scholarly journals Powierzchniowy a katastralny system opodatkowania nieruchomości w Polsce

Studia BAS ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (65) ◽  
pp. 127-146
Author(s):  
Sebastian Gnat
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Econometric Model ◽  
Property Tax ◽  
Ad Valorem Tax ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Property Taxation ◽  
Taxation System ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Proper Setting ◽  
Ad Valorem

The article explores the economic aspects of area and value-based taxation of Polish real estate. It begins with the presentation of information on the conditions of property taxation in Poland. Next, a review of the research on the cadastral tax is provided, as well as the assumptions of the econometric model used for mass valuation of the analysed real estate. The main part of the article contains the results of the simulation of replacing the property tax with an ad valorem one. Particular attention is given to the impact of the cadastral tax rate on the revenues of municipalities and changes in the tax burden on individual properties. The main aim of this study was to show the importance of the proper setting of the ad valorem tax rate in the process of reforming the property taxation system.

scholarly journals Influencing Nonindustrial Private Forest Management Through the Property Tax System

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Rathke ◽  
Melvin J. Baughman
Keyword(s):  
Property Tax ◽  
Mail Survey ◽  
Private Forest ◽  
Ad Valorem Tax ◽  
Fixed Rate ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Intensively Managed ◽  
Nonindustrial Private Forest ◽  
Ad Valorem

Abstract Minnesota currently offers property tax relief to private woodland owners through the 2b timberland class in the state's modified ad valorem tax system, and through the Tree Growth Tax Law (TGTL), a fixed rate, productivity tax. Enrollment in both these laws has dramatically increased in recent years, while the average tax payment has declined in both real and nominal dollars. A mail survey of nonindustrial private forest landowners found that participants in the TGTL generally pay much lower taxes than those in the ad valorem tax classes, and TGTL lands appear to be more intensively managed for timber. However, the TGTL's incentive for timber management may be its criteria for enrollment, not the tax rate. This study makes a strong case for requiring a management plan in order to be eligible for a lower tax rate. North. J. Appl. For. 13(1):30-36.

ECONOMIC ESSENCE AND ROLE OF PROPERTY TAXES IN UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
pp. 201-209
Author(s):  
Volodymyr DMYTRIV
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Property Tax ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Property Taxes ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Property Taxation ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Taxation System

Introduction. The development of local self-government is one of the important prerequisites for the formation of a democratic state. Effective activity of local self-government bodies is impossible without a sufficient amount of financial resources, which are formed at the expense of the local budget’s own tax revenues. The local taxes and fees are the basis of financial independence of local authorities in the most developed countries of the world, the main among which are considered property taxes. The formation and development of national tax systems takes longer in the most developed countries than in Ukraine, which in its turn, affects the quality of tax legislation and as a consequence is accompanied by a misunderstanding on the part of society’s tax innovations. The construction of the taxation system should be based on the citizens’ awareness of the fiscal importance of property taxes in the formation of the revenue side of the state and local budgets. The purpose of the article is to determine the features of the collection of property taxes in Ukraine, research their role in the formation of the revenue side of local budgets and to outline areas for improving property taxes in Ukraine using foreign experience. Results. The general features of the evolution of the property taxation system are considered. It is argued that a key element of the real estate taxation mechanism if the procedure for determining the tax base, which is mostly the valuation of the object. It is necessary to review property tax rates, conduct an inventory and ensure the full functioning of the system of mass registration of real estate, introduce a correction factor to take into account historical, territorial and other characteristics of real estate, increase tax literacy and tax culture of the population. Prospects. The attention will be paid to the differentiation of property tax rates, the feasibility of introducing preferential taxation, the advantages and disadvantages of property taxation and more in further research,.

THE CONCEPT OF REAL ESTATE TAXATION BASED ON THE AD VALOREM PRINCIPLE

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-117
Author(s):  
Tomasz Wołowiec
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Property Tax ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Ad Valorem Tax ◽  
Real Property ◽  
Personal Property ◽  
The Government ◽  
Special Assessment ◽  
Fair Market Value ◽  
Ad Valorem

A property tax (or millage tax) is a levy on property that the owner is required to pay. The tax is levied by the governing authority of the jurisdiction in which the property is located; it may be paid to a national government, a federated state, a county or geographical region, or a municipality. Multiple jurisdictions may tax the same property. This is in contrast to a rent and mortgage tax, which is based on a percentage of the rent or mortgage value. There are four broad types of property: land, improvements to land (immovable man-made objects, such as buildings), personal property (movable man-made objects), and intangible property. Real property (also called real estate or realty) means the combination of land and improvements. Under a property tax system, the government requires and/or performs an appraisal of the monetary value of each property, and tax is assessed in proportion to that value. Forms of property tax used vary among countries and jurisdictions. Real property is often taxed based on its classification. Classification is the grouping of properties based on similar use. Properties in different classes are taxed at different rates. Examples of different classes of property are residential, commercial, industrial and vacant real property. In Israel, for example, property tax rates are double for vacant apartments versus occupied apartments. A special assessment tax is sometimes confused with property tax. These are two distinct forms of taxation: one (ad valorem tax) relies upon the fair market value of the property being taxed for justification, and the other (special assessment) relies upon a special enhancement called a "benefit" for its justification.

THE CONCEPT OF REAL ESTATE TAXATION BASED ON THE AD VALOREM PRINCIPLE

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-249
Author(s):  
Sylwia Skrzypek - Ahmed ◽  
Tomasz Wołowiec
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Property Tax ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Real Property ◽  
System A ◽  
Estate Taxation ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
The Government ◽  
Taxation System ◽  
Ad Valorem

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the pros and cons of ad valorem real estate taxation in the context of the reform of the Polish real estate taxation system. A property tax (or millage tax) is a levy on property that the owner is required to pay. The tax is levied by the governing authority of the jurisdiction in which the property is located; it may be paid to a national government, a federated state, a county or geographical region, or a municipality. Multiple jurisdictions may tax the same property. This contrasts with a rent and mortgage tax, which is based on a percentage of the rent or mortgage value. There are four broad types of property: land, improvements to land (immovable man-made objects, such as buildings), personal property (movable man-made objects), and intangible proper-ty. Real property (also called real estate or realty) means the combination of land and im-provements. Under a property tax system, the government requires and/or performs an appraisal of the monetary value of each property, and tax is assessed in proportion to that value. Forms of property tax used vary among countries and jurisdictions. Real proper-ty is often taxed based on its classification. Classification is the grouping of properties based on similar use. Properties in different classes are taxed at different rates. Examples of different classes of property are residential, commercial, industrial, and vacant real proper-ty. In Israel, for example, property tax rates are double for vacant apartments versus occu-pied apartments.

scholarly journals The Impact of the Training Set Size on the Classification of Real Estate with an Increased Fiscal Burden

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-62
Author(s):  
Sebastian Gnat
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Tax Burden ◽  
Ad Valorem Tax ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Estate Tax ◽  
Real Estate Tax ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ad Valorem

Abstract The introduction of an ad valorem tax can lead to an increase in the tax burden on real estate. There are concerns that this increase will be large and widespread. Before undertaking any actual actions related to the real estate tax reform, pilot studies and statistical analyses need to be conducted in order to verify the validity of those concerns and other aspects regarding the replacement of a real estate tax, agricultural tax and forest tax with an ad valorem tax. The article presents results of research on the effectiveness of the classification of real estate into a group at risk of an increase of tax burden with the use of the k-nearest neighbors method. The main focus was to determine the size of a real estate set (training data set) on the basis of which classification is conducted, as well as on the efficiency of that classification, depending on the size of such data set.

scholarly journals Lack of Uniformity in the Israeli Property Tax System 1997–2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 327
Author(s):  
Avi Perez
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Property Tax ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Tel Aviv ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Taxation System

There are two different forms of property tax systems: value-based tax, which is used in most countries of the world, and area-based tax, which is used mainly in Central and Eastern Europe and developing countries in Africa. Area-based property tax provides more stable and predictable budget revenues. It is simpler to administer and scores worse on equity grounds from the perspective of the ability-to-pay principle of taxation. Against this background, Israel’s property tax system, known as Arnona, is complex, spatially diversified, and causes a lack of uniformity that leads to tax distortion. This paper’s primary purpose is to identify the weaknesses of Israeli property tax from 1997 to 2017 and indicate how to improve the property tax system. This paper is based on case studies from four of the most important cities in Israel: Tel Aviv, Jerusalem, Haifa, and Beersheba, which have four different measurement methods for calculating property tax. Unique data were collected from the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. According to this analysis, it was found that there are substantial differences in property tax between the four cities over the two decades analyzed. The main weakness is the lack of uniformity of the taxation system; the solution is to unify the measurement of real estate area for tax purposes using drone technology.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FOREIGN SYSTEMS OF PROPERTY TAXATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
Elena S. Stegnienko ◽  
Svetlana A. Frolova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Property Tax ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Single Tax ◽  
Property Taxation ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Distribution Of Powers

The article discusses attempts to integrate land tax and property tax of individuals into a single tax on real estate in the Russian Federation. The analysis of foreign systems of property taxation on various grounds is given (level of distribution of powers, level of budget to which tax revenues, property, subject of tax are directed). The principles of the effectiveness of the system of taxation of real estate, developed by international practice, are identified.

scholarly journals THE LITHUANIAN REAL ESTATE TAXATION SYSTEM IN THE CONTEXT OF ALIEN COUNTRIES

2005 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vida Maliene ◽  
Daiva Cibulskiene ◽  
Virginija Gurskiene
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Tax Reforms ◽  
Estate Tax ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
Estate Taxation ◽  
Real Estate Tax ◽  
Taxation System ◽  
The Impact

The article aims at investigating the Lithuanian real estate taxation system in the context of the taxation system of the United States of America and European countries. The article dwells on the current situation in Lithuania; it introduces the advantages and drawbacks of the system and produces a comparative analysis as against alien countries. Proposals for the refinement of the Lithuanian real estate taxation system are presented on the grounds of the analysis results and alien experience. The article considers real estate tax base, analyses currently actualized tax reforms, and describes the impact of the changes on the real estate market. A number of principal features of real estate tax system commonly intrinsic to all considered countries, such as form of payment, basis of valuation, tax exemption, appeals, tax deductions, are discussed in the article. Analizuojama dabartine bei planuojama priimti nauja nekilnojamojo turto apmokestinimo sistema Lietuvoje, aiškinami naujai siūlomos sistemos privalumai ir trūkumai, atliekama JAV ir Europos šaliu lyginamoji analize. Remiantis gautais analizes rezultatais bei užsienio patirtimi, pateikiami siūlymai Lietuvos nekilnojamojo turto apmokestinimo sistemai tobulinti. Analizuojama nekilnojamojo turto mokesčiu baze, nagrinejamos šiuo metu Igyvendinamos mokesčiu reformos, vertinamas pasikeitimu poveikis nekilnojamojo turto rinkai. Pateikiama keletas pagrindiniu bendru visoms nagrinejamoms šalims nekilnojamojo turto mokesčiu sistemos aspektu ‐ mokejimo pobūdis, vertinimo apmokestinimo tikslais pagrindas, atleidimas nuo mokesčiu, apskundimo galimybes, lengvatos.

scholarly journals The Impact of Property Tax on the Development of Real Estate Industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 73-75
Author(s):  
Ruoke Hu ◽  
Fangke Li
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Housing Prices ◽  
Property Tax ◽  
Real Estate Industry ◽  
High Property ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
Significant Growth ◽  
The Impact

In recent years, due to the rapid development of the real estate industry in China, land speculation has begun in addition to the significant growth in economy. However, this rapid development has led to an extreme rise in housing prices, largely owing to high property tax. This article analyzed the impact of property tax on the development of real estate industry and provided countermeasures.

scholarly journals An exploratory approach for enhancing vertical and horizontal equity tests for ad valorem property tax valuations using geographically weighted regression

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-250
Author(s):  
Paul Bidanset ◽  
Michael McCord ◽  
Peadar Davis ◽  
Mark Sunderman
Keyword(s):  
Geographically Weighted Regression ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Property Tax ◽  
Horizontal Equity ◽  
Weighted Regression ◽  
Horizontal Inequity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Property Taxation ◽  
Gwr Model ◽  
Ad Valorem

Purpose The purpose of this study is to enhance the estimation of vertical and horizontal inequity within property valuation. Property taxation is a crucial source of finance for local government around the world – based on a presumptive tax base underpinned by estimates of property value, inaccurate real estate valuations used for such ad valorem or value-based property tax calculations potentially lead to a variety of costs, both financial and other, for tax payers and governments alike. More common are increased costs in time, staff and, in some cases, legal fees. Some governments are even bound by acceptability thresholds to promote fairness, equitability and overall government accountability with respect to valuation. Design/methodology/approach There exist a number of vertical inequity measurements that have undergone academic testing and scrutiny within the property tax industry since the 1970s. While these approaches have proved successful in detecting horizontal and vertical inequity, one recurring disadvantage pertains to measurement error/omitted variable bias, stemming largely from a failure to accurately account for location. A natural progression within property tax research is the application of a more spatially local weighted modelling approach to examine vertical and horizontal inequity. This research, therefore, specifies a geographically weighted regression (GWR) methodology to detect and measure vertical inequity in property valuations. Findings The findings show the efficacy of using more applied spatial approaches for vertical tax estimation and indeed the limitations of employing conditional mean estimates coupled with delineated boundaries for assessing property tax inequity. The GWR model findings highlight the more fluctuating nature of vertical inequity across the Belfast market for the apartment sector both in a progressive and regressive sense and at different magnitudes. Moreover, the results reveal spatial clustering in the effects and are indicative of systematic inequities related to location inferring that spatial (horizontal) tax inequities are not random. The findings further show increased GWR model predictability overall. Originality/value This research adds to the existing literature base for evaluating both vertical and horizontal inequity in value-based property taxation at the intra-neighbourhood level. This is accomplished by modifying the Birch–Sunderman approach by transforming the traditional OLS model architecture to a GWR model, thereby allowing coefficient estimates of inequity to vary not only across a jurisdiction, but also at a more local level, while incorporating property characteristic variables. This arguably allows assessors to identify specific geographical areas of concern, saving them money, time and resources on identifying, addressing and correcting for inequity.

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