scholarly journals Morphological and morphometrical studies of the human foetal lung

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 75-79
Author(s):  
Rajeev Mukhia ◽  
Dil Islam Mansur ◽  
Sidharth Timsina ◽  
Taneja BK

Background: Foetal lung is one of the organs of interest for researchers since a long time. Though, detailed study about adult lung is there in the literature but lungs at different stages in foetal period is less available. Aims and Objective: To find out the morphological and morphometrical features of the foetal lung in different gestational weeks. Materials and Methods: After ethical approval the study was carried out on 66 human foetal lungs aged between 16th to 40th gestational weeks in the Department of Anatomy, Manipal College of Medical Sciences. After the dissection of foetuses, the lungs were removed out and the presence of fissures and lobes for both lungs were noted. Weights of both lungs were calibrated by digital weighing machine. Dimensions of foetal lungs were recorded by vernier calliper. All the data were represented as mean then analyzed with MS excel 2007 software and represented graphically. Results: In the normally developing foetuses the dimensions of both lung increases with increase in gestational age with more or less difference between the dimension of right and left lung. There was number of variations seen in the fissures and lobes of the lungs. Conclusion: The fissures and lobes are needed for locating broncho-pulmonary segments hence, knowledge of their position is necessary both anatomically as well as clinically for planning lobectomies and surgical resections.

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 40-44
Author(s):  
Rajeev Mukhia ◽  
Bhawani Prasad Powar

Background: Thyroid gland is one of the organs of interest for researchers since a long time. Though, detailed study about adult thyroid gland is there in the literature but thyroid gland at different stages in the foetal period is far less available.Aims and Objective: To find out the morphological and morphometric features on the development of foetal thyroid gland in relation with different gestational weeks.Materials and Methods: The study was carried in the Department of Anatomy, Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Nepal, on 40 human foetuses of known gestational age. The midline dissection of the neck was done to expose the thyroid gland. The shape and measurements like length, breadth and thickness of both lobe of the gland were noted.Results: The mean values of all parameters by gestational age were calculated. In the present study, the weight of foetuses showed gradual increase from 10th week to 38th weeks of gestation. In the normally developing foetuses the thyroid gland dimension and its weight also increases with increase gestational age.Conclusion: There was no more difference between the dimension of right and left lobe of thyroid gland. The study provides morphological and morphometric knowledge on the development of foetal thyroid gland from 10th week to 38th weeks of gestation. The knowledge of thyroid gland weight and dimension and body weight in relation to the gestational age might be helpful to judge the thyroid structure in preterm babies.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.9(6) 2018 40-44


2004 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Aba Vitėnas

Aba VitėnasVšĮ Vilniaus universiteto ligoninės "Santariškių klinikos"Centro filialas, Radiologijos skyrius,Žygimantų g. 3, LT–01102, VilniusEl. paštas [email protected] Įvadas / tikslas Plaučių disontogeniniai navikai – hamartomos – yra dažniausi iš visų periferinių nepiktybinių rutulinių plaučių darinių. Endobronchinė centrinė hamartoma (epistoma) pasitaiko labai retai. Kremzlinės struktūros plaučių hamartomos – chondrohamartomos ir osteochondrohamartomos – yra dažniausios. Darbo tikslas – apibūdinti plaučių hamartomas, sukonkretinti jų rentgenologinius diferencinės diagnostikos žymenis ir tuo remiantis – klasifikaciją. Ligoniai ir metodai Plaučių hamartomos buvo nustatytos 43 ligoniams – 16–78 metų 28 vyrams ir 15 moterų. Visiems ligoniams atliktas kompleksinis radiologinis tyrimas – polipozicinė rentgenoskopija, rentgenografija, tomografija, skaitmeninė fluorografija, kompiuterinė tomografija. Bronchoskopija ir biopsija padaryta 31 ligoniui. Buvo atliekami ir kiti tyrimai: ultragarsinis, funkciniai plaučių mėginiai, specifinės laboratorinės reakcijos diferencinei diagnostikai nuo plaučių tuberkuliozės, kolagenozės, echinokokozės, alergozės. Rezultatai 42 ligoniams diagnozuota periferinė ir vienam – centrinė hamartoma. Tipinė plaučių hamartomos lokalizacija – dešiniojo plaučio apatinė skiltis (21 ligonis, arba 49%). Centrinė endobronchinė hamartoma diagnozuota 42 metų ligoniui, ilgai sirgusiam lėtiniu bronchitu ir dažnai plaučių uždegimu. Operuota 30 ligonių. Devyni ligoniai iš 13 neoperuotųjų stebėti nuo 1 iki 14 metų. Periferinės hamartomos dažniausiai buvo besimptomės. 23 ligoniams hamartoma nustatyta atsitiktinai profilaktiškai tiriant plaučius dėl įvairių pilvo organų ligų arba atliekant fluorografinį tyrimą. Kitiems tirtiesiems hamartoma buvo diagnozuota sergant plaučių ligomis, tuberkulioze, alergoze, kolagenoze, įvairiais navikais. Dvylikai ligonių nepiktybinio plaučių naviko, arba hamartomos, diagnozė buvo tiksliai nustatyta poliklinikoje. Devyniems buvo įtartas pirminis vėžys arba metastazė, šešiems – specifinis infiltratas arba tuberkuloma, vienam – eozinofilinis infiltratas, vienam – echinokokas. Hamartoma 31 ligoniui buvo dešiniajame, 12 – kairiajame plautyje. Rentgenogramoje periferinė hamartoma buvo matoma apskritos formos ir ryškių kontūrų. Jos rentgenologinė struktūra buvo nevienoda. Šviesi (nekalcifikuota) hamartoma buvo matoma 14 ligonių. Kitiems 28 ligoniams diagnozuota kalcifikuota (inkrustuota arba tamsi) hamartoma, t. y. hamartochondroma (chondrohamartoma, osteochondrohamartoma). Išvados Nors plaučių hamartomos auga labai lėtai, pasitaiko labai greitai progresuojančių: 3 ligoniams, arba 7%, hamartomos per metus padidėjo iki 50%. Dažniausias jų variantas – hamartochondroma (chondrohamartoma). Piktybinių hamartomų nediagnozuota. Pagal neoplazinės kalcinozės laipsnį plaučių hamartomos radiologiškai skirstomos į tris variantus: šviesas, inkrustuotas ir tamsias. Radiologai gali diferencijuoti dažniausius plaučių hamartomų variantus, tarp jų chondrohamartomas ir osteochondrohamartomas. Reikšminiai žodžiai: disontogeniniai plaučių navikai, disembriomos, periferiniai plaučių navikai, hamartomos, hamartochondromos, neoplazinė kalcinozė, rentgenodiagnostika Diagnostics of pulmonary chondrohamartomas Aba Vitėnas Background / objective Hamartomas, as dysontogenic tumours, are most common among all peripheral non-malignant "spheral" pulmonary formations. Endobronchial central hamartoma is rare and is usually diagnosed as "epystoma" (bronchial obturator). Among peripheral hamartomas, tumours of cartilaginous structure (chondrohamartomas and ostheochondrohamartomas) are particularly common. The objective of the work was to describe pulmonary hamartomas and to concretize most common variations of hamartoma and their different radiological signs. Patients and methods Forty-three patients were diagnosed with pulmonary hamartoma (28 males and 15 females, 16–78 years old). In the hospital, clinical and laboratory tests were performed for all patients; complex radiological examination: polypositional X-ray radioscopy, radiography, tomography, digital fluorography, computed tomography. Thirty-one patients underwent bronchoscopy and biopsy, sonoscopy, functional lung tests, specific reactions. Results Forty-two patients had peripheral and one central hamartoma. The most typical localization of pulmonary hamartoma was the lower lobe of the right lung (21 patients, 49%). A central endobronchial hamartoma was diagnosed for a 42-year-old patient who had been ill for a long time with chronic bronchitis and frequent pneumonias. 30 pacients were operated one. From 13 non-operated patients, 9 were followed up in dynamics for 1–14 years. Peripheral hamartoma usually was asymptomatic. Twenty-three patients were diagnosed occasionaly during preventive pulmonary evaluation in case of different abdominal diseases or during fluorography. The others diagnosed as having hamartoma were ill with lung diseases, TBC, alergosis, collagenosis, different tumours. In out-patient settings, correct diagnosis of benign tumour or hamartoma was established for 12 patients, 9 were suspected as having cancer or metastases, 6 – specific infiltrate (tuberculoma), 1 – eosinophilic infiltrate and 1 – echinococcus; 31 patient had the tumour in the right, and 12 patients in the left lung. Radiologically, hamartoma is a spheric tumour with clear margins. As to the structure of the tumour, 14 patients had non-calcificated, "light" hamartoma, 28 had calcificated, "inlaid" and "hard" hamartochondroma. Thus, neoplastic calcinosis is characteristic of chondrohamartomas (osteochondrohamartomas) and occurs twice as often as hamartomas of other types. Conclusions Althought hamartomas grow very slowly, there were rapidly increasing ones: for 3 patients (7%) the volume of hamartoma increased by 50% in a year. The most common type was hamartochondroma (chondrohamartoma). There were no malignant hamartomas. Therefore radiologists can diagnose most common variations of hamartomas as "light", "inlaid" and "hard" ones. Keywords: dysontogenous pulmonary tumours, dysembriomas, peripheral pulmonary tumours, hamartomas, hamartochondromas, neoplastic calcinosis, radiological diagnostics


2018 ◽  
Vol 193 ◽  
pp. 05073 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grigory Yazev ◽  
Taisiya Ryabova ◽  
Vyacheslav Zhenzhebir

The urgency of the study is based on the fact that for a long time, there have been disputes in the scientific world about methods and models for determining the value of prices, on the basis of which the economic accessibility of various kinds of organic products depends. It is especially important to resolve the issue of setting prices for agricultural cooperatives, which have developed in the Russian market economy. The purpose of the study is to find a method for setting wholesale prices for organic products, the consumer demand for which has increased over the past two years and exceeded the level established by the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. The following methods were used in the study: analytical, systemic, comparative, economic and mathematical, hypothetical, questionnaires, etc. The study conducted an excursus into the field of basic theories of determining prices created by scientists, on the basis of which it was concluded that there is no single approach to determining their values. The prices for organic agricultural products sold by large retailers are analyzed. Using a sample of closest prices of various agricultural producers, average wholesale prices for agricultural products were determined for three regions of the Central Federal District. As a result of the conducted study, the wholesale price for organic agricultural products (on the example of potatoes) purchased by wholesale distribution centers providing the needs of the population of Moscow and the Moscow region was substantiated.


2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 1902347
Author(s):  
Priyadarshini Kachroo ◽  
Jarrett D. Morrow ◽  
Alvin T. Kho ◽  
Carrie A. Vyhlidal ◽  
Edwin K. Silverman ◽  
...  

COPD likely has developmental origins; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully identified. Investigation of lung tissue-specific epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation using network approaches might facilitate insights linking in utero smoke (IUS) exposure and risk for COPD in adulthood.We performed genome-wide methylation profiling for adult lung DNA from 160 surgical samples and 78 fetal lung DNA samples isolated from discarded tissue at 8–18 weeks of gestation. Co-methylation networks were constructed to identify preserved modules that shared methylation patterns in fetal and adult lung tissues and associations with fetal IUS exposure, gestational age and COPD.Weighted correlation networks highlighted preserved and co-methylated modules for both fetal and adult lung data associated with fetal IUS exposure, COPD and lower adult lung function. These modules were significantly enriched for genes involved in embryonic organ development and specific inflammation-related pathways, including Hippo, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT), Wnt, mitogen-activated protein kinase and transforming growth factor-β signalling. Gestational age-associated modules were remarkably preserved for COPD and lung function, and were also annotated to genes enriched for the Wnt and PI3K/AKT pathways.Epigenetic network perturbations in fetal lung tissue exposed to IUS and of early lung development recapitulated in adult lung tissue from ex-smokers with COPD. Overlapping fetal and adult lung tissue network modules highlighted putative disease pathways supportive of exposure-related and age-associated developmental origins of COPD.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-35
Author(s):  
Dil Islam Mansur ◽  
Sunima Maskey ◽  
Pragya Shrestha ◽  
Anupama Shrestha ◽  
Kalpana Sharma ◽  
...  

Background: The description of the human face has been a major concern since long time. Indi­vidual identification is one such field where anthropometric parameters, especially cephalo-facial measurements, are an important tool in determining the various shapes of head and face. Hence the objective of the study was to determine the shapes of head and face. Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional and observational type which consisted of 222 individuals (115 female and 107 male). It was conducted from January to June, 2019 after receiving ethical approval. The cephalic and facial indices were derived after measuring length and breadth of head and face. The collected data was entered in excel and analyzed with SPSS (22.0). Results: The present study observed that the most common type of face was hyperleptoprosopic 168 (75.68%) followed by leptoprosopic 43 (19.37%), mesoprosopic 10 (4.50% female only) and euryprosopic 1 (0.93% male only). Similarly, the most common type of head was dolicocephalic 165 (74.33%), followed by mesocephalic 51 (22.97%), and brachycephalic 6 (2.70%). Conclusions: This study concluded that the hyperleptoprosopic face was most common type and the least common type was euryprosopic face. The most common type of head was found to be dolicocephalic and the least common type was found to be brachycephalic.


2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 1103-1114
Author(s):  
Wendy Marsh ◽  
Ann Robinson ◽  
Jill Shawe ◽  
Ann Gallagher

Background Midwives and nurses appear vulnerable to moral distress when caring for women whose babies are removed at birth. They may experience professional dissatisfaction and their relationships with women, families and colleagues may be compromised. The impact of moral distress may manifest as anger, guilt, frustration, anxiety and a desire to give up their profession. While there has been much attention exploring the concept of moral distress in midwifery, this is the first study to explore its association in this context. Aim This article explores midwives’ experiences of moral distress when providing care to women whose babies were removed at birth and gives valuable insight into an issue nurses and midwives encounter in their profession. Methods Four mothers and eight midwives took part in this research. Narrative inquiry incorporating photo-elicitation techniques was used to generate data; mothers were interviewed face to face and midwives through focus groups. The images and audio data were collected, transcribed and analysed for emerging themes. For the purpose of this article, only the midwives’ stories are reported. This research received a favourable ethical opinion from the University of Surrey Ethics committee. Ethical considerations This study received a favourable ethical approval from a higher education institutes ethics committee. Results Midwives who care for women whose babies are removed at birth report it as one of the most distressing areas of contemporary clinical practice. Furthermore, they report feelings of guilt, helplessness and betrayal of the midwife–mother relationship. Many of the midwives in this study state that these experiences stay with them for a long time, far more than more joyful aspects of their role. Conclusion Midwives experience moral distress. Support systems, education and training must be available to them if we are to reduce the long-term impact upon them, alleviate their distress and prevent them from leaving the profession.


2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-55
Author(s):  
S Shah ◽  
N Marharjan ◽  
SK Pradhan ◽  
P Kafle ◽  
D Chapagain ◽  
...  

Injuries following wild animal encounters continue to be a major public health problem. Majority of such injuries are minor, however, many injuries remain undocumented. Many victim die, primarily in third-world countries, before receiving adequate medical care. Penetrating injuries to the chest following the attack by the wild animals, though rare, present a challenging problem. Though a great number of papers have been published regarding the injuries following encounter with animals, least are the lethal injuries occuring in the thoracic region and the survival out of these grave injury is very minimum. We herein present the least possible surviving case with lethal penetrating injury of the chest and left lung following the goring by the rhinoceros. Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal,2012,Vol-8,No-1, 52-55 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v8i1.6827


Biomedicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-542
Author(s):  
Muthuchitra Pandian ◽  
Anjali Sabnis ◽  
Shroff Gautam

Introduction and Aim: Appearance of sulci and its number in the fetal cerebrum is a signal of growth and development. Chronological appearance and symmetrical development of sulci corresponds to gestational age of fetus. Few sulci can be visualized in the prenatal period to judge the growth of fetus. Any change in chronological appearance, symmetry and number of sulci in fetal cerebrum is of prime importance.   Materials and Methods: Hundred and six cerebral hemispheres of 53 fetal brains of different gestational ages were collected from MGM Hospital Kalamboli and Aurangabad after institutional ethical approval to study the pattern of sulci on both sides after fixing in 10% formalin.   Results: In 6 (5.6 %) cerebral hemispheres variation in appearance of sulci was observed. It was noted that there is change in number of superior temporal sulcus (STS), superior frontal sulcus (SFS), parieto-occipital sulcus (POS), calcarine sulcus (CS) and occipitotemporal sulcus (OTS) on both the sides in 6 cerebral hemispheres. Remaining 100 cerebral hemisphere showed normal, symmetrical appearance and number of sulci.   Conclusion: It was observed that the fetal cerebral hemispheres which showed variations in appearance and number of sulci were associated with mother having eclampsia.


2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 738-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farimah Shirani Bidabadi ◽  
Ahmadreza Yazdannik ◽  
Ali Zargham-Boroujeni

Background: Maintaining patient’s dignity in intensive care units is difficult because of the unique conditions of both critically-ill patients and intensive care units. Objectives: The aim of this study was to uncover the cultural factors that impeded maintaining patients’ dignity in the cardiac surgery intensive care unit. Research Design: The study was conducted using a critical ethnographic method proposed by Carspecken. Participants and research context: Participants included all physicians, nurses and staffs working in the study setting (two cardiac surgery intensive care units). Data collection methods included participant observations, formal and informal interviews, and documents assessment. In total, 200 hours of observation and 30 interviews were performed. Data were analyzed to uncover tacit cultural knowledge and to help healthcare providers to reconstruct the culture of their workplace. Ethical Consideration: Ethical approval for the study from Ethics committee of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences was obtained. Findings: The findings of the study fell into the following main themes: “Presence: the guarantee for giving enough attention to patients’ self-esteem”, “Instrumental and objectified attitudes”, “Adherence to the human equality principle: value-action gap”, “Paternalistic conduct”, “Improper language”, and “Non-interactive communication”. The final assertion was “Reductionism as a major barrier to the maintaining of patient’s dignity”. Discussion: The prevailing atmosphere in subculture of the CSICU was reductionism and paternalism. This key finding is part of the biomedical discourse. As a matter of fact, it is in contrast with dignified care because the latter necessitate holistic attitudes and approaches. Conclusion: Changing an ICU culture is not easy; but through increasing awareness and critical self-reflections, the nurses, physicians and other healthcare providers, may be able to reaffirm dignified care and cure in their therapeutic relationships.


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