scholarly journals Early Exposure to County Income Mobility and Adult Individual Health in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Daza ◽  
alberto palloni
Keyword(s):  
Residential Mobility ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Income Mobility ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
County Level ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Adult Individual ◽  
The U.S

Despite substantial research, drivers of the widening gap in life expectancy between rich and poor in the U.S. -- the so-called longevity gap -- remain unknown. Recent research has suggested that contextual income mobility (e.g., county-level socioeconomic mobility) may play an essential role in explaining the longevity gap. Previous studies -- based mostly on aggregate and cross-sectional individual data -- show an association between county income mobility and county mortality and individual's health. However, inferring individual effects from aggregate (county-level) data can be problematic (i.e., ecological fallacy), and measuring exposure to income mobility using the county where respondents currently live or die, might overlook the selection process associated with residential mobility. This paper aims to extend previous research by estimating the effect of average exposure to mobility regimes during childhood and adolescence on adult health using longitudinal data and accounting for selection into counties over time (i.e., residential mobility). We use both the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97) and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) with geocoded data to assess the link between county-level income mobility (Chetty's estimates), behaviors (smoking) and health conditions and status (self-reported health, BMI, depressive symptoms). Furthermore, we use cohorts optimally match Chetty's estimates of income mobility in the U.S. (1980-1982) and account for selection and time-varying confounders using marginal structural models (MSM). Overall, we provide a more precise test of the hypothesis that childhood exposure to income mobility regimes may determine health status through behavior (i.e., smoking) later in life and contribute to longevity gaps.

scholarly journals Timing of social distancing policies and COVID-19 mortality: county-level evidence from the U.S.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes ◽  
Neeraj Kaushal ◽  
Ashley N. Muchow
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
County Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Level Information ◽  
Alternative Measures ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

AbstractUsing county-level data on COVID-19 mortality and infections, along with county-level information on the adoption of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), we examine how the speed of NPI adoption affected COVID-19 mortality in the United States. Our estimates suggest that adopting safer-at-home orders or non-essential business closures 1 day before infections double can curtail the COVID-19 death rate by 1.9%. This finding proves robust to alternative measures of NPI adoption speed, model specifications that control for testing, other NPIs, and mobility and across various samples (national, the Northeast, excluding New York, and excluding the Northeast). We also find that the adoption speed of NPIs is associated with lower infections and is unrelated to non-COVID deaths, suggesting these measures slowed contagion. Finally, NPI adoption speed appears to have been less effective in Republican counties, suggesting that political ideology might have compromised their efficacy.

Disproportionately Overrepresented: Women in Local Elected Offices

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan M. Bernick ◽  
Brianne Heidbreder
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
National Association ◽  
County Level ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The U.S

This research examines the position of county clerk, where women are numerically disproportionately over-represented. Using data collected from the National Association of Counties and the U.S. Census Bureau, the models estimate the correlation between the county clerk’s sex and county-level demographic, social, and political factors with maximum likelihood logit estimates. This research suggests that while women are better represented in the office of county clerk across the United States, when compared to other elective offices, this representation may be because this office is not seen as attractive to men and its responsibilities fit within the construct of traditional gender norms.

scholarly journals Tenure, Turnover, And Earnings Profiles In Germany And The United States

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth A. Couch
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Job Turnover ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Employment Tenure ◽  
Returns To Experience ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Male Workers

Employment tenure, job turnover and returns to general and specific skills are examined for male workers in Germany and the United States using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics.  Employment in Germany is characterized by longer duration and less frequent turnover than in the United States.  Returns to experience and tenure are lower in Germany than in the U.S.; however, peak earnings occur later.  This delayed peak in the employment-earnings profile provides an incentive for German workers to remain longer with their employers and change jobs less frequently.

scholarly journals Gulf of Mexico Coastal County Resilience to Natural Hazards

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 67-78
Author(s):  
Kevin Summers ◽  
Linda Harwell ◽  
Andrea Lamper ◽  
Courtney McMillon ◽  
Kyle Buck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
The United States ◽  
County Level ◽  
Coastal County ◽  
County Scale ◽  
The U.S

Using a Cumulative Resilience Screening Index (CRSI) that was developed to represent resilience to natural hazards at multiple scales for the United States, the U.S. coastal counties of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) region of the United States are compared for resilience for these types of natural hazards. The assessment compares the domains, indicators and metrics of CRSI, addressing environmental, economic and societal aspects of resilience to natural hazards at county scales. The index was applied at the county scale and aggregated to represent states and two regions of the U.S. GOM coastline. Assessments showed county—level resilience in all GOM counties was low, generally below the U.S. average. Comparisons showed higher levels of resilience in the western GOM region while select counties in Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama exhibited the lowest resilience (<2.0) to natural hazards. Some coastal counties in Florida and Texas represented the highest levels of resilience seen along the GOM coast. Much of this increased resilience appears to be due to higher levels of governance and broader levels of social, economic and ecological services.

scholarly journals Spatial Clustering of County-Level COVID-19 Rates in the U.S

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (22) ◽  
pp. 12170
Author(s):  
Marcus R. Andrews ◽  
Kosuke Tamura ◽  
Janae N. Best ◽  
Joniqua N. Ceasar ◽  
Kaylin G. Battey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Disparities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
The United States ◽  
County Level ◽  
Communities Of Color ◽  
States Data ◽  
The U.S

Despite the widespread prevalence of cases associated with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, little is known about the spatial clustering of COVID-19 in the United States. Data on COVID-19 cases were used to identify U.S. counties that have both high and low COVID-19 incident proportions and clusters. Our results suggest that there are a variety of sociodemographic variables that are associated with the severity of COVID-19 county-level incident proportions. As the pandemic evolved, communities of color were disproportionately impacted. Subsequently, it shifted from communities of color and metropolitan areas to rural areas in the U.S. Our final period showed limited differences in county characteristics, suggesting that COVID-19 infections were more widespread. The findings might address the systemic barriers and health disparities that may result in high incident proportions of COVID-19 clusters.

scholarly journals Ecological Analysis of the Temporal Trends in the Association of Social Vulnerability and Race/Ethnicity with County-Level COVID-19 Incidence and Outcomes in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shabatun Islam ◽  
Aditi Nayak ◽  
Yingtian Hu ◽  
Anurag Mehta ◽  
Katherine Dieppa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Vulnerability ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Racial Composition ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
County Level ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The U.S

ABSTRACT Background The COVID-19 pandemic adversely affected the socially vulnerable and minority communities in the U.S. initially, but the temporal trends during the year-long pandemic remain unknown. Objective We examined the temporal association between the county-level Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), a percentile-based measure of social vulnerability to disasters, its subcomponents and race/ethnic composition with COVID-19 incidence and mortality in the U.S. in the year starting in March 2020. Methods Counties (n=3091) with > 50 COVID-19 cases by March 6th, 2021 were included in the study. Associations between SVI (and its subcomponents) and county level racial composition with the incidence and death per capita were assessed by fitting a negative-binomial mixed-effects mod-el. This model was also used to examine potential time varying associations between weekly number of cases/deaths and SVI or racial composition. Data was adjusted for percentage of population aged great or equal to 65 years, state level testing rate, comorbidities using the average Hierarchical Condition Category (HCC) score, and environmental factors including average fine particulate matter (PM2.5), temperature and precipitation. Results Higher SVI, indicative of greater social vulnerability, was independently associated with higher COVID-19 incidence (adjusted incidence rate ratio [IRR] per-10 percentile increase:1.02, (95% CI 1.02, 1.03, p<0.001), and death per capita (1.04, (95% CI 1.04, 1.05, p<0.001). SVI became an independent predictor of incidence starting from March 2020, but this association became weak or insignificant by the winter, a period that coincided with a sharp increase in infection rates and mortality, and when counties with higher proportion of White residents were disproportionately represented (third wave). By Spring of 2021, SVI was again a predictor of COVID-19 out-comes. Counties with greater proportion of Black residents also observed similar temporal trends COVID-19-related adverse outcomes. Counties with greater proportion of Hispanic residents had worse outcomes throughout the duration of the analysis. Conclusion Except for the winter third wave when majority White communities had the highest incidence of cases, counties with greater social vulnerability and proportionately higher minority populations, experienced worse COVID-19 outcomes.

scholarly journals Impact of COVID-19 Second Wave on Healthcare Networks in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emad M. Hassan ◽  
Hussam Mahmoud
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Healthcare Systems ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
County Level ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
The U.S

The risk of overwhelming healthcare systems from a second wave of COVID-19 is yet to be quantified. Here, we investigate the impact of different reopening scenarios of states around the U.S. on COVID-19 hospitalized cases and the risk of overwhelming the healthcare system while considering resources at the county level. We show that the second wave might involve an unprecedented impact on the healthcare system if an increasing number of the population becomes susceptible and/or if the various protective measures are discontinued. Furthermore, we explore the ability of different mitigation strategies in providing considerable relief to the healthcare system. The results can aid healthcare planners, policymakers, and state officials in making decisions on additional resources required and on when to return to normalcy.

scholarly journals Secondary organic aerosol association with cardiorespiratory disease mortality in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Havala O. T. Pye ◽  
Cavin K. Ward-Caviness ◽  
Ben N. Murphy ◽  
K. Wyat Appel ◽  
Karl M. Seltzer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Secondary Organic Aerosol ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
The United States ◽  
County Level ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Predictive Algorithms ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The U.S

AbstractFine particle pollution, PM2.5, is associated with increased risk of death from cardiorespiratory diseases. A multidecadal shift in the United States (U.S.) PM2.5 composition towards organic aerosol as well as advances in predictive algorithms for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) allows for novel examinations of the role of PM2.5 components on mortality. Here we show SOA is strongly associated with county-level cardiorespiratory death rates in the U.S. independent of the total PM2.5 mass association with the largest associations located in the southeastern U.S. Compared to PM2.5, county-level variability in SOA across the U.S. is associated with 3.5× greater per capita county-level cardiorespiratory mortality. On a per mass basis, SOA is associated with a 6.5× higher rate of mortality than PM2.5, and biogenic and anthropogenic carbon sources both play a role in the overall SOA association with mortality. Our results suggest reducing the health impacts of PM2.5 requires consideration of SOA.

Social Stratification and Choice-Based Policy Programs: The Case of Early Withdrawal of Retirement Savings during the Great Recession

Social Forces ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary D Kline ◽  
Jeremy Pais
Keyword(s):  
Great Recession ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Retirement Savings ◽  
Retirement Plans ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Early Withdrawal ◽  
Retirement System

Abstract Access to emergency funds during times of need is increasingly dependent on a “choice-based” retirement system in the United States. This study examines the operation of this choice-based retirement system across a socioeconomically stratified population impacted by the Great Recession. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics collected between 2005 and 2011, we first assess how socioeconomic status shapes access to different types of retirement plans. We then examine the varied pathways that lead to the early withdrawal of retirement savings. The results depict a multistage selection process through which socioeconomic resources structure the process of withdrawal. This occurs first through the availability of retirement funds and the makeup of the retirement portfolio and then through the likelihood of hardship. The results also reveal the importance of education in getting access to retirement savings during a hardship. The general implications for choice-based programs are discussed.

Applying Systems Thinking Approaches to Address Preventive Health Factors through Public Parks and Recreation Agencies

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Penbrooke ◽  
Michael Edwards ◽  
Jason Bocarro ◽  
Karla Henderson ◽  
J. Aaron Hipp
Keyword(s):  
Systems Thinking ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Preventive Health ◽  
Delphi Panel ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Parks And Recreation ◽  
Health Factors

Within the United States parks and recreation agencies (P&R) manage public facilities, spaces, lands, and recreation programs. Public health (PH) evidence has increasingly pointed to local public P&R agencies as critical for promoting preventive health. Programs and strategies are available, but most P&R agencies have limited resources and lack local knowledge on which to base actions. However, the research base is growing. The global research question has shifted from asking IF P&R agencies can positively affect PH factors, to HOW they can best do so with limited resources.This research adapted a systems theory approach to how local public P&R agencies are addressing health factors. Methods included a literature review along with iterative exploration through a three-stage Delphi panel study with 17 P&R agency Expert Panelists in the U.S and Canada. Panelists were identified through a waterfall selection process. Each had at least three years of senior administration experience with interest in addressing PH factors.The study explored which preventive factors appear to be most modifiable by P&R. Results indicated increased physical activity, improved nutrition, enhanced safety or perception of safety, increased social and parental engagement, improved transportation and access to locations (especially nature), and cessation or reduced overconsumption of tobacco and alcohol. However, the priority of factors varies by community, and the continuing challenge is determining the priority of the factors for agencies and their partners to address. Community-specific data are not typically readily available to P&R agencies. Programs, strategies, internal methods, policies, and documents utilized by agencies were collected. Thirty-one related national initiatives (programs) were identified and ranked by the panelists.Key common strategies for P&R were identified. Results indicated a need to focus strategies on leadership and adequate funding to create a strong organizational culture of systematic assessment for addressing PH through allocation of P&R staff and financial resources. Systems thinking analysis and strategies can improve outcomes for cultural ethics of inclusion and equity, equitable access to assets and programs, collaboration with other partners, utilization of crime prevention and environmental design strategies, increased health promotions and education, and centralized tracking and evaluation of feasible measures.Implications for research include needs for additional validation and dissemination of research, evidence-based tools, and proven methods. There continues to be a strong need to help address gaps in knowledge transfer between research and practice realms. Management implications suggest methods for practice to enhance systems-thinking approaches for better preventive health outcomes through P&R in communities.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document