scholarly journals The origin and development of gymnastics events in France

2021 ◽  
pp. 75-81
Author(s):  
Olha Romanchuk ◽  
Rostyslav Koval ◽  
Oleh Bubela ◽  
Anastasiia Mykhailenko ◽  
Anna Mykhailenko
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Historical Aspects ◽  
History Of ◽  
Compulsory Subject ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Military Services

The article analyzes the main stages of the origin and formation of gymnastics events in France since the beginning of the XIX century to 1942 on the basis of the works of leading French scientists. The development of gymnastics in France does not attract much attention of Ukrainian specialists whose scientific interests are related to the study of physical education and sports in European countries, so the practical issues of our research will complement and expand the relevant courses on the history of physical education for students in Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to study the main historical aspects of the development of gymnastics events in France. To achieve it, the following tasks should be performed: to analyze the literature on research issues; to identify key dates in the history of gymnastics in France; to describe the role of personalities who have contributed most to the evolution of the field in this country. According to the results of the study, we conclude that the greatest influence on the development of gymnastics in France since the beginning of the XIX century to 1942 was made by Francisco Amorós, Napoléon Laisné, Eugène Paz, Charles Cazalet, Joseph Sansbœuf, Georges Demenÿ, Philippe Auguste Tissié. In the middle of the XIX century the institutionalization of gymnastics took place at the level of hospitals (1847), military services (1852) and school (1854). In the last quarter of the XIX century, physical education became a compulsory subject in primary and secondary schools for boys and girls. The Union of Gymnastics Societies of France was founded September 28, 1873 by Eugène Paz. In 1942, it was merged with the French Womenʼs Gymnastics and Physical Education Federation, which formed French Gymnastics Federation. French gymnasts since the beginning of Olympic Games in Paris (1900) have always shown consistently high results at competitions and tournaments of various scales, but since the 1930s it has begun to decline. Our further research will focus on a thorough study of the history of womenʼs gymnastics in France as well as the evolution of this sport in the period since 1942 to 2022.

The Patriarch Nikon’s Museum in the New Jerusalem Monastery: the 145th Anniversary of Its Foundation

2020 ◽  
pp. 111-127
Author(s):  
Светлана Измайловна Баранова
Keyword(s):  
Spiritual Development ◽  
Emotional Impact ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
New Jerusalem ◽  
History Of ◽  
Xix Century

Статья посвящена истории созданного в 1874 г. в Воскресенском Ново-Иерусалимском монастыре музея Святейшего патриарха Никона, а также истории возрождения музея в новом качестве, ставшего частью программы современного восстановления Ново-Иерусалимского монастыря. Рассмотрена роль устроителя музея архимандрита Леонида (Кавелина) (1822-1891) - настоятеля обители в 1869-1877 гг., выдающегося русского историка, историографа Воскресенского монастыря, собирателя его древностей и исследователя его архивов. Также представлен опыт построения экспозиции нового Музея патриарха Никона, использующий объединение историко-хронологического принципа с художественно-образным, коллекционного - с мемориальным, тематическим и ансамблевым. Восстановление в монастыре музея в новом качестве должно подчеркнуть мемориальную сущность обители как явления русской церковной археологии XIX в. Экспозиция, размещенная в залах музея, должна создать богатый информационновизуальный базис, оставить в памяти посетителя глубокий эмоциональный след, дать пищу для духовного развития и материал для общих размышлений о судьбах Святых Мест христианства, параллелях в жизни России и Святой Земли, колоссальном вкладе патриарха Никона в строительство величественного здания Русской Православной Церкви и зарождавшейся Российской империи. The article is dedicated to the history of the Museum of His Holiness Patriarch Nikon, founded in 1874 in the Resurrection New Jerusalem Monastery as well as the history of the revival of the museum in a new quality, which became part of the restoration program of the New Jerusalem Monastery. The role of the organizer of the museum, archimandrite Leonid (Kavelin) (1822-1891), the abbot of the monastery in 1869-1877, an outstanding Russian historian, the Resurrection Monastery historiographer, a collector of its antiquities and a researcher of its archives, is considered. Also, it is said about the experience of forming a collection of the new Patriarch Nikon’s Museum implementing historical-chronological, artistic-figurative, memorial, thematic and ensemble principles of the collection. Anew quality restoration done in the monastery museum should emphasize the memorial importance of the monastery as a phenomenon of Russian church archeology of the XIX century. The exposition located in the museum halls should create a rich informational and visual basis, have a deep emotional impact in the visitor’s memory, provide food for spiritual development and material for general reflection on the fate of the Holy Chrisitan Places, establish parallels in the life of Russia and the Holy Land, mark an enormous contribution of Patriarch Nikon in the construction of a magnificent building of the Russian Orthodox Church and the nascent Russian Empire.

scholarly journals UKRAINE IN EUROPEAN HISTORICAL PROCESSES. REVIEW OF THE MONOGRAPH MANUSCRIPT: Vidnianskyi, S. (Ed.). (2020). Ukraine in the History of Europe of the 19th – Early 21st Century: Historical Essays. A Monograph. Kyiv: Instite of History of Ukraine of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

2020 ◽  
pp. 85-86
Author(s):  
O. Mashevskyi
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Research Result ◽  
European History ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Political Scientist ◽  
World War ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
History Of ◽  
Xix Century

The chronological boundaries of the collective monograph cover a long historical period, which extends to the era of European Modernism and continues to the modern (current) history of European Postmodernism. The key thesis of the team of authors of the monograph is the idea of systemic belonging of Ukraine to European civilization as its component, which interacts with other parts of the system. The first chapter of the peer-reviewed collective monograph "European receptions of Ukraine in the XIX century" shows the reflection of the Ukrainian problem in the German-language literature of the first half of the XIX century, taking into account new archival document, the development of Ukraine’s relations with other Slavic peoples is traced, and the peculiarities of Ukrainian-Bulgarian relations are considered as a separate case study. An interesting paragraph of the collective monograph devoted to cultural, educational and scientific cooperation of Dnieper Ukraine with European countries. This information illustrates well how the Industrial Revolution radically changed the face of the planet, brought new scientific experience that gave room for the development of the capitalist system, and with them, the Industrial Revolution brought social problems, environmental disasters that still cannot be solved. Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) formulated the "iron law of wages", according to which workers can receive only a living wage. The second chapter of the collective monograph "The Ukrainian Question and Ukraine in the European History of the Twentieth Century" presents an integrated narrative of Ukrainian national history in the light of the European history of the two world wars and their consequences. The First World War, or the Great War, undoubtedly became a turning point in European history and, accordingly, in the national histories of European countries. The historical experience of the Ukrainian national liberation struggle of the Ukrainian people for the right to European development is covered in the paragraph of the collective monograph "Ukrainian Diplomatic Service 1917-1924". The vicissitudes of Stalin's industrialization and collectivization and their impact on the Ukrainian SSR's relations with European states in the 1920s and 1930s are highlighted in terms of continuity of ties with Europe. A separate regional example of the situation is covered on the example of the history of Transcarpathia on the eve of World War II. The third chapter of the collective monograph "Independent Ukraine in the European integration space" highlights the features of Ukraine's current positioning in Europe. After the collapse of the USSR, ideological obstacles to the development of globalization were overcome. The American political scientist F.Fukuyama in his work "The End of History" concluded the final victory of liberal ideology. This section of the peer-reviewed collective monograph also highlights the position of the international community on the Crimean referendum in 2014, analyzes the policy of Western European countries on the Ukrainian-Russian armed conflict on the example of the policy of Germany, France and Austria. The research result is a separate model of reality, which is reproduced with the help of a certain perception and awareness of the historian. In this sense, the author's team of the monograph has achieved the goal of creating a meaningful narrative that highlights the place of Ukraine at different stages of modern and postmodern European history. From the point of view of the general perception of the narrative offered to the reader, the authors of the collective monograph managed to harmonize individual stylistic features in a conceptually unified text, the meanings of which will be interesting to both professional historians and students and the general readership.

scholarly journals Social and Historical Aspects of Formation and Functioning

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-590
Author(s):  
N. M. Velikhanly
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
State Policy ◽  
National Museum ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Historical Aspects ◽  
History Of ◽  
Public Museum ◽  
Changes Of State

The article examines the milestones of formation and development of the first public museum of Azerbaijan - the National Museum of the History of Azerbaijan. The author tracks the changing profile of the museum in the 20-30s of the last century within the context of changes of state policy and ideological priorities in Azerbaijan. The article also provides information on the role of the museum in the emergence and development of archaeological research in Azerbaijan, on the main achievements of the museum in the field of preserving and studying the historical and cultural heritage of the Azerbaijani people.

scholarly journals On the history of the study of malignant tumors and the organization of the cancer service in Kazakhstan

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-37
Author(s):  
А. К. DYNYAK
Keyword(s):  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Cancer Etiology ◽  
Growth Trend ◽  
Cancer Service ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Xix Century

Relevance: Ivan Petrovich Pavlov once said, «Never grasp the next without mastering the previous.» Current scientific studies on cancer, and not only cancer, make little use of the historical method. However, the analysis of an issue in the dynamics of historical development contributes to better understanding and making sound decisions. The materials on morbidity, mortality, the history of cancer research, and the development of the cancer service in Kazakhstan contribute to the formation of historical thinking and erudition. The purpose of the study was to analyze the cancer incidence in Kazakhstan based on the materials of scientific works of N.F. Kramchaninov of 1960-1970s and to uncover the directions and results relevant today. Results: Kazakhstani scientists have actively and fruitfully participated in the study of cancer epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, and prevention. Cancer diseases have been reported starting from the XIX century, with a constant growth trend. The role of UV rays in skin cancer etiology was studied for a long time and in detail; specific preventive measures were proposed. Conclusion: The results obtained by researchers of past years deserve a thorough analysis, use in current conditions, and further research.

scholarly journals Evolution of Views on the Value of Scientific Knowledge in Western Philosophy

Discourse ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 28-41
Author(s):  
L. A. Pafomova
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
Self Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Religious Understanding

Introduction. Evolution of views on the value of scientific knowledge in various directions of Western philosophy, from the ancient period to the 20th century is analyzed in the article. The relevance of the article is due to the fact that the view of scientific knowledge as the value of scientific reality is a fairly new phenomenon.Methodology and sources. The methodological basis of the work is the cultural and philosophical analysis of various points of view in the works of both ancient philosophers, philosophers of the Renaissance and the New times (Plato, Aristotle, Pythagoras, F. Aquinas, Leonard da Vinci, F. Bacon, Locke, Hobbes, Descartes, Spinoza), as well as in the works of O. Comte, Spencer, Mach, Poincare, Pierce, James, Dewey, Jaspers, B. Russell, etc. (i.e. representatives of positivism, existentialism, neo-Thomism).Results and discussion. Today two directions could be distinguished in the relation to science: either its absolutization, that we name scientism, or the cult of an abstract person opposed to science – anthropologism. This is a consequence of the changes in the views on scientific knowledge that have taken place throughout the history of science. Thus, in the ancient period, the value of science was determined, firstly, not in relation to the practical activity of a human being, but only in relation to science to knowledge and cognition, and secondly, as a way of self-development of the individual. In the Middle Ages, science was the “handmaid” of theology. In the Renaissance science faced new challenges: the first was an anti-religious understanding of the essence of a person, the second was the justification of the role of scientific knowledge both for practice and for the worldview as a whole. It was on this understanding of the meaning of scientific knowledge that the concepts of the philosophers of the XVII–XVIII centuries were built, and they dominated until the middle of the XIX century. From this period, a one-sided approach begins to dominate – the ideological role of the value of science was denied and only its pragmatic value is taken. Along with this, there is also a critical attitude towards science, which then develops into anti-scientism. Today, a pessimistic approach (postmodernism, for example) the approach to the consideration of the value of scientific knowledge is characteristic of modern philosophical trends that deny not only the value of scientific knowledge, but also deny knowledge itself.Conclusion. The evaluation of scientific knowledge in Western philosophy has undergone significant changes. If in classical philosophy, with a few exceptions, the recognition of the comprehensive value of science prevailed, i.e. its ideological, humanistic and practical value, then in the future all these three main aspects of the value of scientific knowledge are analyzed. In the extreme forms, this leads to the emergence of antiscientism, for which it is the development of scientific knowledge is perceived as a source of human misery and suffering.

scholarly journals To the history of the study of malignant tumors and the organization of cancer service in Kazakhstan

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-47
Author(s):  
А. К. Dynyak
Keyword(s):  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Cancer Etiology ◽  
Growth Trend ◽  
Cancer Service ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Xix Century

Relevance: Ivan Petrovich Pavlov once said, «Never grasp the next without mastering the previous.» Current scientific studies on cancer, and not only cancer, make little use of the historical method. However, the analysis of an issue in the dynamics of historical development contributes to better understanding and making sound decisions. The materials on morbidity, mortality, the history of cancer research, and the development of the cancer service in Kazakhstan contribute to the formation of historical thinking and erudition. The purpose of the study was to analyze the cancer incidence in Kazakhstan based on the materials of scientific works of N.F. Kramchaninov of 1960-1970s and to uncover the directions and results relevant today. Results: Kazakhstani scientists have actively and fruitfully participated in the study of cancer epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, and prevention. Cancer diseases have been reported starting from the XIX century, with a constant growth trend. The role of UV rays in skin cancer etiology was studied for a long time and in detail; specific preventive measures were proposed. Conclusion: The results obtained by researchers of past years deserve a thorough analysis, use in current conditions, and further research.

scholarly journals KHERSON JEWS OF THE MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY IN TRAVEL NOTES

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-15
Author(s):  
Vodotyka S. ◽  
Chaura I.
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Jewish Community ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Population Movement ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
History Of ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Comprehensive Study

The article is devoted to analyzing the Kherson Jewish community in the middle of the XIX century. The presentation is based on a comprehensive study of the two-volume work of Alexander Schmidt, "Materials for Geography and Statistics of Russia. Kherson province". Source criticism shows that the work contains a significant amount of reliable information on the history of individual ethnic groups of Kherson in the mid-nineteenth century, which allows us to consider it as a reliable historical source.The primary attention author pays to the issues of the demographic and social structure of the Jewish community. The number, sex component, population movement, social status were analyzed. The role of Jews in the city’s economy, especially in the functioning of a market economy, is highlighted. The article shows the peculiarities of the culture and way of life of the Kherson Jews, their interaction and relations with other ethnic groups.The author proves that the XIX century was the time of the highest rise, the acme in the history of the Jewish community of Kherson, and the Jews significantly determined the city’s face. Their number grew faster than other ethnic groups, they predominated among the wealthiest Kherson citizens, and their business activities contributed to the progress of Kherson.Key words: Kherson, the Jewish community, A. Schmidt, the interaction of ethnic groups. Стаття присвячена аналізу єврейської громади Херсона середини ХІХ ст. Виклад базується на комплексному дослідженні двотомної праці Олександра Шміта «Материалы для географии и статистики России. Херсонская губерния». Джерелознавча критика свідчить, що праця містить значний обсяг достовірної інформації з історії окремих етносів населення Херсона серед-ини ХІХ ст., що дозволяє розглядати її як надійне історичне джерело.Головну увагу приділено питанням демографічної та соціальної структури єврейської громади. Проаналізовано чисельність, статеву складову, природний і механічних рух населення, соціально-становий статус. Висвітлено роль євреїв в економіці міста, передусім у функціонуванні ринкового господарства. Показано особливості культури та побуту євреїв Херсона, їх взаємодія і стосунки з іншими етнічними групами.Доведено, що саме ХІХ ст. стало часом найвищого піднесення в історії єврейської громади Херсона, причому євреї у значній мірі визначали обличчя міста. Їхня чисельність зростала випереджаючими темпами порівняно з іншими етнічними групами, вони переважали серед найзаможнішого прошарку херсонців, а їхня діяльність у сфері бізнесу сприяла поступу Херсона. Ключові слова: Херсон, єврейська громада, О. Шміт, взаємодія етносів.

scholarly journals Evolution of “memory studies”: Between psychology and sociology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Pushkareva ◽  
Daria Agaltsova ◽  
Olga Derzhavina
Keyword(s):  
Sociological Theory ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Memory Studies ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field ◽  
Biographical Research ◽  
Psychological Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
Xix Century

The article examines the problem of the “memory studies” development and the role that psychology and sociology play in the development of this interdisciplinary field of humanities. The authors divide the history of memory studies into two periods. The analysis of the first stage of the conceptual formation of memory research, starting from the end of the XIX century and till the first part of the century, first of all, on the basis of psychological, sociological is revealed. The authors demonstrate the trajectory of the evolution of the scientific understanding of “memory” from a purely psychological interpretation of the phenomenon to a socio-psychological concept (group memory), to a broad sociological theory (socio-cultural and historical memory). It is shown how at the second stage of the memory studies development, starting from the second half of the XX century till the present time, sociological research unfolds in the paradigm of memory studies and at the same time there is a new growth of interest in the psychological point of these studies. This is reflected in the development of psychoanalytic concepts, biographical research methods, and the increased role of oral history. It is concluded that the dialectical interaction of sociology and psychology in the interdisciplinary field of memory studies forms the basis of the heuristic potential of this modern humanities research.

Liberalization Of Ideological Threats In Europe In The Late Twentieth And Early Twenty-First Centuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (02) ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
Muminkhujaev Abrorkhuja Muksumkhodjaevich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
European Countries ◽  
European Culture ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Liberal Approach ◽  
Lgbt Movement

The article discusses the history of liberalism and the reasons why is it playing a key role in the politics of European countries. The article also analyzes the practical and vital role of liberalism in the political and social life of European countries. In particular, the positive results of the liberal approach to threats that contradict European culture, mentality, ideology (Nazism, nationalism, LGBT movement, local separatism) are illustrated with examples. Through the article the author tries to proove liberalism is the most apt way to solve political and social problems for the time being.

Moscow school of army column guides : history of creation and development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.A. Shvetsov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Military Education ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
History Of ◽  
Trained Staff ◽  
Moscow School ◽  
Xix Century

The article is devoted to the history of the Moscow school of the armycolumn guides that was one of the first educational institutions in Russia that trained staff officers. The paper draws attention to the structure of the school, the features of its curriculum, and, also, gives a description of its creators and leaders: Nikolai Nikolayevich Muravyov and his son Mikhail. The material of historical sources and historiographical works proves the important role of the school in the development of military education in Russia in the first quarter of the XIX century.

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