scholarly journals Divorced and Unemployed: the Declining Association between Two Critical Lifecourse States in the UK, 1984-2017

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis Robert Anderson ◽  
Christiaan Willem Simon Monden ◽  
Erzsebet Bukodi
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Educational Inequality ◽  
Marital Dissolution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Domains Of Life ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Uk

Individuals exposed to both job loss and marital dissolution are likely to be highly disadvantaged, having experienced stresses and losses in the two primary domains of life. Moreover, recent literature finds that exposure to one event tends to increase risk of the other. However, next to nothing is known about the size or composition – or changes therein – of the divorced/separated and unemployed (DSU) subpopulation. Using large, nationally representative, repeated cross-sectional datasets extending back to 1984, we aim to fill this gap for the UK. We give a descriptive account of the prevalence and social distribution of DSU, and of the cross-sectional association between its two component states: among which groups, by education and gender, does being either divorced/separated or unemployed most strongly imply a heightened risk of also being the other, and how has this changed over time? We find stable and strong educational inequality in DSU, while the gender gap has narrowed and recently closed. The association between the two states is stronger among men; has weakened strikingly over the time period we consider, for both men and, especially, women; and is educationally stratified among men but not women. Contrary to expectations, higher-educated men in one of the two states are most likely to also be in the other. Possible explanations and further questions are discussed. In particular, we highlight the possibility that over this time period the divorced/separated have become more like the general population, rather than a negatively selected subgroup among whom unemployment is a particular risk.

scholarly journals The Association Between Recent Family Death and Self-Perceptions of Aging Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 450-450
Author(s):  
Shu Xu
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Child Death ◽  
Parental Death ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Perceptions Of Aging ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Family Loss

Abstract The loss of a family member may have a significant influence on one’s aging experience in life. Self-perceptions of aging, which are an individual’s beliefs or evaluation of their experiences of aging, have been described as an important factor for one’s health and daily life. However, there is little research on the association between family death and self-perceptions of aging. This study examines the relationships between recent family death, self-perceptions of aging, and gender of the bereaved among middle-aged and older adults. Using nationally representative data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), we conducted cross-sectional analysis on adults age 50 years and older (n=1,839). Self-perceptions of aging were accessed by 8 items derived from the Attitudes Toward Own Aging subscale of the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale and the Berlin Aging Study, and we considered recent family death (i.e., parental death, spousal death, sibling death and child death), as well as gender of the bereaved. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that respondents who experienced recent family death report less positive self-perceptions of aging compared to those who did not experience recent family death (t = 12.40, p < .01). Recent parental death was more negatively related with self-perceptions of aging for bereaved women than for bereaved men (χ2 = 4.28, p < .05). Findings suggest that middle-aged and older adults experiencing recent family loss have less positive self-perceptions of aging, and gender of the bereaved plays an important role in the relationship between parental death and self-perceptions of aging.

scholarly journals Factors associated with nonessential workplace attendance during the Covid-19 pandemic in the UK in early 2021: evidence from cross-sectional surveys

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Michie ◽  
Henry WW Potts ◽  
Robert West ◽  
Richard Amlot ◽  
Louise E Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Hardship ◽  
Dependent Child ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Psychological Variables ◽  
Sociodemographic Variables ◽  
Key Sectors ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Living Circumstances ◽  
Representative Samples

Background and aims: Working from home where possible is important in reducing spread of Covid-19. In early 2021, a quarter of people in England who believed they could work entirely from home reported attending their workplace. To inform interventions to reduce this, this study examined associated factors. Methods: Data from the ongoing CORSAIR survey series of nationally representative samples of people in the UK aged 16+ years in January-February 2021 were used. The study sample was 1422 respondents who reported that they could work completely from home. The outcome measure was self-reported workplace attendance at least once during the preceding week. Factors of interest were analysed in three blocks: 1) sociodemographic variables, 2) variables relating to circumstances of respondents, and 3) psychological variables. Results: 26.8% (95%CI=24.5%-29.1%) of respondents reported having attended their workplace at least once in the preceding week. Sociodemographic variables and living circumstances significantly independently predicted non-essential workplace attendance: male gender (OR=1.85,95%CI=1.33-2.58), dependent children in the household (OR=1.65,95%CI=1.17-2.32), financial hardship (OR=1.14,95%CI=1.08-1.21), socio-economic grade C2DE (OR=1.74, 95%CI=1.19-2.53), working in sectors such as health or social care (OR=4.18, 95%CI=2.56-6.81), education and childcare (OR=2.45, 95%CI=1.45-4.14) and key public service (OR=3.78, 95%CI=1.83-7.81), and having been vaccinated (OR=2.08,95%CI=1.33-3.24). Conclusions: Non-essential workplace attendance in the UK in early 2021 during the Covid-19 pandemic was significantly independently associated with a range of sociodemographic variables and personal circumstances. Having been vaccinated, financial hardship, socio-economic grade C2DE, having a dependent child at home, working in certain key sectors were associated with higher likelihood of workplace attendance.

scholarly journals Trends in older adults’ alcohol use in Norway 1985–2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 444-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elin K Bye ◽  
Inger Synnøve Moan
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Elderly Women ◽  
Heavy Episodic Drinking ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Norwegian Population ◽  
Drinking Status ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Drinking Frequency

Aims: To examine the prevalence of and trends in older adults’ (60–79 years) alcohol use in Norway between 1985 and 2019. Methods: Data stem from two repeated cross-sectional surveys in the Norwegian population: Statistics Norway’s Health and Living Conditions Surveys from 1985 ( N = 7799), 1995 ( N = 3518) and 2005 ( N = 6487), and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health’s (NIPH) annual surveys on alcohol, tobacco and drug use from 2012/2013 ( N = 4047), 2014/2015 ( N = 4378), 2016/2017 ( N = 4264) and 2018/2019 ( N = 4330). The following measures were used to examine trends in alcohol use among women and men aged 60 and older: drinking status, drinking frequency, number of drinks per occasion, and frequency of heavy episodic drinking (HED). Results: Between 1985 and 2019, there has been a substantial increase in the proportions of older adults in Norway who drink alcohol and who drink relatively often. The increase was particularly marked between 1985 and 2012/2013, and for elderly women. However, the majority of older adults drink small amounts of alcohol on typical drinking occasions, illustrating that the increased frequency of drinking is not accompanied by a corresponding increase in risky drinking. Conclusions: There has been a marked increase in alcohol use among older adults the past 30 years, particularly among older women, suggesting that the age and gender gap traditionally found in alcohol use in Norway is diminishing. Due to the lower alcohol tolerance among elderly, monitoring the changing trends in alcohol use in this group, as well as the possible consequences of these changes, is important.

scholarly journals Relationship between Body Mass Index and Gender with Asthma

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Dewi Puji Ayuningrum ◽  
Risna Nur Fajariyah ◽  
Randy Novirsa ◽  
Erni Astutik
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
And Gender

Background: Asthma is ranked 16th among the leading causes of years lived with disability (YLD) and ranks 28th among the causes of global burden of disease (GBD). Various potential factors can cause asthma, which include body mass index (BMI) and gender. Purpose: This research aimed to determine the relationship between BMI and gender in people living with asthma in Indonesia. Methods: This research employed secondary data obtained from the Indonesian family life support (IFLS) 5th edition. This research used an observational analysis technique with a cross-sectional approach. The number of respondents in this research were 30,713. In this study, the BMI category was based on WHO’s classification for Asians. Data was analyzed using logistic regression tests and chi square. Statistical significance was set at a value of p<0.05. Results: As many as 17,175 respondents had a normal BMI range (56.92%), out of which the majority were women—16,001 respondents (52.10%). After controlling the other variables, statistical test results with logistic regression indicated that male respondents had 1.23 times the odds of experiencing asthma compared to females (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=1.23; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.04–1.44; p=0.02). Again, after controlling the other variables, underweight respondents had 1.31 times the odds of experiencing asthma compared to respondents who had a normal BMI (AOR=1.31; 95%CI=1.07–1.59; p=0.01). Conclusion: A relationship between gender and the category of people who were underweight after determining their BMI could be established. Health counseling can be provided to help improve the respiratory conditions of these individuals.

scholarly journals Household level health and socio-economic vulnerabilities and the COVID-19 crisis: An analysis from the UK

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Mikolai ◽  
Katherine Keenan ◽  
Hill Kulu
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Representative Study ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Uk

Objectives. To investigate how COVID-19-related health and socio-economic vulnerabilities occur at the household level, and how they are distributed across household types and geographical areas in the United Kingdom. Design. Cross-sectional, nationally representative study. Setting. The United Kingdom. Participants. ~19,500 households. Main outcome measures. Using multiple household-level indicators and principal components analysis, we derive summary measures representing different dimensions of household vulnerabilities critical during the COVID-19 epidemic: health, employment, housing, financial and digital. Results. Our analysis highlights three key findings. First, although COVID-19 health risks are concentrated in retirement-age households, a substantial proportion of working age households also face these risks. Second, different types of households exhibit different vulnerabilities, with working-age households more likely to face financial, housing and employment precarities, and retirement-age households health and digital vulnerabilities. Third, there are area-level differences in the distribution of vulnerabilities across England and the constituent countries of the United Kingdom. Conclusions. The findings imply that the short- and long-term consequences of the COVID-19 crisis are likely to vary by household type. Policy measures that aim to mitigate the health and socio-economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic should consider how vulnerabilities cluster together across different household types, and how these may exacerbate already existing inequalities.

scholarly journals A flash in the pan or a permanent change? The growth of homeworking during the pandemic and its effect on employee productivity in the UK

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Felstead ◽  
Darja Reuschke
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Business Case ◽  
Employee Productivity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Working At Home ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Uk ◽  
At Home

PurposeThis paper has three aims: Firstly, it puts the pandemic-induced surge in homeworking into context by charting trends in homeworking in the UK since the early 1980s. Secondly, it examines what effect the growth in homeworking during the pandemic has had on employees' self-reported levels of productivity. Thirdly, it assesses whether the spike in homeworking is a flash in the pan or a permanent feature of the post-pandemic world.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses cross-sectional and longitudinal data taken from three nationally representative surveys of workers: (1) the Labour Force Survey (LFS), an official government survey carried out between 1981 and 2019; (2) a special module of the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey (OPN), also an official government survey, which has been run every week since the pandemic began in March 2020; and (3) the Understanding Society Covid-19 Study, an online survey of the same people interviewed on six occasions during 2020.FindingsThe recent surge in homeworking in the UK during the pandemic has been dramatic. Before 2020, it had taken almost 40 years for homeworking to grow by three percentage points, but its prevalence grew eight-fold virtually overnight as people were instructed to work at home if they can because of the pandemic. Despite theories and predictions to the contrary, employees reported that their productivity was not adversely affected. Seven out of ten employees said that they were able to get as much done while working at home in June 2020 as they were able to do six months earlier. By September 2020, this proportion had risen to 85%. However, around one in six homeworkers reported that their productivity had fallen.Research limitations/implicationsWhile there are solid theoretical reasons for the paper's findings, these data do not allow us to test all of the mechanisms involved. In addition, our outcome measure relies on employees' self-reports of how their hourly productivity changed when working at home and is not based on a direct measure of changes to output per hour. However, surveys of employers also suggest that, on average, productivity has not been reduced by the pandemic-induced surge in homeworking.Social implicationsThis paper argues that a higher level of homeworking is here to stay. Nine out of ten employees who worked at home during the pandemic said that they would like to continue working at home when they did not have to. Furthermore, those keenest to continue working at home were the most productive, hence providing a business case for a sustained increase in the prevalence of homeworking after the pandemic has passed. Nevertheless, the experience of homeworking varies with those with higher domestic commitments reporting significantly lower levels of productivity.Originality/valueThere is an urgent need to investigate what effect enforced, as opposed to voluntary, homeworking has had on employee productivity. In addition, in order to decide whether continued homeworking should be encouraged or discouraged, policymakers and employers need to know what effect continuing with these arrangements is likely to have on employee productivity. This paper answers these questions using robust survey data collected in the UK throughout 2020, complemented by evidence taken from a variety of employer surveys.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and mental health deterioration by ethnicity and gender in the UK

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0244419
Author(s):  
Eugenio Proto ◽  
Climent Quintana-Domeque
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Mental Distress ◽  
General Health Questionnaire ◽  
Average Increase ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender ◽  
Health Deterioration ◽  
Gender Specific

We use the UK Household Longitudinal Study and compare pre-COVID-19 pandemic (2017-2019) and during-COVID-19 pandemic data (April 2020) for the same group of individuals to assess and quantify changes in mental health as measured by changes in the GHQ-12 (General Health Questionnaire), among ethnic groups in the UK. We confirm the previously documented average deterioration in mental health for the whole sample of individuals interviewed before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, we find that the average increase in mental distress varies by ethnicity and gender. Both women –regardless of their ethnicity– and Black, Asian, and minority ethnic (BAME) men experienced a higher average increase in mental distress than White British men, so that the gender gap in mental health increases only among White British individuals. These ethnic-gender specific changes in mental health persist after controlling for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Finally, we find some evidence that, among men, Bangladeshi, Indian and Pakistani individuals have experienced the highest average increase in mental distress with respect to White British men.

scholarly journals Whole-grain intake of British young people aged 4–18 years

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 825-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Thane ◽  
A. R. Jones ◽  
A. M. Stephen ◽  
C. J. Seal ◽  
S. A. Jebb
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Head Of Household ◽  
Dietary Records ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Uk

Inverse associations between whole-grain food consumption and risk of CVD, some cancers and type 2 diabetes have been reported. However, there are few reports of whole-grain intake, particularly among young people. The objective of the present study was to estimate whole-grain intake in a nationally representative sample of young people aged 4–18 years living in Great Britain. Whole-grain intake was estimated using 7d weighed dietary records from 1583 young people who participated in the cross-sectional National Diet and Nutrition Survey in 1997. Whole-grain intake was quantified from the consumption of all foods containing ≥10% whole-grain content. Median whole-grain intake was 7g/d (interquartile range 0–19g/d), with a corresponding mean of 13 (sd18) g/d. Intake was significantly lower among young people whose head of household had a manual occupation, but did not differ significantly by sex, age, region or season. There was no whole-grain intake for 27% of participants. The percentages for less than one and less than three 16g amounts of whole-grain intake per d were 70 and 94, respectively, while corresponding percentages based on 20g amounts were 76 and 97. Foods with <51% whole-grain content provided 28% of whole-grain intake overall, with a higher percentage in older adolescents. The main sources of whole-grain intake were breakfast cereals (56%) and bread (25%). The present study provides the first quantification of absolute whole-grain intake from all significant food sources in any representative age group in the UK. Although there is some debate regarding the quantity of whole grains required for good health, whole-grain intake among British young people is low.

scholarly journals The occurrence of demotions regarding job level, salary and job authority

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1217-1239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja Verheyen ◽  
Nick Deschacht ◽  
Marie-Anne Guerry
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Fringe Benefits ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Job Level ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Base Salary

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine the occurrence of job level, salary and job authority demotions in the workplace through the analysis of Belgian Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (SILC)-data of 2007-2011. Design/methodology/approach Three hypotheses are tested: H1: there is a gender inequality in job authority demotions. H2: the level of education and the probability of being subject to a job level, salary or job authority demotion are negatively correlated. H3: age is negatively correlated with job level, salary or job authority demotion probabilities. The cross-sectional data of the SILC cover a specific time period with data on inter alia living conditions. The longitudinal data give information on inter alia income and non-monetary variables over a period of four years. The authors estimate multivariate regression models for binary demotion variables. These analyses allow the authors to estimate the odds of being demoted. The authors discuss the demotion rates, the bivariate correlations and the regression analysis. Findings The data analysis result in the fact that base salary demotions are not commonly applied as literature and the Belgian law on salary protection endorses. Fringe benefits demotions, as for instance the abolition of a company car or a bonus are, however, more frequent. There is a gender gap with regard to job authority demotion. Highly educated respondents are less confronted with job authority demotions. Age is negatively correlated with base salary/fringe benefits or job authority demotion probabilities, but not with job-level demotions. H1 is thus confirmed. H2 and H3 only partly confirmed. Research limitations/implications Several analyses were restricted because the EU-SILC did not question all dimensions of demotion in detail. Originality/value This study contributes to the scarce literature on demotion and to empirical studies on demotions regarding job level, salary and job authority.

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