scholarly journals The Virus is Coming! The Ways the Canadian-Born and Foreign-Born Changed Weekly Activities During the Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Mata
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Food Choices ◽  
Statistical Testing ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Similar Activity ◽  
Canadian Perspective ◽  
Mean Differences

During epidemics, individuals change their weekly activities to increase their sense of personal security, health, efficacy and comfort. This study looks at changes in weekly activities reported by Canadians and foreign-born citizens during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada. The data for the study is drawn from a combined survey of two cycles of the CPSS (Canadian Perspective Series) surveys 2 and 4 which were conducted between May 4 and July 26, 2020. The combined survey consisted of 8,818 adult respondents (7,280 Canadian-born and 1,538 Foreign-born respondents). Weekly activities were measured by 25 survey questions which collected information on habits such as washing hands, avoiding crowds, watching more T.V., internet use and exercising. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used as the main tool for the statistical analysis of the data. Statistical testing of mean differences revealed that Canadian and foreign-born groups differed from each other in 15 out of the 25 activity items tested. PCA identified six major domains of weekly activities. Immigrants displayed similar activity patterns compared to the Canadian-born concerning the Sanitary, Leisure, Planning and Hoarding domain of activities but were found somewhat dissimilar in terms of the Sheltering and Substance use activity domains. During the pandemic lockdown, immigrants "hunkered down" and were more proactive in adopting sheltering types of activities such as cancelling travel plans, exercising more indoors than outdoors, practicing meditation and making better food choices. In doing so, they also avoided substance use as pandemic coping activities such as higher consumption of alcohol, tobacco and cannabis compared to the Canadian-born.

Analysis on Reports of Statistical Testing for Mean Differences in Articles in the Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun-Mi Jun ◽  
Eun-Hee Lee ◽  
Jeung-Im Kim ◽  
Hee Sun Kang ◽  
Hyun Ei Oh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Testing ◽  
Women Health ◽  
Korean Journal ◽  
Health Nursing ◽  
Mean Differences

Event-Related Potentials

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Congendo ◽  
Fernando H. Lopes da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Statistical Testing ◽  
Time Averaging ◽  
Common Spatial Pattern ◽  
Topographic Analysis ◽  
Temporal Filtering ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Event-related potentials (ERPs) can be elicited by a variety of stimuli and events in diverse conditions. This chapter covers the methodology of analyzing and quantifying ERPs in general. Basic models (additive, phase modulation and resetting, potential asymmetry) that account for the generation of ERPs are discussed. The principles and requirements of ensemble time averaging are presented, along with several univariate and multivariate methods that have been proposed to improve the averaging procedure: wavelet decomposition and denoising, spatial, temporal and spatio-temporal filtering. We emphasize basic concepts of principal component analysis, common spatial pattern, and blind source separation, including independent component analysis. We cover practical questions related to the averaging procedure: overlapping ERPs, correcting inter-sweep latency and amplitude variability, alternative averaging methods (e.g., median), and estimation of ERP onset. Some specific aspects of ERP analysis in the frequency domain are surveyed, along with topographic analysis, statistical testing, and classification methods.

scholarly journals Dynamic autonomic nervous system patterns differentiate human emotions and manifest in resting physiology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Pasquini ◽  
Fatemeh Noohi ◽  
Christina R. Veziris ◽  
Eena L. Kosik ◽  
Sarah R. Holley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Dynamic Activity ◽  
Autonomic Nervous

Whether activity in the autonomic nervous system differs during distinct emotions remains controversial. We obtained continuous multichannel recordings of autonomic nervous system activity in healthy adults during a video-based emotional reactivity task. Dimensionality reduction revealed five principal components in the autonomic time series data, and these modes of covariation differentiated periods of baseline from those of video-viewing. Unsupervised clustering of the principal component time series data uncovered separable autonomic states that distinguished among the five emotion-inducing trials. These autonomic states were also detected in baseline physiology but were intermittent and of smaller magnitude. Our results suggest the autonomic nervous system assembles dynamic activity patterns during emotions that are similar across people and are present even during undirected moments of rest.

Patterns of Substance use in an Immgrant Population in Spain

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
A. Qureshi ◽  
N. Rutow ◽  
C. Visiers ◽  
E. Pedrini ◽  
H.W. Revollo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Social Stress ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Service Access ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Drug Use Patterns ◽  
Migratory Process

Aims:The relationship between immigration and drug abuse and its treatment is complex and poorly understood. The objective of this study is to gain insight into patterns of drug use and service access and how they are influenced by social factors and the migratory process in a population of foreign born drug users in Barcelona, Spain.Methods:An interview protocol was developed for the study which examined drug use patterns, social and health factors, and treatment, and was administered to 118 foreign born users in harm reduction centers. 92% were male and 8% were female. 42% were from Eastern Europe, 35% were from the Magreb, 14% from the European Community, 6% from Subsaharan Africa and 3% from Latin America.Results:With migration opium use decreased whereas cocaine, heroin, and speedball increased, which also constitute the primary drug used by this sample. Social support was correlated with greater consumption of heroin, cocaine, and alcohol, whereas lower social stress was predictive of higher cannabis use. Hard drug use was predicted by illegal status and a lack of stable housing. Acculturation and acclturative stress were not found to be related to substance use. Treatment was positively evaluated, with no perception of lower quality of care.Discussion:Drug use patterns shift with the migratory process, and, it would appear, adapt to the dominant local ones. The unexpecting findings regarding social factors and acculturation and acculturative stress may indicate differences in the Spanish drug use context, and as such warrant further research.

scholarly journals Fractionation of muscle activity in rapid responses to startling cues

2017 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 1713-1719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren R. Dean ◽  
Stuart N. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Similar Proportion ◽  
Descending Pathways ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Right

Movements in response to acoustically startling cues have shorter reaction times than those following less intense sounds; this is known as the StartReact effect. The neural underpinnings for StartReact are unclear. One possibility is that startling cues preferentially invoke the reticulospinal tract to convey motor commands to spinal motoneurons. Reticulospinal outputs are highly divergent, controlling large groups of muscles in synergistic patterns. By contrast the dominant pathway in primate voluntary movement is the corticospinal tract, which can access small groups of muscles selectively. We therefore hypothesized that StartReact responses would be less fractionated than standard voluntary reactions. Electromyogram recordings were made from 15 muscles in 10 healthy human subjects as they carried out 32 varied movements with the right forelimb in response to startling and nonstartling auditory cues. Movements were chosen to elicit a wide range of muscle activations. Multidimensional muscle activity patterns were calculated at delays from 0 to 100 ms after the onset of muscle activity and subjected to principal component analysis to assess fractionation. In all cases, a similar proportion of the total variance could be explained by a reduced number of principal components for the startling and the nonstartling cue. Muscle activity patterns for a given task were very similar in response to startling and nonstartling cues. This suggests that movements produced in the StartReact paradigm rely on similar contributions from different descending pathways as those following voluntary responses to nonstartling cues. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that the ability to activate muscles selectively is preserved during the very rapid reactions produced following a startling cue. This suggests that the contributions from different descending pathways are comparable between these rapid reactions and more typical voluntary movements.

scholarly journals Food Preferences in Dogs: Effect of Dietary Composition and Intrinsic Variables on Diet Selection

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raúl A. Alegría-Morán ◽  
Sergio A. Guzmán-Pino ◽  
Juan Ignacio Egaña ◽  
Carem Muñoz ◽  
Jaime Figueroa
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Food Preference ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Food Choices ◽  
Food Cues ◽  
Hot Season ◽  
Fourth Component

A ten-year food preference database (2007–2017) was used to relate food selection in dogs to the nutritional components of diets by doing a principal component analysis (PCA) and a linear regression between components obtained and dogs’ preferences. Intake and preference of preferred diets were analyzed by dogs’ sex, breed, age, body weight, and the season of the year (hot or cold). The fourth component after PCA presented a relation with food preferences (OR = −2.699, p = 0.026), showing negative correlations with crude fiber (rho = −0.196; P = 0.038) and dry matter (rho = −0.184; p = 0.049). Weight (OR = −1.35; p < 0.001), breed, both Boxer (OR = 10.62; p = 0.003) and Labrador Retriever (OR = 26.30; p < 0.001), and season (hot season) (OR = −5.27; p < 0.001) all influenced animals’ intake. Boxers presented a lower food preference compared to the other breeds (OR = −44.3; p < 0.001), while animals’ weight influenced preferences only in Boxers (OR = 2.02; p < 0.001). Finally, age and sex did not affect dogs’ preference or intake of preferred diets. Thus dry matter and fiber content have a negative impact on dogs’ food choices. Dogs’ weight, breed, and season affected food intake, but only breed affected dogs’ preferences, which is probably explained by adaptive changes in the detection, metabolization, and learning of nutritive food cues.

Influence of sugar label formats on consumer understanding and amount of sugar in food choices: a systematic review and meta-analyses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tailane Scapin ◽  
Ana C Fernandes ◽  
Cintia C Curioni ◽  
Simone Pettigrew ◽  
Bruce Neal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Food Choices ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Randomized Experiments ◽  
Traffic Light ◽  
Packaged Foods ◽  
Mean Differences

Abstract Context Reducing population intakes of sugar has become a focus of many national and international public health policies. Packaged foods and beverages are key contributors to sugar intakes, and food labels can be an effective tool to reduce sugar consumption. Objective The aim of this systematic review was to examine the influence of sugar label formats on 2 outcomes: consumers’ understanding of sugar information, and the amount of sugar in consumers’ food choices. Data Sources Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, CAB Abstracts, SciELO, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched up until February 4, 2020. Study Selection Randomized experiments or quasi-experiments were included if they investigated the influence of sugar label formats on consumers’ understanding of sugar information or on the amount of sugar in consumers’ food choices. Data Extraction Data were extracted independently by 2 authors. Mean differences (MDs), standardized mean differences (SMDs), and odds ratios (ORs) plus 95%CIs were used to describe between-group differences for intervention label formats using random-effects models. Results Twenty-three studies, which examined 39 comparisons, were included. Label formats using “high in sugar” interpretative texts (traffic light labels [MD 41.6; 95%CI 37.9–45.4] and warning signs [OR 1.33; 95%CI 1.0–1.78]) were most effective in increasing consumers’ understanding of the sugar content in packaged foods. Health warning messages (SMD −0.32; 95%CI −0.43 to −0.22), graphical depictions of sugar content in teaspoons (SMD −0.32; 95%CI −0.48 to −0.17), and warning signs (SMD −0.24; 95%CI −0.35 to −0.13) were most effective for influencing consumers to choose products with lower sugar content. Conclusions Formats that provide an interpretation of sugar information, particularly those indicating if a product is high in sugar, were more helpful than only numerical information for improving consumer understanding and promoting food choices with less sugar. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO registration number CRD42018081222.

scholarly journals Flood Risk Pattern Recognition Analysis in Klang River Basin

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.34) ◽  
pp. 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Puteri Nor Ain Kandari ◽  
Ahmad Shakir Mohd Saudi ◽  
Pang Jyh Chyang ◽  
Mohd Khairul Amri Kamarudin ◽  
Muhammad Hafiz Md Saad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Stream Flow ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Statistical Process ◽  
Pattern Recognition Analysis ◽  
Risk Pattern

This study was implemented to identify the specific factors that lead to major contribution of floods in Klang River Basin. A thirty-year (1987-2017) database obtained from Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID), the selected data was analyzed by using integrated Chemometric techniques. The finding from Correlation Analysis revealed strong correlation between stream flow and water level is more than 0.5 (= 0.799). The finding from Principal Component Analysis proved that the selected parameters were significant with the result of R2 > 0.7was applied as a main tool for further analysis. Based on the result, it revealed that stream flow and water level were the most significant hydrological factor that influenced flood risk pattern in Klang River basin. Based on the result from Statistical Process control (SPC), the finding showed that the Upper Control Limit (UCL) for water level was 30.290m. The plotted data which is more than 30.290 m can cause flood to occur in Klang River Basin. Thus, it is very important to continuously monitor and maintain the mitigation measure of flood in the study area to avoid flood to occur. This study also helps to provide visualization of flood pattern and show the optimal rates for the maximum limit for flood control in Klang River Basin.  

Customary Physical Activity, Psychological Well-being and Successful Ageing

1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Morgan ◽  
Helen Dalleosso ◽  
E. Joan Bassey ◽  
Shan Ebrahim ◽  
P. H. Fentem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Factor Scores ◽  
Psychological Well Being

ABSTRACTProfiles of customary physical activity (CPA) and psychological wellbeing were obtained from a random community sample of 1,042 individuals aged 65 years and over. Activities were assessed with regard to their estimated minimum energy cost and/or their assumed contribution to functional capacity. The structure of CPA, and associations between activity levels, morale and mental health were then investigated. Women and men showed clear differences in the organisation of their activity patterns, and these differences were reflected in activity–affect relationships. For men, factor scores derived from the first principal component of CPA emerged as significant, though modest, predictors of well-being in regression and discriminant analyses. For women, however, activity factor scores failed significantly to predict levels of morale or mental health when medical and demographic factors were controlled. The results indicate that, among the present cohort of retired and elderly people, relationships between customary physical activity levels and psychological well-being are weak, indirect and gender-specific.

scholarly journals Earthquake networks based on similar activity patterns

2012 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel N. Tenenbaum ◽  
Shlomo Havlin ◽  
H. Eugene Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Similar Activity
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