Mind the gap: Sex, gender, and intersectionality in military-to-civilian transitions

2021 ◽  
pp. e20210018
Author(s):  
Maya Eichler ◽  
Kimberley Smith-Evans ◽  
Leigh Spanner ◽  
Linna Tam-Seto
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Studies ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Transition Outcomes ◽  
Military Service Members ◽  
Military Members ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Canadian Research ◽  
Insight Into

LAY SUMMARY The authors conducted a review of existing research on sex, gender, and intersectionality in relation to military-to-civilian transition (MCT). Extensive international studies and government resources, mostly from the United States, provide insight into the potential vulnerabilities and challenges encountered by historically under-represented military members and Veterans during MCT (i.e., by women, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and other sexual or gender minority, Black, Indigenous, and People of Colour military service members and Veterans). The reviewed sources also highlight government initiatives and tailored programs that exist internationally to address diverse Veteran needs. Canadian research and government initiatives on the topic are limited, and this gap needs to be kept in mind. To support equitable transition outcomes for all Veterans, research as well as policies, programs, and supports need to pay attention to sex and gender as well as intersecting factors such as sexuality, race, Indigeneity, and more.

scholarly journals PERIACETABULAR OSTEOTOMY IN ACTIVE DUTY U.S. MILITARY PERSONNEL: A SINGLE CENTER’S EXPERIENCE WITH A MINIMUM OF TWO YEARS FOLLOW-UP

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4_suppl3) ◽  
pp. 2325967120S0014
Author(s):  
Andrew S. Murtha ◽  
Matthew R. Schmitz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Periacetabular Osteotomy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Active Duty ◽  
Service Members ◽  
Military Service Members ◽  
Active Service ◽  
The Impact

Background: The primary focus of periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) literature has been survivorship until hip arthroplasty. This endpoint overlooks its impact on young, active patients. Hypothesis/Purpose: This study sought to assess the impact of the PAO on the careers of active duty members of the United States Armed Forces. Methods: A retrospective review identified 38 patients who underwent PAO performed by a single surgeon at an academic, military medical center from January 2014 through April 2017. Twenty-one of the patients were active duty United States military service members (16 female, 5 male) and had a minimum 28 months of post-operative follow-up at the time of review. Preoperative and postoperative duty restrictions were noted and referrals to the U.S Army and U.S. Air Force Medical Evaluation Boards (MEB) were queried. Results: The average age at surgery was 25.6 years (range, 19-40y). Preoperatively, sixteen patients (94.1%) were on duty restrictions, one had been referred to the MEB, and records were not available on three patients who separated from the military prior to review. Average follow-up was 3.4 years (range, 2.3 – 5.4y). Among the patients without a preoperative MEB referral, 85.0% remained on active duty (n = 12) or completed their military service commitment (n=5). Of the fourteen patients with temporary duty restrictions preoperatively, 35.7% (n=5) were relieved of their restrictions and returned to full duty and 50% (n=7) were retained on active service with permanent duty restrictions. Such permanent duty restrictions typically consisted of modifications to the aerobic component of the semiannual military fitness testing. Six patients (28.6%) were referred to the MEB including one who was referred prior to PAO. Of these patients, two were deemed fit to retain on active service with permanent duty restrictions, two were medically separated for non-hip conditions, and two were medically separated for a hip condition. The average Veteran Affairs (VA) disability score related to hip pathology in patients referred to MEB was 16% (range 0-40%). Conclusion: This is the first study to look at the PAO in active duty military service members. In patients with symptomatic acetabular dysplasia, PAO may provide an opportunity to relieve preoperative duty restrictions and allow for continued military service. Further study with the inclusion of patient reported outcomes are necessary assess the impact of the procedure in this active patient population.

scholarly journals Sex and gender differences in hypertensive kidney injury

2017 ◽  
Vol 313 (4) ◽  
pp. F1009-F1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer C. Sullivan ◽  
Ellen E. Gillis
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Experimental Animal ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Science Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
And Gender

Hypertension is a complex, multifaceted disorder, affecting ~1 in 3 adults in the United States. Although hypertension occurs in both men and women, there are distinct sex differences in the way in which they develop hypertension, with women having a lower incidence of hypertension until the sixth decade of life. Despite observed sex differences in hypertension, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of hypertension in females, primarily because of their underrepresentation in both clinical and experimental animal studies. The first goal of this review is to provide a concise overview of the participation of women in clinical trials, including a discussion of the importance of including females in basic science research, as recently mandated by the National Institutes of Health. The remaining portion of the review is dedicated to identifying clinical and experimental animal studies that concentrate on gender and sex differences in hypertensive kidney disease, ending with a proposed role for T cells in mediating sex differences in blood pressure.

Impact of Sex and Gender on Irritable Bowel Syndrome

2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Heitkemper ◽  
Monica Jarrett ◽  
Eleanor F. Bond ◽  
Lin Chang
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Visceral Pain ◽  
Partial Agonist ◽  
The United States ◽  
Care Seeking ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Seek Health Care ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Irritable Bowel

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional bowel disorder characterized by abdominal pain and change in defecation pattern. This review addresses the topic of possible sex (genetic, biological) and gender (experiential, perceptual) differences in individuals with and without IBS. Several observations make the topic important. First, there is a predominance of women as compared to men who seek health care services for IBS in the United States and other industrialized societies. Second, menstrual cycle-linked differences are observed in IBS symptom reports. Third, women with IBS tend to report greater problems with constipation and nongastrointestinal complaints associated with IBS. Fourth, serotonin (5-HT3) receptor antagonist and 5-HT4 partial agonist drugs appear to more effectively diminish reports of bowel pattern disruption in women with IBS as compared to men. This review examines sex and gender modulation of gastrointestinal motility and transit, visceral pain sensitivity, autonomic nervous system function, serotonin biochemistry, and differences in health care-seeking behavior for IBS.

scholarly journals RESPONSE: SEX & GENDER DIVERSITY, AND THE LIMITATIONS OF LEGAL IDENTIFICATION

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Gender Diversity ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Transgender People ◽  
Fine Detail ◽  
Gender Diverse ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Legal Identification ◽  
Insight Into

This comment expands on three key issues raised by the argument put forward in on the article by Ashleigh Bagshaw in this volume entitled ‘Exploring the Implications of Gender Identification for Transgender People under Australian Law’. It points out that sex and gender diversity goes beyond transsexualism and explores the need to factor this insight into any future legal developments. It notes that the implications of any change to marriage law could be profound for sex and gender diverse people, and considers how change should best proceed. It concludes that the debates about the fine detail of legal regulation in this area beg the question of whether law should even be in the business of identifying and recording people’s sex/gender in the first place.

Closing the Gap

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna C. Mastroianni ◽  
Leslie Meltzer Henry
Keyword(s):  
Women’S Health ◽  
Women's Health ◽  
Research Participation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Closing The Gap ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Policies And Practices

Drawing on the ethical principles of the Belmont Report, this chapter critically examines the legacy and current policies and practices in the United States related to the inclusion of women in clinical research. Historically, protectionist policies and practices excluded women from research participation, justified by, for example, reliance on the male norm, male bias, and fears of legal liability resulting from tragic cases of fetal harm. Recognition of the ensuing harms to women’s health from exclusion and underrepresentation in research led to significant policy changes in the 1990s encouraging women’s participation in research. Although the knowledge gap in women’s health is narrowing, significant challenges remain, including the need to develop robust approaches to defining sex and gender, identifying and analyzing sex and gender differences, and acknowledging and addressing intersectionality and women’s health needs across their life spans.

Making military and Veteran women (in)visible: The continuity of gendered experiences in military-to-civilian transition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maya Eichler
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Women Veterans ◽  
Military Women ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Civilian Life ◽  
Gender Biases ◽  
Care And Support ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Military

LAY SUMMARY This study explores how gender and sex shape the military-to-civilian transition (MCT) for women. Thirty-three Canadian women Veterans were interviewed about their military service and post-military life. MCT research often emphasizes discontinuities between military and civilian life, but women’s accounts highlight continuities in gendered experiences. Military women are expected to fit the male norm and masculine ideal of the military member during service, but they are rarely recognized as Veterans after service. Women experience invisibility as military member and Veterans and simultaneously hypervisibility as (ex)military women who do not fit military or civilian gender norms. Gendered expectations of women as spouses and mothers exert an undue burden on them as serving members and as Veterans undergoing MCT. Women encounter care and support systems set up on the normative assumption of the military and Veteran man supported by a female spouse. The study findings point to a needed re-design of military and Veteran systems to remove sex and gender biases and better respond to the sex- and gender-specific MCT needs of women.

“Conduct of a Nature to Bring Discredit upon the Military Service”

2019 ◽  
pp. 21-55
Author(s):  
Andrew Byers
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Venereal Disease ◽  
Legal Cases ◽  
Military Justice ◽  
Enlisted Men ◽  
The Family ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Civilian Women ◽  
The Military ◽  
Insight Into

This chapter examines Fort Riley, Kansas, from 1898-1940. The chapter provides an overview of the military justice system and looks at specific legal cases to explore how the U.S. Army thought about issues related to sexuality: family life and marriage, sexual propriety, venereal disease, homosexuality, and sexual violence. Examining how the army treated what it considered criminal violations of a sexual nature in its court-martial process provides insight into what behaviors the army considered transgressive, how it publicly discussed such transgressions, and how it dealt with offenders. The chapter also reveals how entangled the army’s notions of marriage, the family, and sexual propriety were with social class and gender relations in how it policed contact between enlisted men and civilian women of various social classes.

Equity in military and Veteran research: Why it is essential to integrate an intersectional sex and gender lens

2021 ◽  
pp. e20210016
Author(s):  
Maya Eichler
Keyword(s):  
Health Research ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Veteran Health ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Gender Diverse ◽  
Military Members ◽  
Long Time ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Military ◽  
Gender Lens

Lay Summary For a long time, it has been assumed that to study military members and Veterans means to study men. Further com-pounding the problem, military and Veteran health research has historically neglected sex and gender issues. This has resulted in systemic biases and gaps in military and Veteran health research that perpetuate existing inequities. How-ever, as this Perspectives piece argues, equity should be a key objective of military and Veteran research. Equity means that the diverse needs of all in the military and Veteran population are considered and addressed. Equity helps ensure fairness and justice in the military and Veteran sector. One of the best ways to advance the goal of equity in research and beyond is to apply an intersectional sex and gender lens. This means, for example, to make visible women’s specific experiences and health outcomes, as well as those of sub-groups of women, men, or gender-diverse military members and Veterans. The author provides tools and considerations for the application of an intersectional sex and gender lens in military, Veteran, and family health research.

scholarly journals Of Masks and Men? Gender, Sex, and Protective Measures during COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 1052-1062
Author(s):  
Dan Cassino ◽  
Yasemin Besen-Cassino
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Telephone Survey ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Gender Identities ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Masculine Gender

AbstractSince the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, men have been consistently less likely to report wearing a protective face mask. There are several possible reasons for this difference, including partisanship and gender identity. Using a national live-caller telephone survey that measures gender identity, we show that men's gender identities are strongly related to their views of mask wearing, especially when gender identity is highly salient to the individual. The effects of this interaction of sex and gender are shown to be separate from the effects of partisanship. While partisanship is a significant driver of attitudes about face masks, within partisan groups, men who report “completely” masculine gender identities are very different from their fellow partisans.

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