scholarly journals The “Commodification” of Knowledge in the Global Information Society

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-238
Author(s):  
Peter Fleissner
Keyword(s):  
Information Society ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
European Patent ◽  
Patent Office ◽  
Information Goods ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Global Information Society ◽  
Commodification Of Knowledge ◽  
The One

With the increasing division of labour and the emergence of markets, useful things have started to become sold and bought. They began a new career as commodities. Since Aristotle the dialectic face of commodities, later on in detail elaborated by Karl Marx, is well known, they carry value in use and value in exchange. Nowadays, where we understand the economy as a social construction and are aware of the relativity of value given to objects, we are still confronted with the same distinction and also with the transition of objects into commodities. The commodification process has not come to an end yet. The paper gives an overview on the processes of commodification and de-commodification of goods and services as a background for analysing developments in the emerging information society on a global scale.Possible strategies on how to go on from now are presented, among them the struggle and on-going resistance of the European Parliament on the one hand, against the European Commission and the European Patent Office on the other, also the movements of open source/free software and the ideas of copyleft to create new rules for information goods.

scholarly journals The “Commodification” of Knowledge in the Global Information Society

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Fleissner
Keyword(s):  
Information Society ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
European Patent ◽  
Patent Office ◽  
Information Goods ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Global Information Society ◽  
Commodification Of Knowledge ◽  
The One

With the increasing division of labour and the emergence of markets, useful things have started to become sold and bought. They began a new career as commodities. Since Aristotle the dialectic face of commodities, later on in detail elaborated by Karl Marx, is well known, they carry value in use and value in exchange. Nowadays, where we understand the economy as a social construction and are aware of the relativity of value given to objects, we are still confronted with the same distinction and also with the transition of objects into commodities. The commodification process has not come to an end yet. The paper gives an overview on the processes of commodification and de-commodification of goods and services as a background for analysing developments in the emerging information society on a global scale.Possible strategies on how to go on from now are presented, among them the struggle and on-going resistance of the European Parliament on the one hand, against the European Commission and the European Patent Office on the other, also the movements of open source/free software and the ideas of copyleft to create new rules for information goods.

Recent Patents on the Industrial Application of Alpha-amylases

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-268
Author(s):  
André V. F. Ferreira ◽  
Felipe F. Silva ◽  
Ana Amélia M. Silva ◽  
Lucas S. Azevedo ◽  
Sara T. D. da Fonseca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
European Patent ◽  
Patent Office ◽  
Biotechnological Potential ◽  
Biochemical Characteristics ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
The One ◽  
Alpha Amylases

Background: Alpha-amylases are enzymes capable of degrading polysaccharides, such as starch and glycogen. Found in various organisms, such as fungi and bacteria, these enzymes have great biotechnological potential due to their insertion in several industrial sectors ranging from food to biofuels. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze patents deposited in intellectual property databases on alpha-amylases in the fields of food, beverages, detergents, animal feeds, biofuels, pharmaceuticals and textiles, with the search period being 5 years. Methods: This study targeted the use of alpha-amylases in various industrial sectors, so searches were carried out on the intellectual property database Espacenet website (European Patent Office - EPO) which contains more than 90 million patents deposited in its database. Results: During the search for patents filed in the last 5 years, 186 were found related to the use of alpha-amylases. These were disturbed as follows: 84 (biofuel), 41 (drinks), 16 (pharmaceuticals), 15 (detergents), 11 (food), 10 (animal feed), 9 (textiles). From the total number of patents found, we selected 6 from each area, except pharmaceutical products, to discuss and provide information on the application of this enzyme. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the sectors of beverages and animal feed have preferences for thermostable alpha-amylases while sectors such as food, biofuels and textiles only regarded the importance of enzymatic efficiency. The detergent sector presented the greatest use of alpha-amylases which had distinct biochemical characteristics as solvent resistance and thermostability. The pharmaceutical sector was the one that presented less patents related to the application of alpha amylases. In addition, this work showed that China is the country with the highest patent registration for the use of alpha-amylases in the analyzed period.

scholarly journals Digital age, globalization: Ensuring economic rights in the new information society

1970 ◽  
pp. 115-127
Author(s):  
Gulnaz Rzayeva
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Information Society ◽  
Global Information ◽  
Digital Inequality ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
New Information ◽  
Global Information Society ◽  
Scientific Technical ◽  
Economic Perspectives ◽  
The One

One of the essential factors for accelerating the process of global information society formation is the economic development. On the one hand, poor economic development, namely the scare of financial resources, impedes the process of informatization. Needless to say, that the informatization is the organizational social-economic and scientific-technical process of creation of optimal conditions for ensuring corresponding rights and meeting the needs of citizens, state power bodies, municipal organizations and all forms of entities and organizations notwithstanding their legal institutional framework or types of ownership by formation, providing and using information resources. On the other hand, it is complicated to achieve the desired progress while there is no induced economic interest among the members of the society. Bearing this in mind, governments in the process of maintaining the information society provide favorable conditions for securing economic rights. As a result, such kind of initiatives brought to the limelight such definitions as following: "digital economy", "information economy", "electronic commerce”, etc. The set of initiatives undertaken at the international and national levels creates the optimal environment for overcoming digital inequality and ensuring the economic rights in the global information society. In this article, the above-mentioned issues are considered from legal and economic perspectives.

From Digital Divides to Digital Inequalities

2011 ◽  
pp. 1114-1119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Amoretti ◽  
Clementina Casula
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Information Society ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Digital Divides ◽  
New Information ◽  
Global Information Society ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Policy Agendas ◽  
The Individual

Concerns about inequalities deriving from the penetration of new information and communication technologies (ICTs) have only recently become a widely debated issue in industrial societies. Until the 1980s the diffusion of ICT was mainly considered a matter of technological innovation regarding selected fields and limited territorial areas (such as the military and academic centers in the U.S.). Gradually, scholars started to point to the rise of an information society based on the production of information as the crucial resource to manage coordination and control of increasingly interconnected organizational systems (Masuda, 1981; Beniger, 1986; Toffler, 1990). The expression offered an alternative to the otherwise negative definitions used by scholars since the 1970s to identify changes occurring in Western democratic societies (‘post-capitalism’, ‘post-industrialism’, ‘post-materialism’, etc.) (Touraine, 1969; Bell, 1973). The debate over the information society, enthusiastically greeted by some authors (Negroponte, 1995) and critically observed by others (Castells, 1996, 2001; May, 2002; Mattelart, 2003), witnessed since the mid-1990s widespread success in public and political debates (Thomas, 1996). In front of the fast and capillary diffusion of ICTs virtually to all sectors of private and public life, most Western countries’ governments and international organizations have inserted within their policy agendas a reference to the unavoidability, if not desirability, of a radical shift to the new information age. The rhetoric accompanying those discourses often presents the expansion of the ICT sector?and especially the Internet?as offering citizens returns at both the individual and collective level, in the form of greater access to goods and services, increased levels of social and civic participation, and wider economic and working opportunities for all. Presented as a crucial means to participate in the new global information society, ICTs become recognized as a resource that should be fairly distributed among citizens, albeit on the basis of different arguments (ranging from social equity to economic efficiency or global development concerns), often leading to opposite conclusions on the scope for redistributive interventions (Strover, 2003; Selwyn, 2007).

scholarly journals Prospects for the Development of Online Trade in the Russian Federation in the Context of Globalization and the Information Society Establishment

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 4413-4424 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Information Society ◽  
Information Communication ◽  
The Public ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Landline Telephone ◽  
The One

The modern trade exists in the context of globalization and the information society establishment. The authors review the development of online trade in the Russian Federation and put the following research questions: how is the information and communication environment established in Russia? is there a link between the economic, information, communication and trade globalization, on the one hand, and the development of digital technologies in the trade sector, on the other hand? what are the prospects for the development of Russian digital trade in the global space? The results have indicated that the use of personal computers, local computing networks, and landline telephone networks in the Russian Federation has reached a level where a further increase in their number is not accompanied by an adequate increase in digital competencies. As a result of the study, the authors have found a relationship between the public activity in online trade and the development of the information society. They have also identified the factors that contribute to positive changes in the structure of Internet use by the population of the Russian Federation to order goods and services; factors hindering the development of online trade; and factors that do not influence the development of online trade. Regardless of the weak and deteriorating legal environment and the low efficiency of investment in innovation, the information society establishment and the development of online trade and the digital economy in the Russian Federation have positive dynamics supported by the activity of global players in the online space.

A Study on Consumers’ Awareness on Goods and Services Tax

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
A. Hilary Joseph ◽  
D. Kanakavalli
Keyword(s):  
Tax Reform ◽  
Subsequent Stage ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Value Addition ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Late Night ◽  
Single Tax ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
Ease Of Doing Business ◽  
The One

The Goods and Services Tax (GST) -- India's biggest tax reform since independence formally launched in Parliament by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and President Pranab Mukherjee came into force after 17 tumultuous years of debate, unifying more than a dozen central and state levies.  The new tax regime was ushered at the late night of 30th June and came into force on 1st July 2017.  The one national GST unifies the country's USD 2 trillion economy and 1.3 billion people into a common market.  As commented by Mr.Modi, GST is not just tax reform but its economic reform. GST is a way forward in the ease of doing business.  In the language of law, it is called the goods and services tax, but the benefit of GST is really a Good and Simple Tax. Good because multiple taxes will be removed. Simple because it requires just one form and is easy to use.  GST is a single tax on the supply of goods and services, right from the manufacturer to the consumer.  Credits of input taxes paid at each stage will be available in the subsequent stage of value addition, which makes GST essentially a tax only on value addition at each stage. The final consumer will thus bear only the GST charged by the last dealer in the supply chain, with set-off benefits at all the previous stages.  It renders numerous benefits to different parties such as business and industry, central and state governments and the ultimate consumers.  An effort is made to understand the consumers’ awareness on Goods and Services Tax. Everything that is introduced will attract agitation and unrest among different group of people and they can easily be overcome by designing programmes to clarify the objections of renowned economists.  GST will sure to have success when the confidence of every individual Indian citizens have obtained.

Argumentation of the Courts and Contemporary Legal Scholarship

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Kuenzler
Keyword(s):  
Case Law ◽  
Copyright Law ◽  
Court Case ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Resale Price Maintenance ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Supreme Court Case ◽  
Resale Price ◽  
The One ◽  
Price Maintenance

This chapter analyzes existing U.S. Supreme Court case law with respect to, on the one hand, antitrust’s minimum resale price maintenance plans, bundling and tying practices, as well as refusals to deal, and, on the other hand, trademark law’s dilution, postsale, sponsorship, and initial interest confusion doctrines, including design patent and selected areas of copyright law. It demonstrates that courts, based on the free riding hypothesis, have come to protect increasing amounts of artificial shortage of everyday consumer goods and services and corresponding incentives to innovate. Through the preservation of such values, antitrust and intellectual property laws have evolved into “dilution laws” and have focused, almost exclusively, on the refurbishment of the technological supply side of our present-day digital economies rather than also on the human demand side of “creative consumption.”

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