scholarly journals Social Stratification in secondary school success after ambitious track decisions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jascha Dräger ◽  
Leo Röhlke ◽  
Alina Dippel
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Academic Preparedness ◽  
Educational Trajectories ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
Educational Pathways ◽  
Academic Track ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

It is well established in the literature on social stratification in educational attainment that children in families with high socio-economic status (SES) choose more academically demanding educational pathways than children in low SES families, particularly if they did not perform well in school. However, little is known about whether children succeed on these tracks. We make two contributions to this literature: First, we evaluate whether children with low academic preparedness successfully graduate from the academic track in Germany and whether a high SES compensates for low academic preparedness. Second, we try to identify the underlying mechanisms of differences in success rates: Differences could either be attributed to children catching up academically or different reactions to low performance on the academic track. We do so by following the educational trajectories of 2,371 children who transferred to the academic track in 2010 for nine years using survival analysis. In general, children with low academic preparedness are much more likely to downgrade to another track. However, among the children with low academic preparedness, particularly high SES children succeed on the academic track. Yet, little of the differences in success rates by academic preparedness and SES can be attributed to performance in the academic track which limits the contribution of both proposed mechanisms.

scholarly journals Implication of Mitochondrial Cytoprotection in Human Islet Isolation and Transplantation

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Wang ◽  
Joshua E. Mendoza-Elias ◽  
Meirigeng Qi ◽  
Tricia A. Harvat ◽  
Sang Joon Ahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Islet Transplantation ◽  
Mitochondrial Function ◽  
Graft Function ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Islet Isolation ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Mitochondrial Integrity ◽  
Multistep Process ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Islet transplantation is a promising therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus; however, success rates in achieving both short- and long-term insulin independence are not consistent, due in part to inconsistent islet quality and quantity caused by the complex nature and multistep process of islet isolation and transplantation. Since the introduction of the Edmonton Protocol in 2000, more attention has been placed on preserving mitochondrial function as increasing evidences suggest that impaired mitochondrial integrity can adversely affect clinical outcomes. Some recent studies have demonstrated that it is possible to achieve islet cytoprotection by maintaining mitochondrial function and subsequently to improve islet transplantation outcomes. However, the benefits of mitoprotection in many cases are controversial and the underlying mechanisms are unclear. This article summarizes the recent progress associated with mitochondrial cytoprotection in each step of the islet isolation and transplantation process, as well as islet potency and viability assays based on the measurement of mitochondrial integrity. In addition, we briefly discuss immunosuppression side effects on islet graft function and how transplant site selection affects islet engraftment and clinical outcomes.

scholarly journals Reading Skill among Malaysian ESL Lower Secondary Students: Which Girls and Which Boys are Achieving and Underachieving?

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-111
Author(s):  
Kamal J I Badrasawi ◽  
Noor Lide Abu Kassim
Keyword(s):  
Student Performance ◽  
Secondary Students ◽  
Critical Literacy ◽  
Educational Achievement ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Reading Skill ◽  
Literacy Skill ◽  
English Reading ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Low Performance

The literature on educational achievement has shown consistently that boys are underachieving. They are disengaged with learning, and their dropout rates in schools are higher than those for girls. Although the problem of underachievement and disengagement with learning is largely associated with boys, not all boys are underachieving or disengaged with learning, and not all girls are achieving and engaged with learning. There is also strong evidence to suggest that differences within gender are more significant than the difference between gender. Recent research findings have shown that educational performance is highly influenced by socio-demographic factors such as school location, race or ethnicity, socio-economic status, and parents’ education. Given that reading is a critical literacy skill for academic achievement and English is an important second language in Malaysia, this study sought to identify groups of Malaysian lower secondary students who are at risk of underachieving in English reading skill. A sample of 944 Malaysian ESL Form 1, 2 and 3 students, randomly selected from national-type schools, participated in the study. A test of English reading skill, consisting of 60 multiple-choice items was used. The Rasch Model analysis as well as selected descriptive statistics were used to answer the research questions. The results showed that students’ performance in English reading differed from one group to another, implying that gender did not exclusively influence student performance. Based on the findings, more sound and informed decisions on students’ performance in English reading skill and the most effective teaching methods can be made. Qualitative investigation of the factors behind high or low performance among these groups of students is also needed to further understand the influence of these factors on achievement and underachievement .

scholarly journals Interactive relations of gender, residence and social stratification with types of aggression

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-74
Author(s):  
AKM Rezanur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Attention Deficit Disorder ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Antisocial Behaviour ◽  
Indirect Aggression ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Urban Rural

Attempts were made to examine the interactive relations of gender, residence and social stratification with different types of aggressive behaviour. The independent variables were gender, residence and socio-economic status. Different types of the behaviour include physical, verbal, anger, hostile and indirect aggression. A total of 240 respondents between 13 and 16 years of age constituted the sample of the study. The Measure of Aggressive Behaviour (MAB) was used for data collection. The study utilized a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial design consisting of two levels of gender (male/female), two levels of residential background (urban/rural), and three levels of socio-economic status (high/middle/low). The results were computed on each dimension separately using t-tests. The findings revealed interactive relations of gender, residence and social stratification with different types of aggression. Key words: Aggression; antisocial behaviour; gang related violence; autism; attention deficit disorder DOI: 10.3329/jles.v2i2.7500 J. Life Earth Sci., Vol. 2(2) 67-74, 2007

scholarly journals Physical attractiveness – who believes it is a ticket to success?

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
Outi Sarpila ◽  
Jani Erola
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Physical Attractiveness ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Physical Appearance ◽  
Representative Survey ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Lower Status ◽  
Nationally Representative

According to previous research, physical appearance is an important asset that contributes to socio-economic success. However, the consequences associated with physical appearance are often considered gendered. By focusing on the two aspects relevant to physical attractiveness and social stratification, gender and socio-economic status (SES), the article examines whether or not women and men in certain socio-economic positions consider physical attractiveness an important asset in everyday life. We use data from a nationally representative survey. Our analyses suggest that women tend to believe that physical attractiveness contributes to success in life more often than men. Furthermore, we find that the representatives of the middle class, in particular, recognise the significance of physical attractiveness. This applies to both women and men. The results suggest that appearance-related beliefs reflect, first and foremost, the internal battle of middle status positions as well as the willingness to separate oneself from a lower status group.

scholarly journals The social dimension of participation and completion in MOOCs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Goglio ◽  
Paolo Parigi
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Online Courses ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Course Completion ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Discussion Forums ◽  
Online Discussion Forums ◽  
The Social ◽  
Course Engagement

The rapid and impressive development of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) in less than half a decade has brought about contrasting arguments about their social dimension. This paper investigates how the socio-economic background of learners affects their own experience and their chances of course completion. The analyses test whether learners from low socio-economic status (SES) have lower chances of completing the online course and whether participation in online discussion forums mediates the role of SES. Analyzing data from two MOOCs provided by Stanford University, we find that in both cases a negative association between low SES, course completion and course engagement is observed. Moreover, we find that forum participation has an ambiguous role, reinforcing the advantage of well-educated learners enrolled in one course, while does not have any significant effect for the other course. The paper concludes with some policy implications on social stratification in MOOCs and with some design suggestions for creators of MOOCs.

scholarly journals Effective Public Service Delivery: Governance to "E-Governance in India"

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Muzaffar Assadi
Keyword(s):  
Service Delivery ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Preliminary Stage ◽  
Success Stories ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
Complete Failure ◽  
Developed World ◽  
Partial Success

The issues of governance which received much focus during the decade of 1990s, has further expanded with the inclusion of “e-governance”- the latter has enhanced service delivery, enlarged participation and made the democracy more inclusive. India is not an exception to e- governance initiatives which is apparent in the Declaration of year 2001 as “Year of E-Governance”, earmarking two to three percent of plan budget towards e-governance etc. Crisis of governability, catching up with developed world and current trend towards globalization has made India to implement egovernance. There is no uniformity in the application of e-governance in different states or provinces in India. Some states still are in the “preliminary stage” others in “catching up” stage. Only ten states have made serious efforts. Its success rates are not uniform- it varies between partial success to complete failure, including the fact that there are criticisms leveled against it for the reasons that it is “urban biased”, “one way process” and that it would reduce the importance of bureaucracy, politicians. Despite the weakness one should appreciate the fact that it has reduced the cultural and geographical barriers, shifted the paradigm of “space” and helping in completing the project of incomplete modernity. However what is needed to strengthen e-governance is not only by clubbing Cafeteria and Phase model but also the success stories from other countries.

scholarly journals The Social Stratification of Choice in the Transition to Adulthood

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 599-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco C Billari ◽  
Nicole Hiekel ◽  
Aart C Liefbroer
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Gender

AbstractThe occurrence and timing of major demographic decisions in the transition to adulthood is strongly stratified, with young adults with a high socio-economic status (SES) background usually experiencing many of these events later than young adults with a low SES background. To explain this social stratification, we outline a theoretical framework in which social stratification affects choice in the transition to adulthood through three, potentially reinforcing, pathways: stratified socialization, stratified agency, and stratified opportunity. We test our framework against longitudinal data from two waves of the Generations and Gender Surveys for Austria, Bulgaria, and France. We find evidence for the importance of all three pathways. Furthermore, processes differ little by gender, age and country context.

scholarly journals Not quite the same: The social stratification and phonetic conditioning of the foot–strut vowels in Manchester

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANIELLE TURTON ◽  
MACIEJ BARANOWSKI
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Statistical Models ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
North West ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
The North ◽  
The Social ◽  
Vowel Space ◽  
Age Grading

The foot–strut vowel split, which has its origins in 17th century English, is notable for its absence from the speech of Northerners in England, where stood–stud remain homophones – both are pronounced with the same vowel /ʊ/. The present study analyses the speech of 122 speakers from Manchester in the North West of England. Although the vast majority of speakers exhibit no distinction between the foot and strut lexical sets in minimal-pair production and judgement tests, vowel height is correlated with socio-economic status: the higher the social class, the lower the strut vowel. Surprisingly, statistical models indicate that vowel class is a significant predictor of foot–strut in Manchester. This means that, for a speech community without the split, there remains an effect in the expected direction: strut vowels are lower than foot vowels in the vowel space. We suggest that co-articulatory effects of surrounding consonants explain this instrumental difference, as they have significant lowering/heightening effects on the acoustics but are not fully captured by our statistical model. We argue that the perplexing nature of the historical split can be partially accounted for in this data, as the frequency of co-occurring phonetic environments is notably different in foot than in strut, resulting in cumulative effects of co-articulation. We also present evidence of age grading which suggests that middle class speakers may develop a phonetic distinction as they age.

Prestigious College Courses and Race/Skin Color

2016 ◽  
pp. 208-221
Author(s):  
Patricia Costa Pereira da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Bachelor's Degree ◽  
College Courses ◽  
Black Professionals ◽  
Doctoral Research ◽  
Educational Trajectories ◽  
Professional Careers ◽  
Present Text ◽  
Selection Of

The discussion promoted in this text is part of the inquiry of PhD in Education in progress since 2012 at Fluminense Federal University (Niterói, Brazil). The above-mentioned doctoral research is dedicated to the study of educational trajectories of prestigious black professionals in Brazil. The main objective of this text is to bring up a reflection on the studies about the relation between prestigious college courses and race/skin color in Brazil carried out in the contemporaneousness. For this purpose, it is necessary to analyze the process of selection of the professional careers that demand the ownership of the bachelor's degree (higher education). This text is supported by studies about social stratification, such as Wright (1978), Goldthorpe (1987), Januzzi (2003) and Queiroz (2004). Bibliographical inquiry was the methodology elected for the development of the present text.

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