scholarly journals CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURE IN EU COUNTRIES

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-79
Author(s):  
Manuela Raisova
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
German Economy ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Added Value ◽  
European Politics ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
The Past

The divergent developments in productivity and employment over the past two decades, as well as the crisis and subsequent recovery of the global economy have led to significant changes in different parts of the economic structure in all EU countries. The aim of our study was to examine changes in the basic segments of the economic structure of European countries. The development of segments is assessed through the indicator of gross added value (in current prices) and employment in the period 1995 to 2017. We compared the situation of the two main groups of European countries - the original and new EU countries. We note that there are significant differences between these groups, especially in the 1990s. Subsequently, there have been changes in the structure of new countries that have narrowed the gap between countries. The structural gap between countries has slowly diminished in average. However, the crisis has significantly delayed the process of convergence and the economic recovery period has not recovered to the pre-crisis situation. On the contrary, after the end of crisis the structural gap has thus re-expanded in a number of cases. In this article we target on the comparison of Estonia and Germany. Estonia represents precisely the group of countries whose structural gap has widened after the end of the crisis. On the other hand, the German economy is seen as a stable backbone of European politics and economics. We considered Germany the most economically strong representative of the old EU countries. From this point of view, our research was based on the assumption that Estonia wants to bring its economy closer to Germany’s economy. We monitored whether the Estonian economy was getting closer or moved away from the German economy. Our results confirmed that Germany’s economy is stable and more or less unchanged for more than 20 years. However, the assumption that Estonia’s economy is moving closer to Germany’s economy has not been confirmed. The opposite is probably true.

Entrepreneurial Orientation of Family Business

2019 ◽  
pp. 133-156
Author(s):  
Emel Faiz ◽  
Gamze Uludag
Keyword(s):  
Family Business ◽  
Entrepreneurial Orientation ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Family Businesses ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Economic Development And Growth ◽  
New Generation

Family businesses are considered as an important source of economic development and growth in that they create added value by providing new products, processes and technologies. Family businesses, where family values and perspectives dominate, have begun to experience problems in adapting to such a structure in the global economy, where the rate of change has increased, and the competition is intense. In the process of restructuring, entrepreneurial orientation is vital for these businesses. From this point of view, the aim of this chapter is to define family business, to explain their characteristics and to show the two perspectives on the entrepreneurial orientation of family businesses. The concept of “family entrepreneurship” and “transgenerational entrepreneurship” is also mentioned in the chapter. In relation to what is told in the chapter, how a conservative structure has been opened to the market by its third generation, a family business in Turkey that is going through its third generation and the innovations brought about by the new generation compose the case study.

Party Patronage in Contemporary Europe

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Kopecký ◽  
Gerardo Scherlis
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Party Politics ◽  
European Countries ◽  
European Politics ◽  
State Agencies ◽  
Relevant Feature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Developments

Party patronage is generally associated with social, economic and political underdevelopment, and is hence seen as largely irrelevant in the context of contemporary European politics. In this article, we argue to the contrary, proposing that patronage reappears on the stage of European politics as a critical organizational and governmental resource employed by political parties to enhance their standing as semi-state agencies of government. In order to illustrate our main contention, we first define party patronage, disentangling it from other notions of political particularism that are often used synonymously in the literature. Second, we provide a brief overview of the literature on the past and present of patronage practices in Europe, arguing that rather than declining, patronage is still likely to be a relevant feature of contemporary party politics in Europe. Finally, we analyse the role of party patronage in the light of recent developments in several European countries, identifying three distinct patterns of patronage practices in the region.

scholarly journals Effects of content and language integrated learning in Europe A systematic review of longitudinal experimental studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 675-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Goris ◽  
EJPG Denessen ◽  
LTW Verhoeven
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Educational Innovation ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Integrated Learning ◽  
Educational Approach ◽  
The Past

Content and language integrated learning (CLIL), an educational approach in which subject matter and a foreign language – predominantly English – are taught and learnt side by side, has developed into a very popular educational innovation in most European countries. A host of research studies have shown its benefits, and discuss favourable effects especially with respect to L2 gains. However, critical voices have underscored the fact that CLIL attracts or selects mainly high-achieving learners. Hence, the question arises whether it is justified to attribute improved L2 performance mainly to the CLIL intervention, or to favourable learner characteristics. Several reviews of literature were published in the past, but due to a lack of longitudinal findings no conclusive evidence about the added value of CLIL in the process of L2 learning could be produced. The present review aims to fill this void and has undertaken a search of two decades of longitudinal studies into the effects of CLIL on various linguistic skills in the field of English as a foreign language. The findings indicate that robust studies were undertaken in only a limited number of European countries, and that only a few of them were large scale. Yet, the conclusions provide clear indications regarding the contexts in which CLIL leads to significantly better L2 results.

scholarly journals THE PROBLEM OF SECURING THE RELIABILITY OF THE RUSSIAN GAS EXPORT TO FAR AWAY

2020 ◽  
pp. 117-130
Author(s):  
R. M. Zhdanovskich
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Delivery Methods ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Consumer Benefits ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Cis Countries ◽  
The Eu

The article considers the problem of increasing the reliability of Russian gas exports to non-CIS countries from the point of view of guaranteed purchases in the required annual volumes by these countries in total. This export reliability is also largely affected by the position of the countries that transit this gas, which are trying to extract the maximum financial and consumer benefits for themselves through their gas transmission system using their monopoly transit position. To change this established order of things, and, consequently, reduce dependence on a limited number of consumers of Russian gas - mainly EU countries, and on the countries that are transit countries of this type of fuel – Ukraine and Belarus, Russian gas companies are accelerating the diversification of routes and delivery methods Blue fuel to consumers in foreign countries. New gas pipelines to Europe are being intensively built, bypassing the mentioned countries-traders, which can significantly increase the reliability of Russian gas exports to European countries at an affordable transit price. To reduce the dependence of the export opportunities of Russian gas companies on the purchasers of their blue fuel – first of all, the EU countries, Gazprom is deploying pipeline gas supplies to China and is considering other gas projects for implementation in Southeast Asia. At the same time, natural gas liquefaction production is being built in Russia with the aim of large-scale export to both the countries of the Asia-Pacific region and European countries. Consequently, a set of large-scale events held by Russian gas companies will increase the reliability and timeliness of deliveries of Russian blue fuel to non-CIS countries.

scholarly journals German Economy as a Global Generator of Growth and Development - Trends and Prospects

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanisław Flejterski ◽  
Lilianna Jodkowska
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
German Economy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
First Century ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Social Market Economy ◽  
Development Trends ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
Social Market

German Economy as a Global Generator of Growth and Development - Trends and Prospects The main objective of this paper is to synthetically present primary sources and agents of Germany's leading position in the global economy at the turn of the I and II decade of the twenty-first century. Economic growth and economic development is the result of many factors of different nature: traditional and modern, objective and subjective, exogenous and endogenous, economic and non-economic, with institutional and cultural to begin with. This universal statement also fully applies to German economy. The German experience in the restructuring of the economy is valuable from the Polish point of view, despite many well-known differences of the two economies. Germany, despite all the economic disruption and the difficulties of a structural nature (with the demographics to begin with), and dilemmas as to the future of the so called social market economy will remain a powerful and rich country. The economic situation of Poland depended, depends and will depend on the global prosperity, and thus the prosperity of our closest partner, i.e. Germany.

Chelovek.RU/Человек.RU

Chelovek RU ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 18-53
Author(s):  
Sergei Avanesov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Great Distance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Past ◽  
Russian Philosopher ◽  
True Meaning ◽  
The Future ◽  
Pavel Florensky ◽  
The Moment

Abstract. The article analyzes the autobiography of the famous Russian philosopher, theologian and scientist Pavel Florensky, as well as those of his texts that retain traces of memories. According to Florensky, the personal biography is based on family history and continues in children. He addresses his own biography to his children. Memories based on diary entries are designed as a memory diary, that is, as material for future memories. The past becomes actual in autobiography, turns into a kind of present. The past, from the point of view of its realization in the present, gains meaning and significance. The au-thor is active in relation to his own past, transforming it from a collection of disparate facts into a se-quence of events. A person can only see the true meaning of such events from a great distance. Therefore, the philosopher remembers not so much the circumstances of his life as the inner impressions of the en-counter with reality. The most powerful personality-forming experiences are associated with childhood. Even the moment of birth can decisively affect the character of a person and the range of his interests. The foundations of a person's worldview are laid precisely in childhood. Florensky not only writes mem-oirs about himself, but also tries to analyze the problems of time and memory. A person is immersed in time, but he is able to move into the past through memory and into the future through faith. An autobi-ography can never be written to the end because its author lives on. However, reaching the depths of life, he is able to build his path in such a way that at the end of this path he will unite with the fullness of time, with eternity.

Portuguese Sardines - from the ritual to the brand

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-120
Author(s):  
Cecília Avelino Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
Place Branding ◽  
Symbolic Capital ◽  
City Council ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
City Branding ◽  
The Past ◽  
Behavioral Expression ◽  
The City ◽  
City Identity

Place branding is a network of associations in the consumer’s mind, based on the visual, verbal, and behavioral expression of a place. Food can be an important tool to summarize it as it is part of the culture of a city and its symbolic capital. Food is imaginary, a ritual and a social construction. This paper aims to explore a ritual that has turned into one of the brands of Lisbon in the past few years. The fresh sardines barbecued out of doors, during Saint Anthony’s festival, has become a symbol that can be found on t-shirts, magnets and all kinds of souvenirs. Over the year, tourists can buy sardine shaped objects in very cheap stores to luxurious shops. There is even a whole boutique dedicated to the fish: “The Fantastic World of Portuguese Sardines” and an annual competition promoted by the city council to choose the five most emblematic designs of sardines. In order to analyze the Sardine phenomenon from a city branding point of view, the objective of this paper is to comprehend what associations are made by foreigners when they are outside of Lisbon. As a methodological procedure five design sardines, were used of last year to questioning to which city they relate them in interviews carried in Madrid, Lyon, Rome and London. Upon completion of the analysis, the results of the city branding strategy adopted by the city council to promote the sardines as the official symbol of Lisbon is seen as a Folkmarketing action. The effects are positive, but still quite local. On the other hand, significant participation of the Lisbon´s dwellers in the Sardine Contest was observed, which seems to be a good way to promote the city identity and pride in their best ambassador: the citizens.

History of Tour de France from the Geographical Point of View

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 255-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimír Bačík ◽  
Michal Klobučník
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Past ◽  
Advanced Technologies ◽  
The World ◽  
Spatial Dimensions ◽  
Tour De France ◽  
Wide Circle ◽  
History Of ◽  
Expert Community ◽  
Geographical Point

Abstract The Tour de France, a three week bicycle race has a unique place in the world of sports. The 100th edition of the event took place in 2013. In the past of 110 years of its history, people noticed unique stories and duels in particular periods, celebrities that became legends that the world of sports will never forget. Also many places where the races unfolded made history in the Tour de France. In this article we tried to point out the spatial context of this event using advanced technologies for distribution of historical facts over the Internet. The Introduction briefly displays the attendance of a particular stage based on a regional point of view. The main topic deals with selected historical aspects of difficult ascents which every year decide the winner of Tour de France, and also attract fans from all over the world. In the final stage of the research, the distribution of results on the website available to a wide circle of fans of this sports event played a very significant part (www.tdfrance.eu). Using advanced methods and procedures we have tried to capture the historical and spatial dimensions of Tour de France in its general form and thus offering a new view of this unique sports event not only to the expert community, but for the general public as well.

Managerial Accounting - an Essential Component of the Information System

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-114
Author(s):  
Gheorghe Andrei ◽  
Raluca Gâlmeanu ◽  
Florin Radu
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Managerial Accounting ◽  
The Past ◽  
Economic Information ◽  
Wide Scale ◽  
Traditional Costing ◽  
New Guidelines

Abstract Accounting it’s an important component of the economic information system. E. Horomnea believes that through specific means and procedures, accounting provides: clarifications of the past and the present of the economic entities, pertinent analyzes that are directed to the market; provides guidance on the strategic future; provides motivations and solutions for the decisions made. This article will analyze the evolution of managerial accounting from traditional costing to the new guidelines, when the issue of creating added value and managing third parties needs represents the future of any information system. After 1987 there are continuous changes and concerns, not only at Romanian level but at world wide scale.

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS IN THE CONDITION OF THE CORONA-CRISIS

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Pasulka ◽  
◽  
Nataliya Kushnir ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Business ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
German Economy ◽  
Italian Economy ◽  
The World

Introduction. The situation in the global economy and business during the COVID-19 pandemic is analyzed in this article. More than 30 million people worldwide have already been infected with the coronavirus, which came from China. However, the spread of the disease has also had an extremely serious impact on the economies of various countries in the world. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development has already said that it will take many years for the world to recover from the pandemic. EU GDP in the second quarter of 2020 showed a record decline - 14.4% year on year. The German economy returned to the level of 2011, the Spanish - in 2002, and the Italian economy was rejected in the early 1990s. These and other characteristics show the importance of research on this topic and problem, because it does not apply to a particular region or a particular country, but the whole world.

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