A Silver Lining: The Role of Optimism in Overcoming Poverty in Early Life

Cumulative Inequality ◽

The Individual

Who is able to overcome adversity and experience upward mobility? Using cumulative inequality theory, which posits that the disadvantage or advantage associated with one’s social location impacts life trajectory and perceptions of such, I propose that level of optimistic outlook in individuals from low-income backgrounds increases their chances of financial success in adulthood. Analyzing data from the 2016 General Social Survey, a nationally representative survey administered to randomly sampled adults in the U.S., I examine a subset of 1,269 individuals from backgrounds of far below average or below average family income levels. In doing so, I determine how optimistic attitudes, regarding matters such as personal agency and success, influence whether the individual may obtain a higher degree of financial success in adulthood compared to those of their families. Findings indicate that higher levels of optimism are associated with greater family income levels, with level of education and marital status as the biggest predictors of adult financial standing. With higher educational attainment, optimistic outlook increases, perhaps due to an increase in career opportunities and pathways to success. These findings show how influential education may be on intergenerational income mobility, however, they also provide insight on how disadvantage, including being a person of color; being divorced, separated or a single-parent; as well as how many children one has, may create limitations on educational attainment and effects on outlook. Such findings call attention to the need for greater financial and educational assistance programs, due to their impact on outlook and subsequent life course.

Pembuatan Produk Permen Agar-agar Buah

SEMAR (Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Seni bagi Masyarakat) ◽

10.20961/semar.v8i1.24724 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mamik Ponco Rahayu ◽

Nuraini Harmastuti ◽

Endang Sri Rejeki ◽

Taufik Turahman

Keyword(s):

Community Service ◽

Low Income ◽

Family Income ◽

Factory Workers ◽

Income Levels ◽

Home Based ◽

Service Activity ◽

Training Activities ◽

Family Home

ABSTRACT The Ngampon people in Mojosongo Village, Jebres, Surakarta City face diverse livelihood problems, most of which are factory workers with low income levels and the role of mothers as housewives. Therefore, it is necessary to have training activities to make agar agar fruit products as an alternative home-based home industry to increase family income. This community service activity was designed by conducting training on making fruit jelly candy products. The target of the above activities is that the community will get additional skills in making agar-agar candy fruit that can be done easily and small capital so that it can be an alternative family home industry. Keywords: Fruit, jelly candy, home industry

Vulnerability of Renters and Low-Income Households to Storm Damage: Evidence From Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico

American Journal of Public Health ◽

10.2105/ajph.2019.305438 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 110 (2) ◽

pp. 196-202

Author(s):

Chenyi Ma ◽

Tony Smith

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Disaster Preparedness ◽

Housing Tenure ◽

Lower Income ◽

Storm Damage ◽

Income Levels ◽

Household Level ◽

Relative Risks ◽

The Individual ◽

Inspection Data

Objectives. To identify disparities in home damage from Hurricane Maria among Puerto Rican households with different housing tenure and income levels. Methods. Using household inspection data obtained by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), including an ordinal damage severity measure, we used generalized ordered logistic regression to estimate the relative risks of damage severities between renters and homeowners, and between households with different incomes. Results. With respect to the FEMA damage-severity classifications of “minor,” “major,” and “destroyed,” renters were more at risk than homeowners for both “major-or-destroyed” and “destroyed” outcomes. Similarly, lower-income households were at greater risk for both “major-or-destroyed” and “destroyed” outcomes. When we allowed for an interaction between income and housing tenure, the difference in risk of “destroyed” outcomes between renters and homeowners was substantially greater at lower income levels. Conclusions. These results provide evidence at the individual household level that renters and lower-income households are most vulnerable to hurricane damage. Our interaction results suggest that lower-income renters are particularly vulnerable to severe home damage. Public Health Implications. Disaster preparedness policies should raise structural standards for low-income housing to reduce risks of severe damage.

Trends and Disparities in Self-Reported and Measured Osteoporosis among US Adults, 2007–2014

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm8122052 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 2052 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Qing Wu ◽

Yingke Xu ◽

Ge Lin

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Educational Attainment ◽

National Health ◽

Family Income ◽

Education Attainment ◽

The Us ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Nutritional Examination Survey

(1) Background: Studies examining osteoporosis trends among US adults by different socioeconomic status (SES) are limited. The prevalence of self-reported osteoporosis in the US is rarely reported. (2) Methods: Data from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2007–2008 and 2013–2014 cycles were analyzed. Age-adjusted prevalence of self-reported and that of measured osteoporosis were calculated overall and by sex, race/ethnicity, education attainment, and SES. (3) Results: The prevalence of self-reported osteoporosis was higher than that of measured osteoporosis in all three survey cycles for women, and in 2007–2008 and 2009–2010 for men. Participants with high school/GED or higher educational attainment had an increased prevalence of measured osteoporosis during the study period. Among all SES groups, participants with low family income (PIR < 1.3) had the highest prevalence of measured osteoporosis, and the prevalence increased from 49.3 per 1000 population to 71.8 per 1000 population during the study period. (4) Conclusions: The prevalence of self-reported osteoporosis was higher than that of measured osteoporosis in US adults between 2007 and 2014. The age-adjusted prevalence of measured osteoporosis increased in participants with the educational attainment of high school/GED or above, and individuals with low family income.

Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment on Heart Disease among Black Americans

The Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal ◽

10.2174/1874192402014010005 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 5-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Shervin Assari ◽

Sharon Cobb ◽

Mohammed Saqib ◽

Mohsen Bazargan

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Educational Attainment ◽

Race And Ethnicity ◽

Black People ◽

Hispanic Americans ◽

Future Research ◽

Behavioral Risk ◽

Higher Educational Attainment

Background: Socioeconomic Status (SES) indicators, such as educational attainment, are social determinants of heart disease. Marginalization related Diminished Returns (MDRs) refer to smaller health benefits of high SES for racial and ethnic minorities compared to the majority group. It is still unknown, however, if MDRs also apply to the effects of education on heart disease. Purpose: Using a nationally representative sample, we explored racial/ethnic variation in the link between educational attainment and heart disease among American adults. Methods: We analyzed data (n=25,659) from a nationally representative survey of American adults in 2013. The first wave of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health - Adult (PATH-Adult) study was used. The independent variable was education (college graduate, high school graduate, less than a high school diploma). The dependent variable was any heart disease. Age and gender were the covariates. Race, as well as ethnicity, were the moderators. Logistic regressions were used to analyze the data. Results: Individuals with higher educational attainment had lower odds of heart disease. Race and ethnicity showed statistically significant interactions with education, suggesting that the protective effect of higher education on reducing odds of heart disease was smaller for Hispanic and Black people than for non-Hispanic and White individuals. Conclusion: Education reduces the risk of heart disease better among non-Hispanic Whites than for Hispanics and Blacks. Therefore, we may expect a disproportionately higher than expected risk of heart disease in Hispanics and Blacks with high educational attainment. Future research should test if the presence of high levels of environmental and behavioral risk factors contribute to the high risk of heart disease in highly educated Black and Hispanic Americans. Policymakers should not reduce health inequalities to just gaps in SES because disparities are present across SES levels, with high SES Blacks and Hispanics remaining at risk of health problems.

Faith-Health Collaboration in the United States: Results from a Nationally Representative Study

American Journal of Health Promotion ◽

10.4278/061212152r.1 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 256-263 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Kenneth Jacob Steinman ◽

Athe Bambakidis

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Low Income ◽

General Social Survey ◽

The United States ◽

Self Report ◽

Graduate Degree ◽

Religious Congregations ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Representative Study ◽

Nationally Representative

Purpose. Estimate the prevalence of and identify characteristics associated with religious congregations' collaboration with health agencies. Design. Cross-sectional analyses of self-report data from the National Congregations Study, a random sample of religious congregations generated from the 1998 General Social Survey. Setting. United States. Subjects. Key informants from 1236 congregations. Each respondent described a single congregation. Measures. Respondents provided open-ended descriptions of congregational programs. Researchers coded program descriptions by content (e.g., domestic violence) and whether the program involved collaboration with a secular agency. Other congregational characteristics (e.g., denomination) were measured by validated measures and linked census tract data. Results. Overall, 11.1% of congregations participated in faith-health collaboration (FHC). Logistic regression analyses found that FHC was more common among congregations with more members, with a small proportion of congregants under 35 years, and with a senior pastor with a graduate degree. Other effects were conditional; for instance, denominational differences varied depending on urban/suburban/rural location and the proportion of low-income members. Conclusion. This study provides the first national estimates of the prevalence of FHC. Such collaborative efforts may require different approaches in different areas. These results can help practitioners identify congregations that may be more willing to collaborate.

Obesity and Price Sensitivity at the Supermarket

Forum for Health Economics & Policy ◽

10.2202/1558-9544.1191 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Neil Gandal ◽

Anastasia Shabelansky

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Food Products ◽

High Price ◽

Price Sensitivity ◽

Average Height ◽

Data Set ◽

Income Levels ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Individual ◽

Rich Data

In this paper, we employ a rich data set at the individual level in order to examine which factors are most highly correlated with obesity. Our main result is that, even after controlling for income levels and other factors, high price-sensitivity for food products is associated with high obesity rates. We find that a woman of average height who stated that prices were not important at all when purchasing food products had a weight circumference 4.5 centimeters (roughly 1.8 inches) smaller than those who stated that price was very important. We also show that this price effect is not limited to those with low income levels.

The Development of Global Women’s Rights and Improvements in Reproductive Health Intervention Access of Females with Different Socio-Economic Status

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16234783 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (23) ◽

pp. 4783

Author(s):

Bocong Yuan ◽

Jiannan Li ◽

Zhaoguo Wang

Keyword(s):

Reproductive Health ◽

Educational Attainment ◽

Low Income ◽

Women's Rights ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Health Intervention ◽

World Health ◽

Women’S Rights ◽

Income Levels ◽

The World

Female’s access to reproductive health intervention has experienced dramatic change with the development of women’s rights across the world. However, the influence of the development of global women’s rights on reproductive health intervention access differs by place of residence and by the socio-economic characteristics of educational attainment and income levels. As a response to it, this study investigates the influence of the development of global women’s rights on contraceptive intervention access of females from different places of residence (rural/urban areas), with different educational attainment and income levels. Using multi-source data from World Health Organization (WHO), Inter-Parliament Union (IPU), International Labor Organization (ILO), and United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), empirical results show that the development of women’s rights generally improves female’s contraceptive intervention access around the world, and especially benefits females in rural areas, with a lower educational level, and in the medium or low-income stratum. The development of global women’s rights thus contributes to the social equity of healthcare access for females.

Breastfeeding Duration and Adolescent Educational Outcomes: Longitudinal Evidence From India

Food and Nutrition Bulletin ◽

10.1177/0379572117733100 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

pp. 528-541 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Arindam Nandi ◽

Randall Lutter ◽

Ramanan Laxminarayan

Keyword(s):

Educational Attainment ◽

Educational Outcomes ◽

Breastfeeding Duration ◽

Data Sets ◽

Indian Children ◽

Middle Income ◽

Educational Benefits ◽

Higher Educational ◽

Higher Educational Attainment

Objective: There is a significant evidence gap on the long-term educational benefits of longer breastfeeding in low- and middle-income countries. We estimated the association between duration of (any) breastfeeding and educational outcomes of Indian children. Methods: We used regression analysis to examine the association between the length of breastfeeding (in months) and future education outcomes on the basis of 2 data sets: (1) data from a follow-up survey known as the Andhra Pradesh Children and Parents Study (APCAPS, 2003-2005) of 1165 children aged 13 to 18 years from a controlled nutrition trial originally conducted in South India during the period of 1987 to 1990; and (2) nationally representative data from the India Human Development Survey (IHDS-2, 2011-2012) of 6121 children aged 6 to 12 years. Results: In APCAPS, children with >36 months of breastfeeding scored 0.28 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.00-0.56; P < .05) higher on tests than those with up to 12 months of breastfeeding. In the nationally representative IHDS-2 data, above-median breastfeeding duration was associated with 0.1 year (95% CI: 0.04-0.16; P < .01) higher educational attainment. In IHDS-2, >12 to 24 months and >24 months of breastfeeding were associated with 0.12 (95% CI: 0.01-0.23; P < .05) and 0.19 years of (95% CI: 0.05-0.34; P < .05) higher educational attainment, respectively, than for those with up to 6 months of breastfeeding. In additional analyses by sex, we found that the benefits of breastfeeding accrued primarily to boys. Conclusion: Breastfeeding duration was associated with small gains in educational outcomes for boys but not for girls in India.

College completion predicts lower depression but higher metabolic syndrome among disadvantaged minorities in young adulthood

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1714616114 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 115 (1) ◽

pp. 109-114 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Lauren Gaydosh ◽

Kristen M. Schorpp ◽

Edith Chen ◽

Gregory E. Miller ◽

Kathleen Mullan Harris

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Young Adults ◽

Educational Attainment ◽

Physical Health ◽

Young Adulthood ◽

College Completion ◽

Adult Health ◽

Childhood Disadvantage

Individuals with higher educational attainment live healthier and longer lives. However, not everyone benefits equally from higher education. In particular, the black–white gap in life expectancy is greater at higher levels of educational attainment. Furthermore, recent research suggests that disadvantaged African Americans in the rural Southeast who attend college have worse physical health than their similarly disadvantaged peers who do not attend college. The extent to which this pattern generalizes to a nationally representative, mixed-race sample is unknown. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we test whether the health benefits associated with college completion vary by level of childhood disadvantage for depression and metabolic syndrome in young adulthood, across race/ethnicity. We find uniform lower depression associated with college completion regardless of childhood disadvantage, and across non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Hispanic young adults. College completion is associated with lower metabolic syndrome for whites across all levels of childhood disadvantage. In contrast, college completion is associated with higher metabolic syndrome among black and Hispanic young adults from disadvantaged childhood environments. Our findings suggest that, for minorities from disadvantaged backgrounds, finishing college pays substantial dividends for mental health but simultaneously exacts costs with regard to physical health. This pattern contrasts starkly with whites and minorities from more privileged backgrounds, for whom college completion is associated with benefits to both mental and physical health. These results suggest that racial disparities in health may persist in part because the health of upwardly mobile minorities is compromised in young adulthood.

The differences in selected health-related behaviour indicators among women with different educational attainment in Slovenia / Razlike v izbranih kazalnikih vedenj, povezanih z zdravjem, med različno izobraženimi ženskami v Sloveniji

Slovenian Journal of Public Health ◽

10.2478/sjph-2013-0014 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 119-136

Author(s):

Mojca Gabrijelčič Blenkuš ◽

Metka Mencin Čeplak ◽

Maja Bajt ◽

Aleš Korošec ◽

Janet Klara Djomba ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Educational Attainment ◽

Type Region ◽

Region Of Residence ◽

Health Related ◽

Educational Groups ◽

Higher Educational ◽

Health Related Behaviour ◽

Health Monitor

Abstract Background: Numerous studies have found significant gender differences in health-related behaviour, while a lower number analyse these differences within the gender. The aim of the article is to analyse the differences in individual health-related behaviour indicators among women from different educational groups in Slovenia. Methods: The analysis is based on the CINDI Health Monitor (2008) survey for Slovenia. The nationally representative sample was chosen using probability sampling and the analysis included 4,237 women aged 25 to 74. The independent variables are: education, in consideration of age, community type, region of residence, the presence of a partner and children and self-perceived social class. The dependent variables are health-related behaviours: nutrition, physical activity, sleeping, stress and care for own health. By comparing averages in health-related behaviour with education and other factors and by classifying participants into homogenous groups, we were able to show differences in health-related behaviour in women with different educational attainment. Results: Individual health-related behaviour indicators show statistically significant differences between groups of women with different educational attainment; however these are neither very distinct nor unambiguous. Women with a higher educational attainment evaluate the majority of the indicators more favourably than women in other educational groups, but differences can also be found within the group of women with a higher educational attainment. The differences in the health-related behaviour of women with a lower educational attainment are relatively blurred. Conclusion: The relatively small differences in health-related behaviour can be partially explained by existing differences within the group of women with a higher educational attainment and the fact that the group of women with the lowest educational attainment does not have the worst health-related behaviour indicators, which affects the greater equality in health-related behaviour. On the other hand, the well-established universal and targeted family and child care policies, which have been implemented in Slovenia for decades, also affect these results.