scholarly journals Wealth of nomads – an exploratory analysis of livestock inequality in the Saami reindeer husbandry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marius Warg Næss ◽  
Bård-Jørgen Bårdsen
Keyword(s):  
Primary Source ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Social Differentiation ◽  
Reindeer Herding ◽  
Reindeer Husbandry ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Wealth Inequalities ◽  
Rank Differences ◽  
Over Time

Social inequality is pervasive in contemporary human societies. Nevertheless, there is a view that livestock, as the primary source of wealth, limits the development of inequalities, making pastoralism unable to support complex or hierarchical organisations. Thus, complex nomadic pastoral organisation is predominantly caused by external factors, i.e., historically nomadic political organisation mirrored the neighbouring sedentary population's sophistication. Using governmental statistics on reindeer herding in Norway (2001 - 2018), this study demonstrates nothing apparent in the pastoral adaptation with livestock as the main base of wealth that level wealth inequalities and limits social differentiation. This study found that inequality was generally decreasing in terms of the Gini coefficient and cumulative wealth. For example, the proportion owned by the wealthy decreased from 2001 to 2018, while the proportion owned by the poor increased. Nevertheless, rank differences persist over time with minor changes. Especially, being poor is stable: around 50% of households ranked as poor in 2001 continued to be so in 2018. In sum, results from this study indicate that pastoral wealth inequality follows the same patterns as all forms of wealth. Wealth accumulates over time, and because the highest earners can save much of their income (i.e., newborn livestock), low earners cannot. High earners can thus accumulate more and more wealth over time, leading to considerable wealth inequalities.

scholarly journals Comparison of Mean Platelet Counts in Preterm Infants with and without Retinopathy of Prematurity

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3783
Author(s):  
Zi Di Lim ◽  
Edwin Pheng ◽  
Evelyn Tai Li Min ◽  
Hans Van Rostenberghe ◽  
Ismail Shatriah
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Retinopathy Of Prematurity ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Platelet Counts ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Measure Analysis ◽  
Repeated Measure Analysis ◽  
Over Time

Platelets are a primary source of pro- and anti-angiogenic cytokines. However, the evidence of their role in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is controversial. This retrospective study aimed to compare mean weekly platelet counts between infants with and without ROP over the first 6 weeks of life. A total of 93 infants matched by gestational age and birth weight were recruited (31 with ROP, 62 without ROP). Weekly mean platelet counts and other related risk factors were documented. The repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the repeated measure analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were used to compare mean platelet counts over time between the two groups, with and without adjusting for confounders. We found significant differences in the weekly mean platelet counts of infants with and without ROP over the first 6 weeks of life (p = 0.002). These differences disappeared after adjusting for covariates (p = 0.489). Lower mean platelet counts in ROP infants are not directly related to ROP, but rather to the presence of other risk factors for ROP, such as culture-proven sepsis, blood transfusion and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Cooperation dynamics of polycentric climate governance

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (13) ◽  
pp. 2503-2517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vítor V. Vasconcelos ◽  
Francisco C. Santos ◽  
Jorge M. Pacheco
Keyword(s):  
Common Good ◽  
Evolutionary Game ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Viable Solution ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Global Coordination ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Climate Change Governance

Global coordination for the preservation of a common good, such as climate, is one of the most prominent challenges of modern societies. In this manuscript, we use the framework of evolutionary game theory to investigate whether a polycentric structure of multiple small-scale agreements provides a viable solution to solve global dilemmas as climate change governance. We review a stochastic model which incorporates a threshold game of collective action and the idea of risky goods, capturing essential features unveiled in recent experiments. We show how reducing uncertainty both in terms of the perception of disaster and in terms of goals induce a transition to cooperation. Taking into account wealth inequality, we explore the impact of the homophily, potentially present in the network of influence of the rich and the poor, in the different contributions of the players. Finally, we discuss the impact of polycentric sanctioning institutions, showing how such a scenario also proves to be more efficient than a single global institution.

scholarly journals Education, Income, Wealth Inequality and Business Cycles in a General Equilibrium Growth Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Business Cycles ◽  
General Equilibrium ◽  
Growth Model ◽  
Open Economy ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Learning By Doing ◽  
Government Subsidy ◽  
Wealth Inequalities

The paper is concerned with the dynamic interactions between physical capital, human capital, income and wealth inequalities between different households with government subsidy to education. It generalizes the endogenous growth model of a small-open economy proposed by Zhang (2016). Zhang’s paper deals with income and wealth inequalities between heterogeneous households with government subsidy to education. The paper makes a contribution to the literature of economic growth with endogenous education by integrating Solow-Uzawa’s neoclassical growth theory, Uzawa-Lucas model, Arrow’s learning by doing, Zhang’s creative leisure, and Walrasian general equilibrium theory. The model treats endogenous capital and human capital accumulation as the main engines of economic growth. This study generalizes Zhang’s model by allowing constant coefficients to be time-dependent. We simulate the generalized model to demonstrate existence of business cycles due to various exogenous periodic shocks.

scholarly journals Income Redistribution Predicts Greater Life Satisfaction Across Individual, National, and Cultural Characteristics.

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Income Redistribution ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Cultural Characteristics ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Strong Hypothesis ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Over Time

The widening income gap between the rich and the poor has important social implications. Governmental-level income redistribution through tax and welfare policies presents an opportunity to reduce income inequality and its negative consequences. The current longitudinal studies examined whether within-region changes in income redistribution over time relate to life satisfaction. Moreover, I examined potential moderators of this relationship to test the strong versus weak hypotheses of income redistribution. The strong hypothesis posits that income redistribution is beneficial to most. The weak hypothesis posits that income redistribution is beneficial to some and damaging to others. Using a nationally representative sample of 57,932 German respondents from 16 German states across 30 years (Study 1) and a sample of 112,876 respondents from 33 countries across 24 years (Study 2), I found that within-state and within-nation changes in income redistribution over time were associated with life satisfaction. The models predicted that a 10% reduction in Gini through income redistribution in Germany increased life satisfaction to the same extent as an 37% increase in annual income (Study 1), and a 5% reduction in Gini through income redistribution increased life satisfaction to the same extent as a 11% increase in GDP (Study 2). These associations were positive across individual, national, and cultural characteristics. Increases in income redistribution predicted greater satisfaction for tax-payers and welfare-receivers, for liberals and conservatives, and for the poor and the rich. These findings support the strong hypothesis of income redistribution and suggest that redistribution policies may play an important role in societal well-being.

Socioeconomic and Gender Inequalities in Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Access to Public Policies in Brazil From 2013 to 2019

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Andrea Wendt ◽  
Luiza I.C. Ricardo ◽  
Caroline S. Costa ◽  
Alan G. Knuth ◽  
Maria C.M. Tenório ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Leisure Time Physical Activity ◽  
National Level ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Public Programs ◽  
Wealth Inequalities ◽  
Over Time

Background: This study aims to describe changes in gender and wealth inequalities in leisure-time physical activity (PA) of Brazilians during a 6-year interval. It also aims to evaluate inequalities regarding PA public programs awareness, participation, and access to public spaces for PA. Methods: Data from 2 population-based surveys conducted in 2013 and 2019 were used. Leisure-time PA prevalence was assessed considering those reporting ≥150 minutes per week. The authors evaluated gender inequalities calculating differences and ratios, and wealth inequalities using the slope index of inequality and the concentration index— assessing changes over time. Results: National levels of leisure-time PA increased from 2013 to 2019, and an increase in inequalities was observed; women and the poorest groups still presented lower prevalence. A decline in socioeconomic inequalities was observed from 2013 to 2019 regarding the availability of public spaces and awareness about public programs. However, outcomes remained more common among the richest group. Inequalities did not vary for participation in public programs. Conclusion: Although leisure-time PA increased from 2013 to 2019 at a national level, there were no improvements in gender inequalities, and wealth inequalities worsened over time. Indicators of public strategies for PA increased for the population, but inequalities remain.

“Until the Day of His Death”

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (139) ◽  
pp. 52-74
Author(s):  
Henrique Espada Lima
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Human Aging ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Contractual Arrangements ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Slave Society ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Abstract This article examines postmortem inventories and notarial records from Brazilian slaveholders in southern Brazil in the nineteenth century. By discussing selected cases in detail, it investigates the relationship between “precarious masters” (especially the poor and/or disabled, widows without family, and single elderly slaveholding women and men) and their slaves and former slaves to whom they bequeathed, in their testaments and final wills, manumission and property. The article reads these documents as intergenerational contractual arrangements that connected the masters’ expectations for care in illness and old age with the slaves’ and former slaves’ expectations for compensation for their work and dedication. Following these uneven relationships of interdependence and exploitation as they developed over time, the article suggests a reassessment of the role of paternalism in Brazil during the country’s final century of slavery. More than a tool to enforce relations of domination, paternalism articulated with the dynamics of vulnerability and interdependency as they changed over the life courses of both enslaved people and slave owners. This article shows how human aging became a terrain of negotiation and struggle as Brazilian slave society transformed throughout the nineteenth century.

STUDY ON EFFECTS OF DISTRUTIVE AGENTS ON THE ARTWORKS

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-81
Author(s):  
Valeria Mirela Brezoczki ◽  
◽  
Emese Bonta ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Art Museum ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Active Monitoring ◽  
Baia Mare ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

The paper describes a series of effects created by the impact of environmental factors on artworks in museums, as well as the way that active monitoring of these destructive agents (temperature and relative humidity) is done. Over time, artefacts exhibited within museums are subject to a series of degradations caused by external factors (air components, humidity, temperature, sunlight, bacteria, molds or fungi etc.), which can leave a negative impact on these goods with cultural value. The main observed negative effects are directly and intimate related to the deterioration of wood sculptures by the occurrence of cracks and the installation of different types of bacteria; the appearance of brownish-red spots on the surface of the paper and the increase in its reliability; various types of corrosion of artworks from different metals; color losses and cracks on paintings etc. The study brings to the fore the damaging effects produced on the different cultural works hosted within the County Art Museum - Art Center Baia Mare.

Constructing the “Greener, Greater” City

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay K. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Urban Forestry ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Central Question ◽  
Urban Nature ◽  
Sustainability Planning ◽  
Actor Networks ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
Over Time

Chapter seven synthesizes these two cases, making comparisons across the three thematic areas explored in the book—politics, discourse, and materiality. It begins by returning to the central question of why urban forestry was so appealing that it merited its own signature mayoral initiative in PlaNYC, whereas urban agriculture was overlooked. It analyzes the networks, public-private partnerships, elite ties, and bureaucratic structures that were involved in PlaNYC, revealing whose voice was heard and whose voice was ignored in the sustainability planning process. Then, bearing in mind that the politics of urban nature is both framed by storylines and influenced by non-human actants, the chapter widens this analysis from a focus on politics and social networks to a focus on actor-networks and key narratives. Finally, the chapter observes how the cases shift over time in response to both internal and external factors, even within a four year window.

scholarly journals Linking silvicultural aspects of pro-poor leasehold forestry for socio-economic benefits to the poor and vulnerable communities

2018 ◽  
pp. 113-119
Author(s):  
K. K. Yadav ◽  
G. P. Kafley ◽  
K. P. Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Community Forestry ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Silvicultural Practices ◽  
User Groups ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Forest User Groups ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Forest User

Government of Nepal has adopted different models like community forestry, leasehold forestry, collaborative forestry, buffer zone community forestry and public land agroforestry for management of forest resources. Poor focused leasehold forestry is only the approach adopted since early 1990 that has two major objectives: livelihood improvement and environmental conservation. Forest user groups of 5–15 households (HHs) are provided with part of national forests for a period of initial lease of 40 years. Leased forests are managed mainly with forestry crops, forage and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) to meet the dual objectives. Past studies and researches have indicated that leasehold forests are better than the hand over time however they are inadequate in dealing with silvicultural aspects in leasehold forestry (LF). This research paper has highlighted the significance of silvicultural aspects of leasehold forestry for overall socio-economic benefits to the poor and vulnerable forest users. Review of the existing policy and legal documents, studies and progress reports of the leasehold forestry projects implemented during the last two decades, consultation with leasehold forest user groups from five districts (Tehrathum, Makawanpur, Tanahun, Pyuthan and Doti) formed the main source of data for this article. Further, author’s own experiences in the sector were taken as supporting reliable information for the study. The study found that silvicultural practices, except plantations and weeding, were not adopted in leasehold forest but there was great potential for such practices to maximize the socio-economic benefits. Proper use of silvicultural practices might have increased contribution to currently realized benefits like (i) increased income of members i.e. poorest families (having less than 3 months secured foods) were reduced over years, (ii) group members had increased access to different networks and cooperatives, (iii) participation of women, poor and indigenous people increased in the decision-making process, and (iv) forest coverage was increased with respect to the hand over time. Some issues on silviculture aspects included proper guidelines for silvicultural methods, capacity of staff and leasehold forest user group members, smaller sizes of leasehold forests, and promotion of appropriate species. Banko JanakariA Journal of Forestry Information for Nepal Special Issue No. 4, 2018, Page: 113-119 

scholarly journals Heterogeneity and Persistence in Returns to Wealth

Econometrica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Fagereng ◽  
Luigi Guiso ◽  
Davide Malacrino ◽  
Luigi Pistaferri
Keyword(s):  
Population Data ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Risk Exposure ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Risky Assets ◽  
Net Worth ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Tax Returns ◽  
Asset Classes ◽  
Over Time

We provide a systematic analysis of the properties of individual returns to wealth using 12 years of population data from Norway's administrative tax records. We document a number of novel results. First, individuals earn markedly different average returns on their net worth (a standard deviation of 22.1%) and on its components. Second, heterogeneity in returns does not arise merely from differences in the allocation of wealth between safe and risky assets: returns are heterogeneous even within narrow asset classes. Third, returns are positively correlated with wealth: moving from the 10th to the 90th percentile of the net worth distribution increases the return by 18 percentage points (and 10 percentage points if looking at net‐of‐tax returns). Fourth, individual wealth returns exhibit substantial persistence over time. We argue that while this persistence partly arises from stable differences in risk exposure and assets scale, it also reflects heterogeneity in sophistication and financial information, as well as entrepreneurial talent. Finally, wealth returns are correlated across generations. We discuss the implications of these findings for several strands of the wealth inequality debate.

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