In vitro sensitivity of Monilinia laxa to fungicides approved in integrated and organic production systems

The aim of this study was to test the in vitro sensitivity of two isolates of Monilinia laxa to fungicides approved in integrated and organic production systems. In vitro efficacy of 7 fungicides (Champion 50 WP, Kocide 2000, Nordox 75 WG, Olajos rézkén, Kumulus S, Rézkén, Rézoxiklorid) and another 6 fungicides (Score 25 EC, Efuzin 500 SC, Systane, Folicur Solo, Zato Plusz, Rovral) approved in organic and integrated production systems, respectively, were tested against brown rot of sour cherry. The three isolates showed differences in sensitivity to fungicides. Fungicides (with active ingredients of copper and sulphur) applied in organic production showed relatively high percent growth capacity of M. laxa. Rézkén and Kocide 2000 showed the highest and Kumilus S the lowest efficacy against brown rot. Fungicides applied in integrated production showed relatively low percent growth capacity of M. laxa. Score 25 EC showed the lowest and Rovral and Folicur solso the highest efficacy against M. laxa.

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Some aspects of reduced disease management against Monilinia spp. in sour cherry production

International Journal of Horticultural Science ◽

10.31421/ijhs/16/1/863 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

M. Fazekas ◽

F. Abonyi ◽

A. Madar ◽

P. Lakatos ◽

J. Gáll ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Management ◽

Field Study ◽

Production Systems ◽

Sour Cherry ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Organic Production ◽

Active Ingredients ◽

Integrated Production ◽

Growth Capacity

The aim of this study was first to test the in vitro effeicacy of some fungicides against brown rot of sour cherry, and secondly to evaulate the effectiveness of reduced spray programmes against brown rot in integrated and organic sour cherry orchards. In vitro efficacy of 7 fungicides (Champion 50 WP, Kocide 2000, Nordox 75 WG, Olajos rézkén, Kumulus S, Rézkén, Rézoxiklorid) and another 6 fungicides (Score 25 EC, Efuzin 500 SC, Systane, Folicur Solo, Zato Plusz, Rovral) approved in organic and integrated production systems, respectively, were tested against brown rot of sour cherry. Altogether four spray programmes were performed i) standard integrated: sprays followed by forecasting systems during the season, ii) reduced integrated: sprays followed by forecasting systems but only 75% of the spray numbers used during the season-long spray programme, iii) standard oragnic: sprays applied every 7–14 days during the season and iv) reduced organic: 60% of the spray numbers used during the season-long spray programme. In vitro results showed that fungicides (with active ingredients of copper and sulphur) applied in organic production showed relatively high percent growth capacity of Monilinia fungus. Rézkén showed the highest and Kumilus S the lowest efficacy against brown rot. Fungicides applied in integrated production showed relatively low percent growth capacity of Monilinia fungus. Score 25 EC showed the highest and Rovral the lowest efficacy against brown rot. Field study showed that reduced spray programmes did not increase significantly brown rot incidence in the integrated field. However, brown rot incidence increased significanly (above 30%) in the reduced spray programme for the organic orchard.

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Effect of reduced spray programmes on incidences of apple scab, powdery mildew and codling moth damage in environmentally freindly apple production systems

International Journal of Horticultural Science ◽

10.31421/ijhs/15/4/846 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

Author(s):

I. J. Holb ◽

M. Fazekas ◽

F. Abonyi ◽

P. Lakatos ◽

S. Thurzó ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Powdery Mildew ◽

Production Systems ◽

Apple Scab ◽

Codling Moth ◽

Fruit Production ◽

Organic Production ◽

Integrated Production ◽

Growth Capacity ◽

Apple Production

Still a large amount of pesticides and spary applications are used in environmentally friendly fruit production systems; therefore, the aim of our study was first to test the in vitro effeicacy of some fungicides against a key apple disease (apple scab), and secondly to evaulate the effectiveness of reduced spray programmes against apple scab, powdery mildew and coding moth in integrated and organic apple orchards. In vitro efficacy of 7 fungicides (Champion 50 WP, Kocide 2000, Nordox 75 WG, Olajos rézkén, Kumulus S, Rézkén, Rézoxiklorid) and another 6 fungicides (Score 25 EC, Efuzin 500 SC, Systane, Folicur Solo, Zato Plusz, Rovral) approved in organic and integrated production systems, respectively, were tested against apple scab. Altogether four spray programmes were performed i) standard integrated: sprays followed by forecasting systems during the season, ii) reduced integrated: sprays followed by forecasting systems but only 75% of the spray numbers used during the season-long spray programme, iii) standard oragnic: sprays applied every 7–14 days during the season and iv) reduced organic: 60% of the spray numbers used during the season-long spray programme. In vitro results showed that fungicides (with active ingredients of copper and sulphur) applied in organic production showed relatively high percent growth capacity of the apple scab fungus. Rézkén showed the highest and Kumilus S the lowest efficacy against apple scab. Fungicides applied in integrated production showed relatively low percent growth capacity of the apple scab fungus. Score 25 EC showed the highest and Rovral the lowest efficacy against apple scab. Field study showed that reduced spray programmes did not increase significantly scab incidence in the integrated field. However, scab incidence increased significanly (above 30%) in the reduced spray programme for the organic orchard.Mildew incidence was low (below 5%) in both integrated and organic spray programmes. Mildew incidence on both shoots and fruits increased significanly in the reduced spray programme for the organic orchard. Incidence of codling moth damage was affected the most by standard vs. reduced spray programmes. Though incidence remained below 10% in the integrated plots, the incidence was significantly higher in the reduced spray programme compared to the standard programme. Similar results were obtained for organic spary programmes, but the incidence was 10 times higher and the differences among the two programmes were larger.,

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The effect of reduced sprinkler programs on the main fungal pathogens of apple in environmentally sound production systems

Acta Agraria Debreceniensis ◽

10.34101/actaagrar/42/2653 ◽

2010 ◽

pp. 13-16

Author(s):

Barbara Balla ◽

Mónika Fazekas ◽

Péter Lakatos ◽

Ferenc Abonyi ◽

Imre Holb

Keyword(s):

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Sound Production ◽

Production Systems ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Apple Scab ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Organic Production ◽

Point Of View ◽

Integrated Production ◽

Serious Disease

Aim of our two-year study was to evaluate the possibilities of chemical use against key fungal pathogens (apple scab, apple powdery mildew and brown rot) in integrated and organic apple production. Therefore, first, disease incidence was compared in standard and reduced spray programmes and then each technological variation was evaluated from practical point of view. Altogether four spray programmes were compared. Standard and reduced spray programmes were performed in the integrated production. The same pesticides were used in the reduced sprayprogramme compared to standard one but numbers of spray were reduced by 25% at the second half of the season. Standard and reduced spray programmes were also performed in the organic production and the numbers of spray were reduced by 40% in the reduced spray programme. Incidence of diseases was low in both standard and reduced spray programmes in integrated production. Diseases level was high in the organic production and disease increased significantly in the reduced spray programmes compared to standard programmes. Results showed that reduction in spray numbers at the second half of the season can be used practically in integrated production. Omission of sprays in organicproduction resulted in serious disease management risk; therefore, it is not recommended for practical use.

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Branching features of apple cultivars in integrated and organic production technology

International Journal of Horticultural Science ◽

10.31421/ijhs/24/3-4./2045 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 24 (3-4) ◽

Author(s):

P. Dremák ◽

Á. Csihon ◽

I. Gonda

Keyword(s):

Organic Farming ◽

Production Technology ◽

Production System ◽

Production Systems ◽

Environmentally Friendly ◽

Organic Production ◽

Integrated System ◽

Integrated Production ◽

Apple Cultivars ◽

Environmentally Friendly Production

In our study, vegetative characteristics of 39 apple cultivars were evaluated in environmentally friendly production systems. Numbers of the branches of the central leader in different high zones were shown. According to our results, number of the branches of the axis was probably larger in the integrated production system, compared to the organic one, which is related to the conditional status of the trees. Based on our experiences training and maintaining canopies in integrated system was easier, as relative more extensive canopies were needed in organic farming.

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Analyses of the pathogen and weather components of disease progress for modeling apple scab epidemics in integrated and organic production systems

International Journal of Horticultural Science ◽

10.31421/ijhs/9/3-4/416 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 9 (3-4) ◽

Author(s):

I. J. Holb

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Production Systems ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Apple Scab ◽

Organic Production ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Integrated Production ◽

Disease Progress ◽

Weather Parameters

The pathogen and weather components of apple scab disease progress were analysed in a three-year study, in two environmental-friendly production systems (organic and integrated) on cvs. `Idared', `Jonica' and 'Mutsu'. Linear regression analyses of transformed disease incidence and severity data and "area under the disease progress curves" (AUDPC) were used for the analysis of the pathogen component. To evaluate the role of the weather component in apple scab epidemic, first, the weekly disease increase was determined at a certain week (n). Weekly disease increase was related to rainfall, relative humidity, Mills' wetness period, temperature and interaction between temperature and relative humidity. Five different periods were used in the analyses: i) week (n-1), ii) week n(n-1), iii) week (n-2), iv) week (n-1)(n-2) and v) week n(n-1)(n-2). In the analyses of the pathogen component, the best transformation function was the logistic one. Regression analyses showed that disease growth rates were higher for disease incidence and for the organic production system than for disease severity and for the integrated production system, respectively. Disease growth rates for leaf incidence were higher than fruit incidence on all the three cultivars. AUDPC values showed great differences in both leaf and fruit incidences among cultivars and between the two production systems. The results the of analyses of the weather component showed that the best relationships between disease increase and weather parameters were found for fruit incidence and leaf incidence in week (n-2) in the organic and integrated production systems, respectively. Results also demonstrated that in week n(n-1) temperature played a more important role in the fungus development than the water parameters (relative humidity, rainfall and leaf wetness). Consequently, infection process is significantly dependent on almost all weather parameters, but during the incubation period the most important weather parameter is the temperature. Results were compared with similar studies and biological interpretations of the analyses are discussed.

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INCIDENCE OF BROWN ROT BLOSSOM BLIGHT (MONILINIA LAXA [ADERHOLD & RUHLAND]) AND FRUIT ROT IN ORGANIC SOUR CHERRY PRODUCTION IN HUNGARY

Acta Horticulturae ◽

10.17660/actahortic.2008.795.148 ◽

2008 ◽

pp. 913-918 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

I.J. Holb ◽

T. Szabó ◽

S. Thurzó ◽

J. Nyéki ◽

G. Drén ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sour Cherry ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Fruit Rot ◽

Monilinia Laxa

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Multi-Criteria Assessment of Vegetable Production Business Alternatives

Organizacija ◽

10.1515/orga-2015-0015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 203-213 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Silvo Pozderec ◽

Martina Bavec ◽

Črtomir Rozman ◽

Jožef Vinčec ◽

Karmen Pažek

Keyword(s):

Decision Analysis ◽

Planning Process ◽

Production Systems ◽

Simulation Models ◽

Organic Production ◽

Vegetable Production ◽

Integrated Production ◽

Multi Criteria Decision Analysis ◽

Expert Choice ◽

Pickling Cucumbers

Abstract Purpose: Organic and integrated production of vegetables are the two most common production systems in Slovenia. The study analyzed two production systems with different cultures as alternatives with purpose to find the most appropriate variants. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study based on the development and integration of developed specific technological- economic simulation models for the production of vegetables (salad, growing peppers, salad cucumbers, pickling cucumbers, round and cherry tomato) in greenhouse and multi-criteria decision analysis. The methodology of the study based on the DEX methodology and the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) of organic (ECO) and integrated production (IP) in greenhouse. Results: The evaluation results show that both cultivation methods of commercially attractive vegetables in greenhouse are variable. In the case of integrated production, the assessment of multi-criteria decision analysis EC and DEXi showed that salad (Donertie F1) proved to be the best possible alternative. In the case of organic production, the multi-criteria analysis assessment of pickling cucumbers (Harmony F1) is the best possible business alternative. Conclusion: For the further production planning process by decision maker is the ranking with Expert Choice (EC) more useful and precise, while the DEX evaluations are more descriptive.

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Effect of Fungicide Treatments and Sanitation Practices on Brown Rot Blossom Blight Incidence, Phytotoxicity, and Yield for Organic Sour Cherry Production

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pd-89-1164 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 89 (11) ◽

pp. 1164-1170 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

I. J. Holb ◽

G. Schnabel

Keyword(s):

Untreated Control ◽

Sour Cherry ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Integrated Approach ◽

The United States ◽

Organic Production ◽

Copper Hydroxide ◽

Full Bloom ◽

Disease Pressure

Demand for organically grown fruit, including sour cherry, is rising in Europe and the United States, but the limited tools for disease management have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, management of brown rot blossom blight, caused by Monilinia laxa, was examined for organic sour cherry production in Hungary. Combinations of sanitation practices and fungicide treatments, including copper hydroxide, lime sulfur, and micronized and nonmicronized wettable sulfur, were investigated in 2 years and two cultivars. The effect of fungicide treatments on yield and phytotoxicity on spur-leaf clusters was also determined. Among fungicide treatments suitable for organic production, copper hydroxide and lime sulfur alone or in combination with micronized wettable sulfur were most effective for blossom blight control when applied twice (at closed blossom and full bloom) or three times (at closed blossom, full bloom, and petal fall) during bloom. Both treatments were not as effective as the conventional standard and caused more damage on spur-leaf clusters during wet weather conditions, but significantly increased crop yield compared with the untreated control or wettable sulfur treatments. Micronized and nonmicronized sulfur applied up to three times during bloom were equally effective, did not impact yield, were not phytotoxic, and reduced blossom blight compared with the untreated control. Sanitation (the removal of blighted twigs and mummified fruit) reduced blossom blight in both cultivars compared with nonsanitized plots when disease pressure was high. The need for an integrated approach to effectively manage blossom blight in organic sour cherry production is discussed. This is the first in-depth characterization of cultural and chemical brown rot blossom blight control options for organic sour cherry production.

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Fungicidal Activity of Plant Volatile Compounds for Controlling Monilinia laxa in Stone Fruit

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pd-91-0030 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 91 (1) ◽

pp. 30-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 59

Author(s):

Fiorella Neri ◽

Marta Mari ◽

Stefano Brigati ◽

Paolo Bertolini

Keyword(s):

Volatile Compounds ◽

Mycelial Growth ◽

Fungicidal Activity ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Conidial Germination ◽

Stone Fruit ◽

Monilinia Laxa ◽

Plant Volatile ◽

Plant Volatile Compounds

Nine plant-volatile compounds were tested for their activity against Monilinia laxa, the cause of brown rot in stone fruit. In vitro trials on conidial germination and mycelial growth showed a consistent fungicidal activity of trans-2-hexenal, carvacrol, and citral, whereas trans-cinnamaldehyde, hexanal, (-)-carvone, eugenol, 2-nonanone, and p-anisaldehyde exhibited a progressively lower inhibition. The best inhibitor of conidial germination was trans-2-hexenal (effective dose for 50 and 90% inhibition [ED50 and ED95] = 7.53 and 9.4 μl/liter, respectively; minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC] = 12.3 μl/liter], whereas carvacrol was the best inhibitor of mycelial growth (ED50 and ED95 = 2 and 3.4 μl/liter, respectively; MIC = 6.1 μl/liter). The three most active compounds in in vitro studies also were tested in vivo as postharvest biofumigants. The best control of brown rot was with trans-2-hexenal (efficacy ranging from 46.2 to 80.3%, depending on cultivar), whereas citral and carvacrol resulted in a lower efficacy of 40 and 32.9%, respectively. Fumigation with trans-2-hexenal at concentrations that stopped decay did not cause any visible disorders to plum, whereas it was phytotoxic to apricot, peach, and nectarine and produced off-odors or off-flavors in all species of stone fruit tested.

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Peracetic Acid and Chlorine Dioxide for Postharvest Control of Monilinia laxa in Stone Fruits

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.1999.83.8.773 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 83 (8) ◽

pp. 773-776 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

M. Mari ◽

T. Cembali ◽

E. Baraldi ◽

L. Casalini

Keyword(s):

Chlorine Dioxide ◽

Peracetic Acid ◽

Brown Rot ◽

In Vitro Tests ◽

Monilinia Laxa ◽

Stone Fruits ◽

Duration Of Treatment ◽

Chemical Product ◽

Postharvest Control

The effects of different concentrations of peracetic acid (PAA; 62.5, 125, 250, 500, and 1,000 μg/ml)and chlorine dioxide (ClO2; 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/ml) on germination of Monilinia laxa conidia were tested. Conidia germination was related to the concentration of chemical product used, as well as duration of treatment. Complete inhibition of germination was observed with PAA at 500 μg/ml after 5 min of contact with conidia and with ClO2 at 50 μg/ml after 1 min of contact with conidia. The results of in vitro tests were confirmed by inoculation of fruits with treated conidia. The PAA treatment also was effective 1 h after pathogen inoculation but only on plums, for which a 1,000 μg/ml treatment significantly reduced decay incidence by 50%. In a semi-commercial test, pathogen conidia dipped for 20 min in PAA at 250 μg/ml or ClO2 at 10 μg/ml or for 5 min in PAA at 250 μg/ml were completely inhibited, and no brown rot was observed in inoculated wounded nectarines and plums.

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