed in 2001. The improved scores were associated with increased education level, increase in modest drinking frequency, increased physical activity and for men, smoking cessation and increased height.

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Persistence of the Decline in the Diagnosis of Schizophrenia Among First Admissions to Scottish Hospitals from 1969 to 1988

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.163.5.620 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 163 (5) ◽

pp. 620-626 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

John R. Geddes ◽

Roger J. Black ◽

Lawrence J. Whalley ◽

John M. Eagles

Keyword(s):

Birth Cohort ◽

Age Groups ◽

Admission Rate ◽

Cohort Effect ◽

Affective Psychoses ◽

Admission Rates ◽

Younger Age ◽

Birth Cohort Effect ◽

First Admission

Age-standardised rates were calculated for first admissions to hospital in Scotland with ICD-9 diagnoses of schizophrenia, affective psychoses, paranoid psychoses, reactive psychoses and depressive neuroses (ICD-9 295, 296, 297, 298 and 300.4) for the period 1969–88. First-admission rates for schizophrenia declined by an average of 3.3% per year in males and 4.4% per year in females over the period. The first-admission rate in males in 1988 was 8.4/100 000 (57% of 1969 rate) and in females was 4.8/100 000 (43% of 1969 rate). Rates for depressive neuroses, affective psychoses, reactive psychoses and combined psychoses also fell. Rates for mania rose, as did those for paranoid states in males. The decrease in first-admission rates is likely to reflect a true decrease in the incidence of schizophrenia over the period. The decline was unlikely to be accounted for by diagnostic change because there was no reciprocal increase in any other diagnosis sufficient to account for the change, and the rates for combined psychoses also decreased. There was evidence that rates for schizophrenia declined to a greater extent in younger age groups, especially in females. This could imply the presence of a birth cohort effect.

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Does psychiatric molecular genetics need to account for the birth cohort effect?

V M BEKHTEREV REVIEW OF PSYCHIATRY AND MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY ◽

10.31363/2313-7053-2019-4-1-28-30 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 28-30

Author(s):

J. Harro ◽

K. Laas ◽

M. Vaht ◽

D. Eensoo ◽

T. Kurrikoff ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alcohol Use ◽

Birth Cohort ◽

Alcohol Use Disorder ◽

Cohort Effect ◽

Environmental Risks ◽

Health Study ◽

Birth Cohorts ◽

Socioeconomic Environment ◽

Risks Factors ◽

Birth Cohort Effect

Major psychiatric disorders including alcohol use disorder are considered multigenic and the smallness of effects of individual genes may be attributed to either complex biological mechanisms or geneenvironment interactions. The latter explanation is highlighted by the relatively fast changes in secular trends and in cohort effects on alcohol use disorder. Interactions of candidate gene variants with birth cohort have been found in the Estonian Children Personality Behaviour and Health Study, a longitudinal investigation from 1998 with a sample highly representative of birth cohorts within a region. Such interactions regarding initiation of alcohol use or alcohol use disorder have been revealed for e.g., 5-HTTLPR, VMAT1, OXR and NRG1, and suggest that rapid alterations in the socioeconomic environment promote changes in the genetic vulnerability to environmental risks factors such as alcohol.

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1270The Contribution of Lifestyle Patterns to Clustering of Elevated Depressive Symptoms within Birth Cohorts

International Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.1093/ije/dyab168.244 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Maria Gueltzow ◽

Maarten J Bijlsma ◽

Frank J van Lenthe ◽

Mikko Myrskylä

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Birth Cohort ◽

Generational Differences ◽

Decomposition Analysis ◽

Cohort Effects ◽

Lifestyle Factor ◽

Birth Cohorts ◽

Cohort Differences

Abstract Background Some birth cohorts experience a larger burden of depression than others. We hypothesize that lifestyle, i.e. BMI, alcohol consumption, smoking and physical activity, are potential drivers of these generational differences. Methods We analyzed data from US adults aged 50-80 years enrolled in the Health and Retirement Study (N = 163,760 person-years). Birth cohort effects were estimated with the age-period-cohort model approach according to Carstensen. Consequently, we assessed the contribution of lifestyle factors by comparing the predicted probability of elevated depressive symptoms to a counterfactual scenario in which all birth cohorts are assigned the lifestyle factor distribution of the 1945 cohort (counterfactual decomposition analysis). We stratified all analyses by sex and ethnicity. Results BMI contributes to an increased probability of elevated depressive symptoms of up to 32.7% (95%CI: 190.9-11.23%, 1923 cohort) for cohorts born before 1927 and a decrease of up to 16.7% (95%CI: 0.5-26.8, 1964 cohort) for cohorts born after 1959. Contributions are most pronounced in females and white/Caucasians. Alcohol consumption contributes up to 20% (95%CI: 0.8%;45.3%, 1925 cohort) to cohort effects of elevated depressive symptoms, whereas the magnitude differs by ethnicity. We found no evidence for contributions of smoking or physical activity. Conclusions Birth cohort effects of elevated depressive symptoms can be partly explained by lifestyle. In particular, mental health of females and the white/Caucasian population may have suffered from the increase in obesity levels in the US. Key messages BMI and alcohol consumption, but not smoking or physical activity, contribute to birth cohort differences in depression risk.

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Birth cohort differences in anthropometric measures in the older elderly: the Bambuí cohort study of aging (1997 and 2008)

Cadernos de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/s0102-311x2011001500012 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 27 (suppl 3) ◽

pp. s418-s426 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Aline Dayrell Ferreira Sales ◽

Cibele Comini César ◽

Maria Fernanda Lima-Costa ◽

Waleska Teixeira Caiaffa

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Birth Cohort ◽

Cohort Effect ◽

Older Men ◽

Birth Cohorts ◽

Anthropometric Measures ◽

Cohort Differences ◽

Near Future ◽

Recent Cohort

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of birth cohort on nutritional status among older elderly (71-81 years old) from the Bambuí Cohort Study of Aging, conducted in Brazil in 1997 and 2008. We compared the two birth cohorts - 1916-1926 (older cohort) and 1927-1937 (recent cohort) - considering body mass index (BMI = weight/height²), waist circumference (WC) and prevalence of overweight (BMI ³ 27kg/m²). BMI (β = 0.09, 95%CI: 0.04, 0.15) and prevalence of overweight (PR = 1.02; 95%CI: 1.01; 1.03) were higher in the recent cohort than the earlier cohort, regardless of sex and schooling. No difference was observed in WC. Stratified by sex, similar overall trends were observed for men, and WC was higher in the recent cohort. Among women there was no difference in BMI and overweight, but WC was lower in the recent cohort. The cohort effect was greater among older men and, in the near future, may result in greater prevalence of overweight in this group.

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The effects of age, birth cohort and survey period on leisure-time physical activity by Australian adults: 1990–2005

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114508019879 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 101 (4) ◽

pp. 609-617 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Margaret A. Allman-Farinelli ◽

Tien Chey ◽

Dafna Merom ◽

Heather Bowles ◽

Adrian E. Bauman

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Birth Cohort ◽

Leisure Time ◽

Leisure Time Physical Activity ◽

Age Groups ◽

Birth Cohorts ◽

Survey Period ◽

Metabolic Equivalent ◽

Prevalence Of Obesity ◽

Independent Effects

The prevalence of obesity continues to rise with many factors contributing to energy imbalance. Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) has been proposed as one solution to counteract increasing energy intakes. The present study determined whether age, birth cohort and period of survey had independent effects on time, volume and energy expended in LTPA by Australian adults from 1990 to 2005. Adults were categorised into twelve age groups (5-year intervals from 20–24 years to >75 years), four survey periods (1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005) and fifteen birth cohorts (5-year intervals from pre-1916 to 1985). Time spent in three categories of LTPA was determined and metabolic equivalent (MET) values of 3·3, 4·0 and 8·0 were assigned for walking, moderate and vigorous activities, respectively, to calculate daily volume (MET minutes). Energy expended in LTPA was calculated using estimated BMR (from self-reported weight and published formulae), multiplied by the MET value. Regression models were fitted to the data. Age and period had independent effects on duration, volume and energy expenditure of LTPA for both males (P < 0·01) and females (P < 0·01), while birth cohort had independent effects for males only such that all three LTPA factors declined with recency of birth cohort (P < 0·01). This indicates that more recent birth cohorts of males may need to be targeted to increase LTPA, but as duration, volume and energy expended in leisure time have been declining since 1990, both the sexes may benefit from the promotion of increased LTPA.

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Influence of birth cohort on age of onset cluster analysis in bipolar I disorder

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.10.005 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 99-105 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

M. Bauer ◽

T. Glenn ◽

M. Alda ◽

O.A. Andreassen ◽

E. Angelopoulos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Family History ◽

Birth Cohort ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Cohort Analysis ◽

Cohort Effect ◽

First Episode ◽

Mixture Analysis ◽

Bipolar I Disorder ◽

Model Based Clustering ◽

Birth Cohort Effect

AbstractPurpose:Two common approaches to identify subgroups of patients with bipolar disorder are clustering methodology (mixture analysis) based on the age of onset, and a birth cohort analysis. This study investigates if a birth cohort effect will influence the results of clustering on the age of onset, using a large, international database.Methods:The database includes 4037 patients with a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder, previously collected at 36 collection sites in 23 countries. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to adjust the data for country median age, and in some models, birth cohort. Model-based clustering (mixture analysis) was then performed on the age of onset data using the residuals. Clinical variables in subgroups were compared.Results:There was a strong birth cohort effect. Without adjusting for the birth cohort, three subgroups were found by clustering. After adjusting for the birth cohort or when considering only those born after 1959, two subgroups were found. With results of either two or three subgroups, the youngest subgroup was more likely to have a family history of mood disorders and a first episode with depressed polarity. However, without adjusting for birth cohort (three subgroups), family history and polarity of the first episode could not be distinguished between the middle and oldest subgroups.Conclusion:These results using international data confirm prior findings using single country data, that there are subgroups of bipolar I disorder based on the age of onset, and that there is a birth cohort effect. Including the birth cohort adjustment altered the number and characteristics of subgroups detected when clustering by age of onset. Further investigation is needed to determine if combining both approaches will identify subgroups that are more useful for research.

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The Contribution of Health Behaviors to Depression Risk across Birth Cohorts

10.1101/2021.10.06.21264610 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Maria Gueltzow ◽

Maarten J Bijlsma ◽

Frank J van Lenthe ◽

Mikko Myrskyla

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Birth Cohort ◽

Decomposition Analysis ◽

Minor Role ◽

Drinking Patterns ◽

Birth Cohorts ◽

Depression Risk ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

A Minor

Background: More recent birth cohorts are at a higher depression risk than cohorts born in the early twentieth century. We aimed to investigate to what extent changes in alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity and obesity, contribute to these birth cohort variations. Methods: We analyzed panel data from US adults born 1916-1966 enrolled in the Health and Retirement Study (N=163,760 person-years). We performed a counterfactual decomposition analysis by combining age-period-cohort models with g-computation. This allowed us to compare the predicted probability of elevated depressive symptoms (CES-D 8 score ≥3) in the natural course to a counterfactual scenario where all birth cohorts had the health behavior of the 1945 birth cohort. We stratified analyses by sex and race/ethnicity. Results: Depression risk of the 1916-1949 and 1950-1966 birth cohort would be on average 2% (-2.3 to -1.7) and 0.5% (-0.9 to -0.1) higher had they had the alcohol consumption levels of the 1945 cohort. In the counterfactual with the 1945 BMI distribution, depression risk is on average 2.1% (1.8 to 2.4) higher for the 1916-1940 cohorts and 1.8% (-2.2 to -1.5) lower for the 1950-1966 cohorts. We find no cohort variations in depression risk for smoking and physical activity. The contribution of alcohol is more pronounced for Whites than for other race/ethnicity groups, and the contribution of BMI more pronounced for women than for men. Conclusion: Increased obesity levels exacerbated depression risk in recent birth cohorts in the US, while drinking patterns only played a minor role.

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Gastric Cancer Mortality Trends in Tuscany, Italy, 1971–2004

Tumori Journal ◽

10.1177/030089160809400602 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 94 (6) ◽

pp. 787-792 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Giuseppe Gorini ◽

Lucia Giovannetti ◽

Giovanna Masala ◽

Elisabetta Chellini ◽

Andrea Martini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastric Cancer ◽

High Risk ◽

Birth Cohort ◽

Cancer Mortality ◽

Cohort Effect ◽

Low Risk ◽

Period Effect ◽

Mortality Trends ◽

Risk Areas ◽

Birth Cohort Effect

Aims, Background, and Methods In Tuscany, Italy, gastric cancer mortality has been decreasing since 1950, although with relevant geographical variability across the region. In Eastern Tuscan areas close to the mountains (high risk areas), gastric cancer mortality has been and is still significantly higher than that recorded in Western coastal areas and in the city of Florence (low risk areas). High-risk areas also showed higher Helicobacter pylori seroprevalence. Aim of this paper is to study gastric cancer mortality trends in high and low-risk areas, during the period 1971–2004, using age-period-cohort models. Results In high-risk areas, gastric cancer mortality rates declined from 61.4 per 100,000 in 1971–74 to 19.8 in 2000–2004 and in low-risk areas from 34.9 to 9.8. Mortality decline in high-risk areas was mainly attributable to a birth cohort effect, whereas in low-risk areas it was due either to a birth cohort effect or a period effect. In low- and high-risk areas, birth-cohort risks of dying decreased over subsequent generations, except for the birth cohorts born around the second world war. Conclusions Gastric cancer mortality in areas with higher H. pylori seroprevalence in Tuscany (high-risk areas) showed a predominant decline by birth cohort, in particular for younger generations, possibly due to the decrease of the infection for improvement of living conditions.

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