scholarly journals Trends and Disparities in Self-Reported and Measured Osteoporosis among US Adults, 2007–2014

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Wu ◽  
Yingke Xu ◽  
Ge Lin
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
National Health ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Education Attainment ◽  
The Us ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Higher Educational Attainment ◽  
Nutritional Examination Survey

(1) Background: Studies examining osteoporosis trends among US adults by different socioeconomic status (SES) are limited. The prevalence of self-reported osteoporosis in the US is rarely reported. (2) Methods: Data from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2007–2008 and 2013–2014 cycles were analyzed. Age-adjusted prevalence of self-reported and that of measured osteoporosis were calculated overall and by sex, race/ethnicity, education attainment, and SES. (3) Results: The prevalence of self-reported osteoporosis was higher than that of measured osteoporosis in all three survey cycles for women, and in 2007–2008 and 2009–2010 for men. Participants with high school/GED or higher educational attainment had an increased prevalence of measured osteoporosis during the study period. Among all SES groups, participants with low family income (PIR < 1.3) had the highest prevalence of measured osteoporosis, and the prevalence increased from 49.3 per 1000 population to 71.8 per 1000 population during the study period. (4) Conclusions: The prevalence of self-reported osteoporosis was higher than that of measured osteoporosis in US adults between 2007 and 2014. The age-adjusted prevalence of measured osteoporosis increased in participants with the educational attainment of high school/GED or above, and individuals with low family income.

scholarly journals The Role of Parent Educational Attainment in Parenting and Children’s Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-192
Author(s):  
Pamela E. Davis-Kean ◽  
Lauren A. Tighe ◽  
Nicholas E. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Academic Success ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Home Environment ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Developmental Outcomes ◽  
Cognitive Stimulation ◽  
Educational Inequalities ◽  
Powerful Predictor

Socioeconomic status (SES)—indexed via parent educational attainment, parent occupation, and family income—is a powerful predictor of children’s developmental outcomes. Variations in these resources predict large academic disparities among children from different socioeconomic backgrounds that persist over the years of schooling, perpetuating educational inequalities across generations. In this article, we provide an overview of a model that has guided our approach to studying these influences, focusing particularly on parent educational attainment. Parents’ educational attainment typically drives their occupations and income and is often used interchangeably with SES in research. We posit that parent educational attainment provides a foundation that supports children’s academic success indirectly through parents’ beliefs about and expectations for their children, as well as through the cognitive stimulation that parents provide in and outside of the home environment. We then expand this model to consider the intergenerational contributions and dynamic transactions within families that are important considerations for informing potential avenues for intervention.

Abstract P160: Is Higher Educational Attainment or Higher Income Protective for Cardiovascular Risk in Deaf American Sign Language (ASL) Users?

Circulation ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael M McKee ◽  
Kimberly C McKee ◽  
Erika Sutter ◽  
Thomas Pearson
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
General Population ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Sign Language ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Annual Household Income ◽  
Low Education ◽  
Higher Educational Attainment

Background: Deaf ASL users appear to be burdened with higher cardiovascular risk due to communication barriers in the health care setting and from lack of accessible health educational and outreach programs. It is well known among the general population that higher educational attainment and income are highly correlated and provide cardiovascular protection. It is unknown if the same effect is seen among Deaf ASL users. Objective We sought to examine whether educational attainment and/or annual household income are inversely associated with cardiovascular risk in a sample of Deaf ASL users. Methods: The Deaf Health Survey (DHS) is an adapted and translated Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) into sign language. A sample of 339 Deaf adults from the Rochester, New York MSA participated in the 2008 DHS and is included in the analysis. We assessed education (≤high school [low education], some college, and 4 year college degree or higher [referent]) and annual household income (<$25,000 versus ≥$25,000 [referent]). We constructed an aggregate (i.e. self-report of any of the four cardiovascular disease (CVD) equivalents: diabetes, myocardial infarction (MI), cerebral vascular attack (CVA), and angina) and conducted χ² tests of association for education and income. After excluding for any missing data on key variables, we conducted multi-logistic regression adjusting for : age, sex, race/ethnicity, and smoking. Results: In the study sample, 17.6% had ≤ high school education while 36.1% earned <$25,000; income and education were poorly correlated (r= 0.355). Among this sample (mean age= 46.4, range= 18-88), the prevalence of outcomes was: diabetes (9.4%), MI (5.0%), CVA (0.9%), and angina (4.5%). Unadjusted, low education was significantly associated with reporting an aggregate outcome (χ² =15.6; p=0.0004) whereas income was not (χ² =0.79; p=0.37). Low education continued to be significantly associated with increased likelihood of reporting an aggregate outcome (OR 5.057; 95% CI 1.73-14.82) whereas income was not significantly associated with reporting an aggregate outcome (OR 0.91; 95% CI: 0.39-2.12) even after adjustment. Conclusion: This is the first known study documenting that low educational attainment is associated with higher likelihood of reported cardiovascular disease among Deaf individuals. Higher income did not appear to provide a cardiovascular protective effect, unlike in the general population. This may be partially explained by the poor correlation between educational attainment and income in the study sample. Effective and accessible health communication and education with Deaf individuals with lower educational attainment could be addressed by the use of language-concordant providers and interpreters and following principles of clear communication (e.g. teach-back) to address ongoing cardiovascular health disparities.

Racial Disparities in the Education System

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martell Teasley ◽  
Bonita Homer
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
School Readiness ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Education System ◽  
Family Income ◽  
High School Graduation ◽  
The United States ◽  
School Graduation ◽  
K 12

Despite years of education reform, the United States continues to have disparities in academic outcomes among racial and ethnic groups in primary, secondary, and post-secondary education. High school graduation rates have increased for racial and ethnic minorities, but gross disparities in high school graduation and college attendance still exist. In this article, the authors first examine the literature on racial and ethnic group disparities in education within public K–12 education, followed by a brief review of recent research literature on racial and ethnic disparities within higher education. In each section, there is some examination of race, ethnicity, and critical factors that lead to disparities within the education system. Information on socioeconomic status, school readiness, special education, school discipline, culture, and teacher bias are discussed. The authors conclude that while family income and socioeconomic status help to explain disparities in education outcomes among racial and ethnic groups, cultural factors are a salient part of the conversation.

In-School, Out-of-School, and Weekend Physical Activity Levels Vary Across Sociodemographic Subgroups of US Adolescents

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 418-425
Author(s):  
Ashleigh M. Johnson ◽  
Kelley Pettee Gabriel ◽  
Nalini Ranjit ◽  
Harold W. Kohl ◽  
Andrew E. Springer
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
High School ◽  
Middle School ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Potential Interaction ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Sociodemographic Disparities ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Out Of School

Background: In response to conflicting findings for activity levels across sociodemographic groups, this study examined differences in adolescents’ in-school, out-of-school, and weekend physical activity (PA) by sociodemographic subgroups using representative US data. Methods: Data were obtained from the Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health, and Eating study. Multiple regression models compared in-school, out-of-school, and weekend PA by gender and race/ethnicity, and examined potential modification of associations by grade (middle vs high school) and socioeconomic status (lower vs higher). Results: Final analytic sample was 1413 adolescents (Mean age = 14.5 y, 51.3% female, 64.5% white). Compared with whites, in-school PA was significantly higher among blacks and those classified as other race/ethnicity for middle school (69.8 and 71.0, respectively, vs 66.4 min/d), and among Hispanics for high school (52.7 vs 48.4 min/d). Hispanics’ (vs whites’) out-of-school PA was significantly lower for middle school (63.7 vs 66.6 min/d), but higher for high school (54.0 vs 51.8 min/d). In-school PA was significantly higher among adolescents of lower (vs higher) socioeconomic status among males and Hispanics (all Ps < .05). Conclusions: The relation of race/ethnicity with PA varies by grade and time of day/week. Socioeconomic status findings contradict previously reported findings. Efforts to increase PA based on sociodemographic disparities should consider potential interaction effects.

scholarly journals Family Socioeconomic Status and Exposure to Childhood Trauma: Racial Differences

Children ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Parental Educational Attainment

Background: Minorities’ diminished returns (MDRs) refer to weaker effects of socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as parental educational attainment and family income in generating tangible childhood outcomes for racial and ethnic minorities compared to the majority group, a pattern prevalent in the US. Our existing knowledge is minimal, however, about diminished returns of family SES on reducing exposure to childhood trauma. Aim: To determine if there was a difference between non-Hispanic whites (NHW) and non-Hispanic blacks (NHB) in the effect of SES on exposure to childhood trauma among children ages 8–11 years old. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed data from 4696 NHW or NHB American 8–11-year-old children who were participants in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. The independent variables were parental educational attainment and family income. The primary outcome was exposure to 1 or 2+ childhood traumas, measured by the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS) semi-structured interview. Polynomial regression was used for data analysis. Results: Parental education and family income had statistically significant protective (negative) effects on childhood trauma, indicating children from high income and highly educated families were exposed to a lower level of childhood trauma. However, race/ethnicity showed statistically significant interactions with parental education and family income on exposure to childhood trauma, indicating weaker protective effects of parental education and family income on reducing exposure to trauma for NHB compared to NHW children. Race-specific models showed protective effects of parental education and family income on exposure to childhood trauma for NHW but not NHB children. Conclusion: The protective effects of parental education and family income against exposure to childhood trauma are systematically diminished for NHBs compared to NHWs. To minimize the racial/ethnic health gaps, diminished returns of parental education and family income should be addressed. There is a need for programs and interventions that equalize not only SES but also the marginal returns of SES for ethnic groups. Such efforts require addressing structural and societal barriers that hinder NHB families from translating their SES resources into tangible outcomes. There is a need for studies that can minimize MDRs for NHB families, such that SES can similarly secure tangible outcomes in the presence of SES resources.

scholarly journals Association between demographics, socioeconomic status and metabolic syndrome in American adults: a cross-sectional study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Liu ◽  
Liyan Jiang ◽  
Mengru Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Race Ethnicity

Abstract Background Evidence regarding the association between demographics, socioeconomic status and metabolic syndrome is limited. We aim to investigate whether demographics and socioeconomic status are correlated with metabolic syndrome using data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey through 2013/2014 to 2015/2016.Methods A total of 4313 selected participants were included in this cross-sectional study. The independent variables were demographics (age, gender,and race/ethnicity) and socioeconomic status (the ratio of family income to poverty). The dependent variable was metabolic syndrome. The covariates included data release cycle, education level, marital status, dietary data, health insurance, average alcoholic drinks, current smoking, sedentary activity hours, physical activity minutes, and body mass index. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between demographics, socioeconomic status and metabolic syndrome.Results In fully-adjusted models, we found that age was positively associated with metabolic syndrome (OR:1.05, 95%CI:1.04-1.05); compared with the male group, female was positively associated with metabolic syndrome in participants with body mass index under 25 kg/m 2 (OR:1.84, 95%CI:1.07-3.18) whereas it was negatively associated with metabolic syndrome in those with body mass index equal to or greater than 30 kg/m 2 (OR:0.62, 95%CI:0.48-0.81); compared with Mexican American, non-Hispanic Asian and other race/ethnicity were positively associated with metabolic syndrome in participants with body mass index under 25 kg/m 2 (OR: 7.30, 95%CI: 1.50-35.62 and OR: 6.09, 95%CI: 1.25-29.74, respectively) while non-Hispanic Black was negatively associated with metabolic syndrome in participants with body mass index equal to or greater than 25 kg/m 2 and less than 30 kg/m 2 (OR:0.58, 95%CI:0.36-0.92); there was no significant association between the ratio of family income to poverty and metabolic syndrome.Conclusions Among the population of nationally representative non-pregnant American adults, there is a correlation between demographics and metabolic syndrome whereas no correlation between socioeconomic status and metabolic syndrome after multivariates adjustment. Healthcare interventions targeting those with metabolic syndrome including older individuals, obese males, along with females, non-Hispanic Asian and other race/ethnicity with BMI under 25 kg/m 2 are required to address these disparities.

scholarly journals A Silver Lining: The Role of Optimism in Overcoming Poverty in Early Life

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Brimmer
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Family Income ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Financial Success ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Higher Educational Attainment ◽  
Cumulative Inequality ◽  
The Individual

Who is able to overcome adversity and experience upward mobility? Using cumulative inequality theory, which posits that the disadvantage or advantage associated with one’s social location impacts life trajectory and perceptions of such, I propose that level of optimistic outlook in individuals from low-income backgrounds increases their chances of financial success in adulthood. Analyzing data from the 2016 General Social Survey, a nationally representative survey administered to randomly sampled adults in the U.S., I examine a subset of 1,269 individuals from backgrounds of far below average or below average family income levels. In doing so, I determine how optimistic attitudes, regarding matters such as personal agency and success, influence whether the individual may obtain a higher degree of financial success in adulthood compared to those of their families. Findings indicate that higher levels of optimism are associated with greater family income levels, with level of education and marital status as the biggest predictors of adult financial standing. With higher educational attainment, optimistic outlook increases, perhaps due to an increase in career opportunities and pathways to success. These findings show how influential education may be on intergenerational income mobility, however, they also provide insight on how disadvantage, including being a person of color; being divorced, separated or a single-parent; as well as how many children one has, may create limitations on educational attainment and effects on outlook. Such findings call attention to the need for greater financial and educational assistance programs, due to their impact on outlook and subsequent life course.

scholarly journals Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment on Heart Disease among Black Americans

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari ◽  
Sharon Cobb ◽  
Mohammed Saqib ◽  
Mohsen Bazargan
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Black People ◽  
Hispanic Americans ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Higher Educational Attainment

Background: Socioeconomic Status (SES) indicators, such as educational attainment, are social determinants of heart disease. Marginalization related Diminished Returns (MDRs) refer to smaller health benefits of high SES for racial and ethnic minorities compared to the majority group. It is still unknown, however, if MDRs also apply to the effects of education on heart disease. Purpose: Using a nationally representative sample, we explored racial/ethnic variation in the link between educational attainment and heart disease among American adults. Methods: We analyzed data (n=25,659) from a nationally representative survey of American adults in 2013. The first wave of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health - Adult (PATH-Adult) study was used. The independent variable was education (college graduate, high school graduate, less than a high school diploma). The dependent variable was any heart disease. Age and gender were the covariates. Race, as well as ethnicity, were the moderators. Logistic regressions were used to analyze the data. Results: Individuals with higher educational attainment had lower odds of heart disease. Race and ethnicity showed statistically significant interactions with education, suggesting that the protective effect of higher education on reducing odds of heart disease was smaller for Hispanic and Black people than for non-Hispanic and White individuals. Conclusion: Education reduces the risk of heart disease better among non-Hispanic Whites than for Hispanics and Blacks. Therefore, we may expect a disproportionately higher than expected risk of heart disease in Hispanics and Blacks with high educational attainment. Future research should test if the presence of high levels of environmental and behavioral risk factors contribute to the high risk of heart disease in highly educated Black and Hispanic Americans. Policymakers should not reduce health inequalities to just gaps in SES because disparities are present across SES levels, with high SES Blacks and Hispanics remaining at risk of health problems.

scholarly journals Educational Attainment, Race, and Ethnicity as Predictors for Ideal Cardiovascular Health: From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber E. Johnson ◽  
Brandon M. Herbert ◽  
Natalie Stokes ◽  
Maria M. Brooks ◽  
Belinda L. Needham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
National Health ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Nutrition Examination Survey ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Life’S Simple 7 ◽  
Life's Simple 7

Background Educational attainment is protective for cardiovascular health (CVH), but the benefits of education may not persist across racial and ethnic groups. Our objective was to determine whether the association between educational attainment and ideal CVH differs by race and ethnicity in a nationally representative sample. Methods and Results Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we determined the distribution of ideal CVH, measured by Life’s Simple 7, across levels of educational attainment. We used multivariable ordinal logistic regression to assess the association between educational attainment (less than high school, high school graduate, some college, college graduate) and Life’s Simple 7 category (ideal, intermediate, poor), by race and ethnicity (Asian, Black, Hispanic, White). Covariates were age, sex, history of cardiovascular disease, health insurance, access to health care, and income–poverty ratio. Of 7771 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants with complete data, as level of educational attainment increased, the criteria for ideal health were more often met for most metrics. After adjustment for covariates, effect of education was attenuated but remained significant ( P <0.01). Those with at least a college degree had 4.12 times the odds of having an ideal Life’s Simple 7 compared with less than high school (95% CI, 2.70–5.08). Among all racial and ethnic groups, as level of educational attainment increased, so did Life’s Simple 7. The magnitude of the association between education and CVH varied by race and ethnicity (interaction P <0.01). Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that educational attainment has distinct associations with ideal CVH that differs by race and ethnicity. This work demonstrates the need to elucidate barriers preventing individuals from racial and ethnic minority groups from achieving equitable CVH.

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