Racial Inequality in the Prevalence, Degree, Extension, and Permeation of Incarceration in Family Life

The prevalence, consequences, and unequal racial distribution of the experience of parental and own imprisonment have been well documented in scholarship on mass incarceration in the United States. However, much of our knowledge of the reach of mass incarceration into family life is focused on incarceration of a parent, romantic partner, or child, to the exclusion of other important relationships. Using data from a nationally representative survey of U.S. adults (N=2,029), this study introduces a set of new descriptive measures of family incarceration to provide a comprehensive picture of the demography of family incarceration and its unequal distribution across racial/ethnic groups: degree, generational extension, and permeation. The analysis shows that Black adults in the U.S. are not only more likely to have ever experienced family incarceration but are also likely to have had more family members incarcerated and to have had family members from more generations ever incarcerated than those of other racial and ethnic groups.

Death of family members as an overlooked source of racial disadvantage in the United States

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1605599114 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 114 (5) ◽

pp. 915-920 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Debra Umberson ◽

Julie Skalamera Olson ◽

Robert Crosnoe ◽

Hui Liu ◽

Tetyana Pudrovska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Family Member ◽

Racial Differences ◽

Racial Inequality ◽

Family Members ◽

Black Americans ◽

Later Life ◽

The United States ◽

White Americans ◽

Nationally Representative

Long-standing racial differences in US life expectancy suggest that black Americans would be exposed to significantly more family member deaths than white Americans from childhood through adulthood, which, given the health risks posed by grief and bereavement, would add to the disadvantages that they face. We analyze nationally representative US data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (n= 7,617) and the Health and Retirement Study (n= 34,757) to estimate racial differences in exposure to the death of family members at different ages, beginning in childhood. Results indicate that blacks are significantly more likely than whites to have experienced the death of a mother, a father, and a sibling from childhood through midlife. From young adulthood through later life, blacks are also more likely than whites to have experienced the death of a child and of a spouse. These results reveal an underappreciated layer of racial inequality in the United States, one that could contribute to the intergenerational transmission of health disadvantage. By calling attention to this heightened vulnerability of black Americans, our findings underscore the need to address the potential impact of more frequent and earlier exposure to family member deaths in the process of cumulative disadvantage.

Is Music Teacher Professional Development Becoming More Effective? Evaluating Practice and Policy in the United States, 1993–2012

Journal of Research in Music Education ◽

10.1177/0022429420982525 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 002242942098252

Author(s):

Justin J. West

Keyword(s):

Professional Development ◽

United States ◽

Social Interaction ◽

Teacher Professional Development ◽

The United States ◽

Music Teacher ◽

Policy Practice ◽

Teacher Professional ◽

The purpose of this study was to evaluate music teacher professional development (PD) practice and policy in the United States between 1993 and 2012. Using data from the nationally representative Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS) spanning these 20 years, I examined music teacher PD participation by topic, intensity, relevance, and format; music teachers’ top PD priorities; and the reach of certain PD-supportive policies. I assessed these descriptive results against a set of broadly agreed-on criteria for “effective” PD: content specificity, relevance, voluntariness/autonomy, social interaction, and sustained duration. Findings revealed a mixed record. Commendable improvements in content-specific PD access were undercut by deficiencies in social interaction, voluntariness/autonomy, sustained duration, and relevance. School policy, as reported by teachers, was grossly inadequate, with only one of the nine PD-supportive measures appearing on SASS reaching a majority of teachers in any given survey year. Implications for policy, practice, and scholarship are presented.

Social class versus cultural identity as factors in the residential segregation of ethnic groups in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver for 2001

Canadian Studies in Population ◽

10.25336/p6930t ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 203 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

T. R. Balakrishnan ◽

Paul Maxim ◽

Rozzet Jurdi

Keyword(s):

Social Class ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Residential Segregation ◽

Minority Groups ◽

South Asians ◽

The United States ◽

Visible Minority ◽

Cultural Preferences ◽

Visible Minorities ◽

This article examines the relevance of the spatial assimilation model in understanding residential segregation of ethnic groups in the three largest gateway cities of Canada. Using data from the census of 2001 it finds that while the model may have worked for the European groups they are less applicable to the visible minorities such as the Chinese, South Asians and Blacks. Residential segregation reduces with generation for the European groups but not for the visible minorities. Canadian patterns seem to be different from that seen in the United States. Many visible minority groups maintain their concentration levels even in the suburbs. The findings seem to indicate that cultural preferences may be just as important as social class in the residential choices of visible minority groups.

Differential reporting of discriminatory experiences in Brazil and the United States

Cadernos de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/0102-311x00110516 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 33 (suppl 1) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Sarah Burgard ◽

Debora de Pina Castiglione ◽

Katherine Y. Lin ◽

Aline A. Nobre ◽

Estela M. L. Aquino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Black Men ◽

White Women ◽

White Men ◽

The United States ◽

Group Differences ◽

National Comparison ◽

Using Data ◽

Gender Groups ◽

College Educated

Abstract: There has been little cross-national comparison of perceived discrimination, and few studies have considered how intersectional identities shape perception of discriminatory treatment in different societies. Using data from the ELSA-Brasil, a study of Brazilian civil servants, and the Americans’ Changing Lives Study, a nationally-representative sample of U.S. adults, we compare reports of lifetime discrimination among race-by-gender groups in each society. We also consider whether educational attainment explains any group differences, or if differences across groups vary by level of education. Results reveal higher lifetime discrimination experiences among Black respondents in both countries, especially Black men, than among Whites, and lower reports among White women than White men. Brown men and women also reported higher levels than White men in Brazil. For all race-by-gender groups in both countries, except Brazilian White men, reports of discrimination were higher among the more educated, though adjusting for educational differences across groups did not explain group differences. In Brazil, we found the greatest racial disparities among the college educated, while U.S. Black men were more likely to report discrimination than White men at all levels of education. Results reveal broad similarities across countries, despite important differences in their histories, and an intersectional approach contributed to identification of these similarities and some differences in discrimination experiences. These findings have implications for social and public health surveillance and intervention to address the harmful consequences of discrimination.

Inequalities in Hypertension and Diabetes in Canada: Intersections between Racial Identity, Gender, and Income

Ethnicity & Disease ◽

10.18865/ed.27.4.371 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 371 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Thierry Gagné ◽

Gerry Veenstra

Keyword(s):

Racial Identity ◽

Black Women ◽

Black Men ◽

White Women ◽

White Men ◽

Canadian Community Health Survey ◽

The United States ◽

Unequal Distribution ◽

Community Health Survey ◽

A growing body of research from the United States informed by intersectionality theory indicates that racial identity, gender, and income are often entwined with one another as determinants of health in unexpectedly complex ways. Research of this kind from Canada is scarce, however. Using data pooled from ten cycles (2001- 2013) of the Canadian Community Health Survey, we regressed hypertension (HT) and diabetes (DM) on income in subsamples of Black women (n = 3,506), White women (n = 336,341), Black men (n = 2,806) and White men (n = 271,260). An increase of one decile in income was associated with lower odds of hypertension and diabetes among White men (ORHT = .98, 95% CI (.97, .99); ORDM = .93, 95% CI (.92, .94)) and White women (ORHT = .95, 95% CI (.95, .96); ORDM = .90, 95% CI (.89, .91)). In contrast, an increase of one decile in income was not associated with either health outcome among Black men (ORHT = .99, 95% CI (.92, 1.06); ORDM = .99, 95% CI (.91, 1.08)) and strongly associated with both outcomes among Black women (ORHT = .86, 95% CI (.80, .92); ORDM = .83, 95% CI (.75, .92)). Our findings highlight the complexity of the unequal distribution of hypertension and diabetes, which includes inordinately high risks of both outcomes for poor Black women and an absence of associations between income and both outcomes for Black men in Canada. These results suggest that an intersectionality framework can contribute to uncovering health inequalities in Canada.Ethn Dis.2017;27(4):371-378; doi:10.18865/ ed.27.4.371.

Rather than inducing psychological reactance, requiring vaccination strengthens intentions to vaccinate in US populations

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-00256-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Dolores Albarracin ◽

Haesung Jung ◽

Wen Song ◽

Andy Tan ◽

Jessica Fishman

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Representative Sample ◽

Free Choice ◽

The United States ◽

Psychological Reactance ◽

Vaccine Uptake ◽

Vaccine Mandates ◽

Nationally Representative

AbstractIn a survey and three experiments (one preregistered with a nationally representative sample), we examined if vaccination requirements are likely to backfire, as commonly feared. We investigated if relative to encouraging free choice in vaccination, requiring a vaccine weakens or strengthens vaccination intentions, both in general and among individuals with a predisposition to experience psychological reactance. In the four studies, compared to free choice, requirements strengthened vaccination intentions across racial and ethnic groups, across studies, and across levels of trait psychological reactance. The results consistently suggest that fears of a backlash against vaccine mandates may be unfounded and that requirements will promote COVID-19 vaccine uptake in the United States.

Disordered Gambling Among Racial and Ethnic Groups in the US: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions

CNS Spectrums ◽

10.1017/s1092852900020113 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 132-143 ◽

Cited By ~ 80

Author(s):

Analucía A. Alegría ◽

Nancy M. Petry ◽

Deborah S. Hasin ◽

Shang-Min Liu ◽

Bridget F. Grant ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pathological Gambling ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Time Course ◽

Minority Groups ◽

The United States ◽

Targeted Prevention ◽

Disordered Gambling ◽

Prevalence Rates ◽

Epidemiologic Survey ◽

Nationally Representative

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Prior research suggests that racial minority groups in the United States are more vulnerable to develop a gambling disorder than whites. However, no national survey on gambling disorders exists that has focused on ethnic differences.Methods: Analyses of this study were based on the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, a large (N=43,093) nationally representative survey of the adult (≥18 years of age) population residing in house-holds during 2001–2002 period. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition-Text Revision diagnoses of pathological gambling, mood, anxiety, drug use, and personality disorders were based on the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-DSM-IVVersion.Results: Prevalence rates of disordered gambling among blacks (2.2%) and Native/Asian Americans (2.3%) were higher than that of whites (1.2%). Demographic characteristics and psychiatric comorbidity differed among Hispanic, black, and white disordered gamblers. However, all racial and ethnic groups evidenced similarities with respect to symptom patterns, time course, and treatment seeking for pathological gambling.Conclusion: The prevalence of disordered gambling, but not its onset or course of symptoms, varies by racial and ethnic group. These varying prevalence rates may reflect, at least in part, cultural differences in gambling and its acceptability and accessibility. These data may inform the need for targeted prevention strategies for high-risk racial and ethnic groups.

Social and Solitary Exercise among the Unemployed and Out of the Labor Force in the United States: Estimates by Gender and Partnership Status

10.31235/osf.io/g93cm ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Margaret Gough

Keyword(s):

Labor Force ◽

Social Ties ◽

Health Behavior Change ◽

The United States ◽

Ordinary Least Squares ◽

Physical And Mental Health ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Partnership Status ◽

BACKGROUNDThe negative health effects of unemployment are significant, and the potential for increased morbidity and mortality is a major public health challenge. Negative effects may be partially attributable to health behavior change and loss of social ties. Exercise has positive physical and mental health benefits and could help buffer such negative effects. This study examines whether time in social and solitary exercise varies by unemployment and out of the labor force (OOLF) status because exercise, especially social exercise, provides health benefits.METHODSGender-stratified ordinary least squares models are estimated using data from the nationally representative 2003-2016 American Time Use Surveys to test how own and partner employment status are associated with total time in exercise, exercise alone, with children, with a partner, and with others.RESULTSUnemployed and OOLF men spend more time in exercise alone and with others compared to employed men. Unemployed women spend more time in exercise with others, and OOLF women in all types of social exercise, compared to employed women.CONCLUSIONSUnemployed and OOLF individuals engage in more social exercise, which could be leveraged to help buffer loss of social ties and improve health. Exercise-related interventions may help reduce negative health consequences of unemployment.

Factors Related to Health Civic Engagement: Results from the 2018 National Survey of Health Attitudes to Understand Progress towards a Culture of Health

10.21203/rs.2.16878/v4 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Tamara Dubowitz ◽

Christopher Nelson ◽

Sarah Weilant ◽

Jennifer C. Sloan ◽

Andy Bogart ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Civic Engagement ◽

Community Health ◽

National Survey ◽

Sense Of Community ◽

Well Being ◽

The United States ◽

Health Attitudes ◽

Using Data ◽

Health And Well Being

Abstract Background: Civic engagement, including voting, volunteering, and participating in civic organizations, is associated with better psychological, physical and behavioral health and well-being. In addition, civic engagement is increasingly viewed (e.g., in Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s Culture of Health action framework) as a potentially important driver for raising awareness of and addressing unhealthy conditions in communities. As such, it is important to understand the factors that may promote civic engagement, with a particular focus on the less-understood, health civic engagement, or civic engagement in health-related and health-specific activities. Using data from a nationally representative sample of adults in the United States (U.S.), we examined whether the extent to which individuals feel they belong in their community (i.e., perceived sense of community) and the value they placed on investing in community health were associated with individuals’ health civic engagement.Methods: Using data collected on 7187 nationally representative respondents from the 2018 National Survey of Health Attitudes, we examined associations between sense of community, valued investment in community health, and perceived barriers to taking action to invest in community health, with health civic engagement. We constructed continuous scales for each of these constructs and employed multiple linear regressions adjusting for multiple covariates including U.S. region and city size of residence, educational attainment, family income, race/ethnicity, household size, employment status, and years living in the community.Results: Participants who endorsed (i.e., responded with mostly or completely) all 16 sense of community scale items endorsed an average of 22.8% (95%CI: 19.8 - 25.7%) more of the health civic engagement scale items compared with respondents who did not endorse any of the sense of community items. Those who endorsed (responded that it was an important or top priority) all items capturing valued investment in community health endorsed 14.0% (95%CI: 11.2 – 16.8%) more of the health civic engagement items than those who did not endorse any valued investment in community health items.Conclusions: Health civic engagement, including voting and volunteering to ultimately guide government decisions about health issues, may help improve conditions that influence health and well-being for all. Focusing on individuals’ sense of community and highlighting investments in community health may concurrently be associated with increased health civic engagement and improved community and population health.

Contesta Pronto

Migrant Longing ◽

10.5149/northcarolina/9781469641034.003.0004 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 99-129

Author(s):

Miroslava Chávez-García

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Family Life ◽

Power Relations ◽

Social Roles ◽

Family Members ◽

The United States ◽

The Real ◽

The U.S ◽

At Home

Chapter 3 focuses on gender and family life in Mexico, centering on the shifting power relations in the patriarchal household. Using dozens of letters written by José Chávez Torres to his son Paco Chávez, the author’s grandfather and uncle, respectively, the latter of which was living and working in the U.S.-Mexico borderlands, the chapter examines the personal, emotional, and economic toll of migration on family members who stayed at home. It demonstrates the profound ways in which the migration of family members and loved ones affected their social roles and identities, that is, the real and perceived understanding of who they were in relation to their changing circumstances in their family and community in Mexico and the United States.