scholarly journals EFFECT OF STOCKING DENSITY ON ENERGETIC PRODUCTIVITY OF AN EUCALYPTUS STANDS MANAGED UNDER A SHORT ROTATION SYSTEM

Nativa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Thelma Shirlen Soares ◽  
Weder Vicente Gouveia Junior ◽  
Renan Augusto Miranda Matias ◽  
Edmilson Santos Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Wood Biomass ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Rotation System ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Significant Difference

EFEITO DO ESPAÇAMENTO NA PRODUTIVIDADE ENERGÉTICA DE UM POVOAMENTO DE EUCALIPTO MANEJADO EM REGIME DE CURTA ROTAÇÃO Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de seis densidades de plantio no crescimento, produção e potencial energético de um povoamento clonal de eucalipto implantado em Jataí-GO em regime de curta rotação. Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com seis densidades de plantio (3.0 m x 0.5 m, 3.0 m x 1.0 m; 3.0 m x 1.5 m; 3.0 m x 2.0 m; 3.0 m x 2.5 m and 3.0 m x 3.0 m) distribuídos em parcelas de área variável (15 m², 30 m², 45 m², 60 m², 75 m² e 90 m², respectivamente) e três repetições. A produção e o potencial energético do povoamento foram avaliadas pela área basal, volume, biomassa de madeira, carbono fixado, poder calorífico superior e densidade energética da madeira. A partir dos dados de produção em biomassa por hectare foi estimada a área necessária para atender uma termelétrica com capacidade instalada de 1 MW. Para os valores de área basal, volume, biomassa de madeira e carbono fixo houve diferença significativa (p <0,05), sendo os maiores valores obtidos no espaçamento mais adensado. O poder calorífico superior e a densidade energética da madeira não foram afetados pelos espaçamentos estudados. Verificou-se que a área necessária para atender à demanda de uma unidade de geração energética apresenta relação direta com o aumento do espaçamento. Para as características edafoclimáticas de Jataí-GO, recomenda-se a utilização do espaçamento 3,0 x 0,5 m em curta rotação visando a produção de energia.Keywords: densidades de plantio, bioenergia, floresta energética. ABSTRACT:This study aimed to evaluate the effect of six stocking densities on growth, yield and energetic potential of an eucalyptus clonal stand established under a short rotation system in Jataí, Goiás State, Brazil. A randomized block design was used with six stocking densities (3 x 0.5 m, 3 x 1 m; 3 x 1.5 m; 3 x 2 m; 3 x 2.5 m and 3 x 3 m), distributed in a various size of plots (15 m², 30 m², 45 m², 60 m², 75 m² and 90 m², respectively) using three replications each. The yield and energetic potential of the stand were evaluated by basal area, volume, wood biomass, fixed carbon, higher calorific value and energy density of wood. From the yield biomass data per hectare it was estimated the area required to meet the demand of a thermal power plant with an installed capacity of 1 MW. For the values of basal area, volume, wood biomass and fixed carbon there was significant difference (p < 0.05), with the highest values obtained in the most dense stands. Higher calorific value and energy density of wood has no significant effect by the stand density. The area required to meet the demand of an energy generation unit is directly related with stand density. For the environmental conditions of Jataí, Goiás, Brazil, it is recommended to use the stocking density of 3.0 m x 0.5 m in short rotation, aimed at energy production.Palavra-chave: Planting densities, bioenergy, energy forest. DOI:

scholarly journals Potential of Briquette Produced with Torrefied Agroforestry Biomass to Generate Energy

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1272
Author(s):  
Gabriel Reis Portilho ◽  
Vinicius Resende de Castro ◽  
Angélica de Cássia Oliveira Carneiro ◽  
José Cola Zanuncio ◽  
Antonio José Vinha Zanuncio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Compaction Pressure ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Volatile Material ◽  
Material Content

Agroforestry industries, such as sugar-alcohol, food, and logging, produce large quantities of waste, used to generate energy from direct burning. The application of other processes, such as torrefaction and briquetting, can increase the profits from the use of agro-industrial waste for energy generation. Briquetting is an alternative for using these wastes, allowing the compaction of the biomass, generating a biofuel with high energy density, and which is more homogeneous and easier to store and transport. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of four biomass types (wastes from sawed eucalypt and pine wood, coffee pruning wastes, and sugarcane bagasse) torrefied at 300 °C and compacted (briquetting) at pressures of 6.21, 8.27, and 10.34 MPa. The torrefaction increased the fixed carbon content, ash, and calorific value, and reduced the volatile material content and hygroscopic equilibrium moisture of the biomasses. The volatile material content was lower and the fixed carbon higher in the coffee pruning waste, the ash content higher in the sugarcane bagasse, and the calorific value higher in the pine and eucalypt wood. The briquetting and the torrefaction processes increased the biomass bulk density, and the useful calorific value, respectively, and consequently the energy density of the briquettes produced with torrefied raw material under high pressure. The mechanical properties of the briquettes produced with all materials increased with the compaction pressure. Torrefaction and briquetting increased the energy potential of the biomasses evaluated to produce energy from clean technology.

Potential of kraft lignin as an additive in briquette production

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Torezani Neto Boschetti ◽  
Ana Márcia Macedo Ladeira Carvalho ◽  
Angélica de Cássia Oliveira Carneiro ◽  
Larissa Carvalho Santos ◽  
Lucas de Barros Quaresma Poyares
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Acid Medium ◽  
Apparent Density ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Kraft Lignin ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Wood Biomass ◽  
Quality Properties ◽  
Kraft Black Liquor

Abstract Lignin, a renewable product with high potential for various applications, can be recovered from kraft black liquor by precipitation in acid medium. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of kraft lignin to wood biomass on the properties of briquettes. Hymenolobium petraeum, Eucalyptus, and Pinus biomasses received the addition of 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 % (w/w) of kraft lignin, and briquettes were manufactured. Wood biomasses and briquettes were characterized chemically and physically. Addition of kraft lignin positively influenced the apparent density, energy density, and mechanical resistance of briquettes. Furthermore, kraft lignin increased the calorific value of briquettes. Addition of 6 % (w/w) of kraft lignin was sufficient to improve the quality properties of briquettes, which demonstrates the great potential of kraft lignin as an additive in briquette production.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF PLANTING AGE AND SPACING ON ENERGY PROPERTIES OF Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill EX Maiden

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 749-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elder Eloy ◽  
Dimas Agostinho da Silva ◽  
Denise Schmidt ◽  
Rômulo Trevisan ◽  
Braulio Otomar Caron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Volatile Material ◽  
Gross Calorific Value ◽  
Energy Productivity ◽  
Fixed Carbon Content

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the effect of planting age and spacing on energy properties of different compartments of the biomass of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden, disseminated in different spacings: 2.0 x 1.0 m, 2.0 x 1.5 m, 3.0 x 1.0 m e 3.0 x 1.5 m, in the 1st, 3rd and 5th year after the planting. The present study was carried out as an experiment installed in an experimental design of randomized complete blocks in three replications. Variables determined were Biomass (BIO), Gross Calorific Value (GCV), Basic Density (BD), Energy Productivity (EP), Energy Density (ED), Fixed Carbon Content (FCC), Volatile Material Content (VMC), and Ash Content (AC). Ages have an effect on all studied variables, and in the 5th year after planting, the largest BIO, EP, BD, ED and FCC values are checked. The planting spacings induce different productions of BIO and EP, with a trend towards lower values with increasing planting spacing in all assessed periods. The compartments of trees influence BIO, GCV, FCC, VMC and AC variables. Regarding to energy, the higher the age and lower the planting spacing, the better the energy properties of biomass.

scholarly journals Study of the Thermochemical Properties of Lignocellulosic Biomass from Energy Crops

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3780
Author(s):  
José Antonio Soriano ◽  
Reyes García-Contreras ◽  
Antonio José Carpio de Los Pinos
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Thermochemical Properties ◽  
Lower Content ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
The Mean

The cultivation of short rotation coppice (SRC) is a sustainable and ecological alternative for the production of energy vectors today. For its use, it is necessary to know the thermochemical properties of the biomass produced, as well as the differences between genotypes and varieties. In this work, the thermochemical properties of five different Populus clones grow up in Mediterranean basin, with two different age categories, are analyzed. The moisture content, wood density, heating value, ash content, energy density, composition and the volatile matter were measured, separating wood and crust fractions. The mean crust content for all clones was near to 10% but it is observed that the youngest clones have higher content of crust and humidity. The 3 year-old clones generally show lower humidity and ash content and higher density of wood and fixed carbon, consequently showing a higher heating value. In addition, 3 year-old clones are encouraged since they have a lower content of majority and minority elements in proportion that can generate less operating and environmental problems.

Effects of Different Stocking Densities on Growth, Serum Steroid Hormone Concentrations, Gonadosomatic Index and Sex Reversal in the Rice Field Eel, Monopterus albus (Zuiew)

2011 ◽  
Vol 142 ◽  
pp. 233-237
Author(s):  
Han Wen Yuan ◽  
Fang Chen ◽  
Qiao Qing Xu ◽  
Shi Yuan Gong ◽  
Zhang Jie Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Field ◽  
Steroid Hormone ◽  
Gonadosomatic Index ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Sex Reversal ◽  
The Other ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Monopterus Albus ◽  
Rice Field Eel ◽  
Significant Difference

The effects of stocking density on various growth parameters and sex reversal in the rice field eel (Monopterus albus) were investigated by evaluating steroid hormone, the gonadosomatic index (GSI) and sex ratio. Fish (mean initial weight of 9.88 ± 0.70 g) were stocked to densities of 4, 20, 36, 52, 68, 84 or 100 fish/m2 in cages (2 m × 1 m × 1.5 m) in a pond, with five replicate cages for each density. Fish were fed for 420 days on a formulated isocaloric diet containing 40.22% crude protein and 12.86 MJ/kg. Serum E2 and T concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassays. There were no significant differences in final bodyweight (FBW) and daily weight gain (DWG) for fish in the groups containing less than 52 fish/m2, while FBW and DWG were significant lower in groups at 68 fish/m2 or more. Specific growth rate (SGR) differed significantly between the 84 and 100 fish/m2 groups compared with the 4, 20 and 36 fish/m2 groups. There was no significant difference in SGR in groups containing less than 84 fish/m2. There were no significant difference between the 4 and 20 fish/m2 groups in net yield (NY), but these groups did differ significantly from the other groups. The final condition factors of fish stocked at 84 or 100 fish/m2 were significantly lower than fish stocked at the other densities. E2 and T hormone concentrations declined as stocking density increased, while GSI values increased initially but then reduced with increasing stocking density. Female ratio and survival decreased with increasing stocking density. The proportion of male fish was significantly greater in the three highest stocking density groups. Therefore, high stocking density may promote sex change from female to male in M. albus.

scholarly journals Assessment of Cow Dung Pellets as a Renewable Solid Fuel in Direct Combustion Technologies

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1192
Author(s):  
Aneta Szymajda ◽  
Grażyna Łaska ◽  
Magdalena Joka
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Direct Combustion ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Combustion Tests ◽  
Promising Source ◽  
Compaction Properties

Recently, biomass application as a renewable energy source is increasing worldwide. However, its availability differs in dependence on the location and climate, therefore, agricultural residues as cow dung (CD) are being considered to supply heat and/or power installation. This paper aims at a wide evaluation of CD fuel properties and its prospect to apply in the form of pellets to direct combustion installations. Therefore, the proximate, ultimate composition and calorific value were analyzed, then pelletization and combustion tests were performed, and the ash characteristics were tested. It was found that CD is a promising source of bioenergy in terms of LHV (16.34 MJ·kg−1), carbon (44.24%), and fixed carbon (18.33%) content. During pelletization, CD showed high compaction properties and at a moisture content of 18%,and the received pellets’ bulk density reached ca. 470 kg·m−3 with kinetic durability of 98.7%. While combustion, in a fixed grate 25 kW boiler, high emissions of CO, SO2, NO, and HCl were observed. The future energy sector might be based on biomass and this work shows a novel approach of CD pellets as a potential source of renewable energy available wherever cattle production is located.

Assessment of Biomass and Carbon Stock of planted teak forest in Terai region of Kumaun Himalaya, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-402
Author(s):  
Tanuja Gahlot ◽  
◽  
Prachi Joshi ◽  
Y.S. Rawat ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Human Disturbance ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Positive Contribution ◽  
Teak Plantation ◽  
Forest Division

The ability of forests in atmospheric carbon sequestration is increasingly gaining attention. Present study deals with the estimation of biomass and carbon stock of the teak plantation in the terai central forest division in Kumaun, Uttarakhand State of India. Very few scientific studies were done regarding the teak plantation and the estimation of its biomass in Kumaun. Therefore this study was carried out in this region to assess the role played by teak plantation in climate change. The information regarding the changes in pattern of carbon storage is vital and important because it can be used by government and policymakers to predict the deposit pattern for changing climate. Three sites i.e., Kamola block (Site I), Kamola beat (Site II) and East Gadappu beat (Site III) were selected for the study. Large scale variations in biomass and carbon stock were noted among all three sites. Site III (East Gadappu) showed the maximum biomass and carbon stock (297.03 tha-1 and 143.18 tha-1) followed by site I (Kamola block) (241.9 tha -1and 117.27 t ha-1) and site II ( Kamola beat ) (175.76 t ha-1and 85.79 t ha-1). Although stand density and total basal area of the forest showed almost similar value on all three sites, still the differences in biomass and carbon stock at all sites indicated the positive contribution of biodiversity as shown in the results and negative implications of human disturbance to the forest.

scholarly journals Using Tree Detection Algorithms to Predict Stand Sapwood Area, Basal Area and Stocking Density in Eucalyptus regnans Forest

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 7298-7323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik Jaskierniak ◽  
George Kuczera ◽  
Richard Benyon ◽  
Luke Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Stocking Density ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Eucalyptus Regnans ◽  
Detection Algorithms ◽  
Tree Detection

scholarly journals Valorization of briquettes fuel using Pinus spp. sawdust from five regions of Mexico

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 2249-2263
Author(s):  
María Alejandra Ramírez-Ramírez ◽  
Artemio Carrillo-Parra ◽  
Faustino Ruíz-Aquino ◽  
Luis Fernando Pintor-Ibarra ◽  
Nicolás González-Ortega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Impact Resistance ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Volumetric Expansion ◽  
Pinus Spp ◽  
The Impact

This research characterized briquettes made with Pinus spp. sawdust without the use of additives. For this purpose, 19 samples of sawdust from different wood industries located in five states of the Mexican Republic were used. The densification process was carried out in a vertical hydraulic piston laboratory briquette machine. The briquettes were made with 40 g of sawdust, at 50 °C, 20 kPa and pressing for 5 min. The results obtained varied as follows: moisture content (4.1% to 7.2%), density (813.9 to 1,014.4 kg/m3), volumetric expansion (7.4% to 37.3%), compressive strength (4.9 to 40.8 N/mm), impact resistance index (46.7% to 200%), ash (0.1% to 1.1%), volatile matter (82.9% to 90.7%), fixed carbon (8.9% to 16.4%), and calorific value (20.5 to 22.8 MJ/kg). The density of the briquettes was within the “acceptable” classification (800 to 1,200 kg/m3). It was observed that, the higher the density, the lower the volumetric expansion, the higher the compressive strength, and the higher the impact resistance index. According to the ash content, the briquettes could achieve international quality. Due to high volatile matter values, rapid combustion of the briquettes with little generation of toxic smoke would be expected. Fixed carbon and calorific value results were acceptable.

scholarly journals Aprovechamiento de cáscara de piñón (Jatropha curcas L.) y paja de arroz (Oriza sativa L.) para la elaboración de pellets como biocombustible

2020 ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Wilmer Hernán Ponce ◽  
Ernesto Rosero ◽  
Gisela Latorre ◽  
Irvin Zambrano ◽  
Carolina Zambrano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Jatropha Curcas L ◽  
Pine Nut ◽  
Solid Biofuels ◽  
Fixed Carbon Content ◽  
Simplex Lattice ◽  
Oriza Sativa

Use of pine nut husk (Jatropha curcas L.) and rice straw (Oriza sativa L.) for the production of pellets as biofuel Resumen El uso de los biocombustibles sólidos es una de las alternativas para reemplazar a los combustibles convencionales en la producción de energía eléctrica y calorífica. Este trabajo tiene como objeto el aprovechamiento biomásico residual de la cáscara de piñón (Jatropha curcas L.) y paja de arroz (Oriza sativa L) para la producción de pellets como biocombustible sólido. Se aplicó mediante un diseño experimental (Simplex-lattice) la mezcla en proporciones de 100%-0%, 75%-25%, 50%-50%, 25%- 75%,0%-100% respectivamente. Se efectuaron análisis a la materia prima y producto terminado en porcentaje del contenido de humedad, cenizas, volátil, carbono fijo, adicionalmente el contenido de celulosa y lignina a las materias primas. Para la obtención de pellets, se empleó un equipo de pelletizado marca KL 1500, los pellets se elaboraron con recirculación para eliminar el exceso de humedad para el mejoramiento de textura y dureza. Las mezclas de las biomasas lignocelulósicas, que presentaron un mayor contenido de carbono fijo fueron la M2 (75%-25%) =16,53 ±3,2 % y M5 (0%-100%) =23,51 ±0,72%, en lo referente a material volátil fueron la M1 (100%-0%) =82,37±2,0% y M2 (75%-25%) =81,57±3,47%. El poder calorífico calculado reveló que con una mezcla del 75% de paja de arroz con un 25% de cáscara de piñón se obtiene un poder calorífico de 29,21±0,1 Mj/Kg y la mezcla de 50% de paja de arroz y 50% de cáscara de piñón, genera un valor de 29,01±0,01 Mj/Kg. Concluyendo que las mezclas mencionada puede ser aprovechada para la generación de calor. Palabras clave: Biocombustible sólido; biomasa; pellets; arroz; piñón. Abstract The use of solid biofuels is one of the alternatives to replace conventional fuels in the production of electrical and heat energy. The objective of this work is the residual biomass utilization of the pine nut husk (Jatropha curcas L.) and rice straw (Oriza sativa L) for the production of pellets as solid biofuels. The mixture was applied using an experimental design (Simplex-lattice) in proportions of 100% -0%, 75% -25%, 50% -50%, 25% - 75%, 0% -100% respectively. Analysis of the raw material and finished product were carried out as a percentage of the moisture, ash, volatile, and fixed carbon content, in addition to the cellulose and lignin content of the raw materials. To obtain pellets, a KL 1500 brand pelletizing equipment was used, the pellets were recirculated to remove excess moisture to improve texture and hardness. The mixtures of lignocellulosic biomasses, which had a higher fixed carbon content were M2 (75% -25%) = 16.53 ± 3.2% and M5 (0% -100%) = 23.51 ± 0, 72%, regarding volatile material, were M1 (100% -0%) = 82.37 ± 2.0% and M2 (75% -25%) = 81.57 ± 3.47%. The calculated calorific value revealed that with a mixture of 75% of rice straw with 25% of pinion husk, a calorific value of 29.21 ± 0.1 Mj / Kg is obtained and the mixture of 50% of rice straw and 50% of pinion shell, generates a value of 29.01 ± 0.01 Mj / Kg. Concluding that the mentioned mixtures can be used for heat generation. Keywords:  Solid biofuel; biomass; pellets; rice; pinion.

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