scholarly journals MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF GINGIVAL COMPONENTS AT DIFFERENT TERMS OF EXPERIMENTAL OPIOID INFLUENCE

World Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fik V. B. ◽  
Palʹtov Ye. V.
Keyword(s):  
Opioid Analgesic ◽  
White Male ◽  
Morphometric Parameters ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Sharp Change ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Periodontal Tissues ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Gingival Mucosa

The aim of the study was to investigate changes in morphometric parameters of the gingival epithelial thickness, connective tissue papillae height and lumen diameter of arterioles, capillaries and venules in the dynamics after two, four and six weeks of experimental opioid exposure. Studies were performed on outbred white male rats. In the experiment, animals were injected with increasing opioid analgesic nalbuphine for six weeks, which ranged from 0.212 to 0.252 mg / kg. For histological and morphometric studies, semi-thin sections of the upper and lower jaws of rats were used. It was found that with the introduction of the opioid analgesic nalbuphine in increasing doses, the difference in the components of the periodontium were statistically significant compared with similar values of intact animals, indicating reactive changes in the gingival mucosa during short-term opioid action. After six weeks of opioid exposure, morphometrically revealed a sharp change in the vector of dynamics, which was manifested by statistically significant changes in the values of the components of the gums compared with similar indicators of intact animals, indicating the development of inflammatory- dystrophic changes in periodontal tissues.

scholarly journals DYNAMICS OF MORPHOMETRIC INDICATORS OF GINGIVAL MUCOUS MEMBRANE COMPONENTS OF RATS IN THE LATE TERMS OF CHRONIC OPIOID INFLUENCE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fik V. B.
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Opioid Analgesic ◽  
White Male ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Morphometric Parameters ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Periodontal Tissues ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Gingival Mucosa

The aim of this study was to examine the morphometric parameters of the thickness of the epithelial plate of the gingival mucosa, the height of the connective tissue papillae and the diameter of the lumen of hemomicrovascular white rats in the dynamics after eight, ten and twelve weeks of chronic opioid exposure. Experimental studies were performed on white male rats of reproductive age. For twelve weeks, rats were injected intramuscularly with the opioid analgesic nalbuphine at increasing average therapeutic doses of 0.212 to 0.3 mg/kg body weight. Fragments of rat jaws were used for histological and morphometric studies. Based on the analysis of the obtained morphometric parameters of the studied components of the gums, it was found that in the late stages of chronic opioid exposure there was a significant decrease in epithelial thickness and connective tissue papillae and a significant increase in the lumen diameter of hemomicrocirculatory progression of inflammatory-dystrophic changes in periodontal tissues.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF IMUNOPHAN ON MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS AND HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF PEYER'S PATCHES IN SMALL INTESTINE OF RATS UNDER IMMUNOSUPPRESSION INDUCED BY CYCLOPHOSPHAN

2021 ◽  
pp. 141-152
Author(s):  
E.N. Morozova ◽  
V.N. Morozov ◽  
A.V. Tverskaya
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
White Male ◽  
Morphometric Parameters ◽  
Peyer's Patches ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Peyer’S Patches ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Intact Rats

The aim of the study is to analyze morphometric parameters and histological structure of Peyer's patches in the small intestine of rats after imunofan administration under immunosuppression caused by cyclophosphan. Materials and Methods. The study was carried out on 36 white male rats (210–250 gramms). The animals were divided into two groups. Rats of Group 1 were injected with cyclophosphamide on the 1st day of the experiment (200 mg/kg). On the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th and 10th days they received imunofan (0.7 μg/kg). Group 2 consisted of intact rats. The animals were withdrawn from the experiment on the 7th, 30th, and 90th days after imunofan administration. The authors measured the length and width of Peyer's patches, and the distance from the ileocecal angle to the first patch. We also examined the height and width of lymph nodes and internodal zones on histological sections. Results. On the 7th and 30th days of our study the length and width of Peyer's patches increased by 18.71 %/16.94 % and 3.56 %/24.22 % respectively in mature animals, compared with the intact rats. At the same time, the distance from the ileocecal angle to the 1st Peyer’s patch decreased by 6.15 % and 19.80 %. The micrography showed that the height and width of the lymph nodes of Peyer's patches in experimental animals increased by 29.79 %/12.73 % (Day 7) and 10.49 %/12.46 % (Day 30) in comparison with the intact rats. The linear sizes of internodal zones increased by 39.35 %/10.33 % (Day 7) and 4.77 %/4.25 % (Day 30). By the 90th day, the macroscopic parameters of Peyer's patches, the height and width of their lymph nodules and internodal zones approxomated those of intact animals. Conclusion. When using imunofan under experimental immunosuppression, macro- and micromorphometric parameters of Peyer's patches of the small intestine of mature rats gradually approximated those in intact rats, which indicated the leveling of cyclophosphan immunosuppressive effect. Key words: rats, small intestine, Peyer's patches, imunofan, cyclophosphan. Цель исследования – изучение морфометрических параметров и гистологического строения пейеровых бляшек тонкой кишки крыс после введения имунофана на фоне иммуносупрессии, вызванной циклофосфаном. Материалы и методы. Исследование проводилось на 36 белых крысах-самцах массой 210–250 г. Животные были разделены на две группы. В I группе крысам в 1-е сут эксперимента вводился циклофосфан в дозе 200 мг/кг, на 2, 4, 6, 8, 10-е сут – имунофан в дозе 0,7 мкг/кг массы тела; II группу составили интактные крысы. Животные выводились из эксперимента на 7, 30, 90-е сут после завершения введения имунофана. Измерялись длина и ширина пейеровых бляшек, а также расстояние от илеоцекального угла до первой из них, а на гистологических срезах – высота и ширина их лимфатических узелков и межузелковых зон. Результаты. У половозрелых животных на 7-е и 30-е сут наблюдения длина и ширина пейеровых бляшек увеличивалась на 18,71 и 16,94 % и 3,56 и 24,22 % соответственно по сравнению с данными интактных крыс, а расстояние от илеоцекального угла до первой из них уменьшалось на 6,15 и 19,80 %. При микроскопическом исследовании высота и ширина лимфатических узелков пейеровых бляшек были больше по сравнению с данными интактных крыс на 29,79 и 12,73 % (7-е сут), 10,49 и 12,46 % (30-е сут), а линейные размеры межузелковых зон – на 39,35 и 10,33 % (7-е сут), 4,77 и 4,25 % (30-е сут). К 90-м сут макроскопические параметры пейеровых бляшек, а также высота и ширина их лимфатических узелков и межузелковых зон приближались к данным интактных животных. Выводы. При использовании имунофана на фоне экспериментальной иммуносупрессии значения исследуемых макро- и микроморфометрических параметров пейеровых бляшек тонкой кишки половозрелых крыс в ходе эксперимента постепенно приближались к аналогичным показателям интактных крыс, что свидетельствует о нивелировании иммуносупрессивного эффекта циклофосфана. Ключевые слова: крысы, тонкая кишка, пейеровы бляшки, имунофан, циклофосфан.

scholarly journals Electronic microscopic research on periodont in experimental two-weight opioid action and after its over for four weeks

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
V.B. Fik ◽  
Ye.V. Paltov ◽  
Yu.Ya. Kryvko
Keyword(s):  
Opioid Analgesic ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Ultrastructural Organization ◽  
Perivascular Spaces ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Blood Capillaries ◽  
Periodontal Tissues ◽  
The Mean

Due to the harmful effects of opioid agents in the uncontrolled use of them, it is impossible to ease the early manifestations of damage to the tissues and organs of the oral cavity, which is a pressing problem of today. The purpose of this work was to investigate the features of the sub-microscopic organization of the structural components of the periodontium under the action of an opioid analgesic for two weeks and its four-week withdrawal in the experiment. The study was conducted on 22 adult rats-males of the Wistar line, weighing 160 g, 4.5-6 months of age. Animals were administered intramuscularly daily, once a single opioid analgesic nalbuphine for the first two weeks, in terms of the mean therapeutic dose for the rat, as well as for the mean weight of the test group (0.212 mg/kg), and subsequent four weeks. The fragments of soft periodontal tissue were used for electron microscopic examination. Submicroscopically expressed destructive changes in periodontal tissues were not observed. However, the positive dynamics of regeneration of periodontal components at the ultrastructural level were also not revealed. In the cytoplasm of cells of the epithelium of the free part of the gums, there is destruction of organelles, partially damaged mitochondrial cristae, poorly contoured tonofilaments, shallow karyolemma invaginations, thickened areas and damaged desmosomal contacts. In the surface areas of the periodontium, the collagen fibers are partially stratified, there is moderate swelling of the intercellular substance of the connective tissue, part of the fibrocytes invaginating the karyolemma of the nucleus and placement of heterochromatin in the periphery. Ultrastructurally in the cytoplasm of the macrophage, lysosomes are detected, phagosomes are scarce, indicating a slight damage to the structures. In the gaps of the blood capillaries, blood cells are formed, mainly erythrocytes, in the perinuclear part of the cytoplasm of organelles are few, mitochondria with electron-light matrix and small cristae, perivascular edema is insignificant, there are destructively altered mitochondria in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells of venules, the basement membrane is thickened, the perivascular spaces are enlarged. Thus, at the end of the sixth week of the experiment, no short-term irreversible changes in the ultrastructural organization of the periodontal components were detected in the short-term effect of the opioid for two weeks and its subsequent four-week cancellation. However, the complete restoration of the structural components of the periodontium is not observed, there are signs of reactive changes, reparative processes are slowed.

scholarly journals RUSIP SEHUBUNGAN PROFIL LIPID DALAM KEADAAN HIPERKOLESTEROLEMIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Indranila KS ◽  
Satrianugraha MD
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
White Male ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Cholesterol Diet ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
The Difference

Rusip is a fermented fish product made from anchovies. Several lactic acid bacteria have been identified in rusip fermentation. Lacticacid bacteria are known to be able to reduce serum cholesterol. The aim of the research was to know the lipid profile changes due toadministration of rusip in hypercholesterolemia rats. The research was done by using Pre and Post Randomized Controlled Group Design.The research subjects consisted of twenty-eight Sprague Dawley strain white male rats aged 20 weeks with normal body weight, who weregiven a high-fat high-cholesterol diet, then divided into four (4) groups: control group, without Rusip administration; P1, P2 and P3 whoreceived 2.55; 5.10 and 7.65 mg Rusip/g body weight. After 14 days treatment, blood samples were taken to determine the lipid profileusing enzymatic methods. ANOVA or alternative test, was used to test the difference between the groups at the 95% confidence level. Basedon the research, the administration of Rusip in the treatment group caused significant changes in the lipid profiles of hypercholesterolemiarats (p<0.05). The total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL cholesterol levels decreased significantly in all three treatment doses (p<0.05).The HDL cholesterol increased significantly in all three treatment doses (p<0.05). The highest change in lipid profile results was obtainedin the treatment of P3 to all variables. In this study, it was found that administration of Rusip could improve the state of blood lipidprofiles of hypercholesterolemia rats. Whereas, the highest changes were obtained in treatment with P3.

Toxic effects of inhaled DMMP on the kidneys of Fischer-344 rats

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 880-881
Author(s):  
D.R. Mattie ◽  
C.J. Hixson
Keyword(s):  
Left Kidney ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Electron Microscopic Examination ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Fischer 344 Rats ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Fischer 344

Dimethylmethylphosphonate (DMMP) is a simple organophosphate used industrially as a flame retardant and to lower viscosity in polyester and epoxy resins. The military considered the use of DMMP as a nerve gas simulant. Since military use of DMMP involved exposure by inhalation, there was a need for a subchronic inhalation exposure to DMMP to fully investigate its toxic potential.Male Fischer-344 rats were exposed to 25 ppm or 250 ppm DMMP vapor on a continuous basis for 90 days. An equal number of control rats were sham-exposed. Following the 90-day continuous exposure period, 15 male rats were sacrificed from each group. Two rats from each group had the left kidney perfused for electron microscopic examination. The kidneys were perfused from a height of 150 cm water with 1% glutaraldehyde in Sorensen's 0.1M phosphate buffer pH 7.2. An additional kidney was taken from a rat in each group and fixed by immersion in 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 2% paraformaldehyde in 0.1M cacodylate buffer pH 7.4. A portion of the 9 kidneys collected for electron microscopy were processed into Epon 812. Thin sections, stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, were examined with a JEOL 100B Transmission Electron Microscope. Microvilli height was measured on photographs of the cells of proximal tubules. This data, along with morphologic features of the cells, allows the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) to be identified as being S1, S2, or S3 segment PCT.

METABOLISM AND MODE OF ACTION OF ANDROGENS IN TARGET TISSUES OF MALE RATS

1972 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Schmidt ◽  
I. Noack ◽  
K. D. Voigt
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Seminal Vesicles ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Ventral Prostate ◽  
Nucleic Acid Content ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Independent Effects ◽  
Sites Of Action ◽  
Peripheral Metabolism

ABSTRACT The effect of testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone on protein and nucleic acid content as well as on the activities of some enzymes has been studied in the ventral prostate and the seminal vesicles of immature castrated rats. Both androgens were given intraperitoneally in doses of 1 mg daily for one or three days the rats were sacrificed one day after the last injection. In the prostate it was found that 5α-dihydrotestosterone had a greater effect on DNA increase, i. e. cell proliferation than testosterone, whereas cell metabolism was stimulated by the two androgens to nearly the same extent. In the seminal vesicles a single dose led to the same results as had been obtained in the prostate, i. e. a greater cell proliferative action of 5α-dihydrotestosterone and an equal stimulation of cell metabolism by testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone was also observed. When three doses of the two androgens were given, cell proliferation as well as cell metabolism in the seminal vesicles were significantly more increased after 5α-dihydrotestosterone than after testosterone. The difference of action after systemic administration of the two androgens is explained by their different accumulation and by their different peripheral metabolism in the target tissues. From the partly independent effects of various androgens on cell proliferation and cell metabolism the conclusion may be drawn that there exist at least two intracellular sites of action.

THYMUS VARIABILITY IN WHITE RATS EXPOSED TO FORMALDEHYDE

2019 ◽  
pp. 105-116
Author(s):  
V.N. Voloshin ◽  
I.S. Voloshina ◽  
I.Yu. Vash
Keyword(s):  
White Male ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Procrustes Analysis ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Canonical Variables ◽  
Generalized Procrustes Analysis ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Formaldehyde Inhalation

The aim of the paper is to study thymus variability in white rats, which were exposed to formaldehyde, and to compare these data with the indicators in control animals. Materials and Methods. The trial enrolled 72 white male rats, initial body weight 40–50 g. The animals were divided into 2 groups (36 rats in each). The first group consisted of control rats. Animals of the second group were exposed to formaldehyde inhalation, 2.766 mg/m3. To characterize the variability of the organ size, centroids were determined. The superposition of landmark configurations was performed using the generalized Procrustes analysis method, MorphoJ 1.06d program. The principal component analysis and canonical analysis of the obtained data were carried out. Results. One-Way ANOVA revealed a high level of intergroup differences in Procrust distance (F=1.34; p<0.0001). The significant effect of the duration of formaldehyde exposure on centroid size was established. The Kruskal-Wallis criterion was 19.778 (p=0.0014). The analysis of the principal components indicated that each of the first 10 components stands for more than 1 % of Procrustes coordinate variance. In this case, the first 7 components compatibly explain 91.398 % of thymus variability. The proportion of the first main component to the total variance of the Procrustes coordinates is 40.236 %. PC1 (-) shows changes in the thymus shape, mostly affecting the tops of its lobes, the middle part of the right boundary and the entire left thymus boundary. The scattering ellipses of the thymus ordinates in rats exposed to formaldehyde, in the first two canonical variables are located higher than those in the control animals. Conclusion. Formaldehyde inhalation leads to thymus changes in white rat. The most significant differences with control data are determined along the second canonical variable. Keywords: thymus, form, rat, formaldehyde, geometric morphometry. Цель. Изучение изменчивости формы тимуса белых крыс, находившихся в условиях влияния формальдегида, и сравнение этих данных с показателями, полученными у контрольных животных. Материалы и методы. Работа выполнена на 72 белых крысах-самцах с начальной массой тела 40–50 г. Животные были разделены на 2 серии (по 36 крыс). Первую серию составляли контрольные крысы. Животные второй серии подвергались ингаляционному воздействию формальдегида (ФА) в концентрации 2,766 мг/м3. Для характеристики изменчивости размеров органов определяли размер их центроидов. Процедуру суперимпозиции конфигураций ландмарок выполняли методом генерализованного прокрустова анализа с использованием программы MorphoJ 1.06d. Проводили анализ главных компонент и канонический анализ полученных данных. Результаты. Однофакторный дисперсионный анализ выявил высокий уровень межгрупповых различий по показателю прокрустовых расстояний (F=1,34; р<0,0001). Установлено значительное влияние продолжительности нахождения животных в условиях воздействия ФА на размер центроида. Критерий Краскела–Уоллиса составил 19,778 (р=0,0014). Анализ главных компонент указывал на то, что каждая из первых 10 компонент объясняет более 1 % дисперсии прокрустовых координат. При этом первые 7 компонент совместно объясняют 91,398 % изменчивости формы тимуса. Вклад первой главной компоненты в общую дисперсию прокрустовых координат составляет 40,236 %. РС1 (–) показывает изменения формы тимуса, в большей степени затрагивающие верхушки его долей, среднюю часть правого контура и весь левый контур тимуса. Эллипсы рассеивания ординат тимусов, принадлежащих крысам, подвергавшимся влиянию ФА, в пространстве первых двух канонических переменных расположены выше по отношению к таковым контрольных животных. Заключение. Ингаляционное воздействие формальдегида приводит к изменению формы тимуса белых крыс. Наибольшие различия с контрольными данными определяются вдоль второй канонической переменной. Ключевые слова: тимус, форма, крыса, формальдегид, геометрическая морфометрия.

scholarly journals THE VALUE OF ROBUST STATISTICAL FORECASTS IN THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

2021 ◽  
Vol 256 ◽  
pp. 19-43
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Castle ◽  
Jurgen A. Doornik ◽  
David F. Hendry
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Epidemiological Models ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Data Measurement ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Changing Trends ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Uk

The Covid-19 pandemic has put forecasting under the spotlight, pitting epidemiological models against extrapolative time-series devices. We have been producing real-time short-term forecasts of confirmed cases and deaths using robust statistical models since 20 March 2020. The forecasts are adaptive to abrupt structural change, a major feature of the pandemic data due to data measurement errors, definitional and testing changes, policy interventions, technological advances and rapidly changing trends. The pandemic has also led to abrupt structural change in macroeconomic outcomes. Using the same methods, we forecast aggregate UK unemployment over the pandemic. The forecasts rapidly adapt to the employment policies implemented when the UK entered the first lockdown. The difference between our statistical and theory based forecasts provides a measure of the effect of furlough policies on stabilising unemployment, establishing useful scenarios had furlough policies not been implemented.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the short-term efficacy of local analgesic (lidocaine) and opioid analgesic (sufentanil) on patients with centrally mediated abdominal pain syndrome: a randomized controlled trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 175628482110217
Author(s):  
Hang Yang ◽  
Honglin Chen ◽  
Bing Hu
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Opioid Analgesic ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Term Efficacy

Background: Centrally mediated abdominal pain syndrome (CAPS) is characterized by continuous or frequently recurring abdominal pain and can result in functional loss across several life domains. The efficacy of the present management methods has not been established yet. We performed a prospective randomized controlled trial to explore the short-term efficacy of local analgesic (lidocaine) and opioid analgesic (sufentanil) in patients with CAPS. Methods: We consecutively enrolled 130 patients who met the Rome IV CAPS criteria and divided them into the sufentanil + lidocaine (S + L) group and sufentanil (S) group. Patients completed the pain rating scales, including the numeric rating scale (NRS) and verbal rating scale (VRS), 60 min before colonoscopy. All the patients were initially administered sufentanil. In the S + L group, we sprayed a 5 ml solution of lidocaine on the surface of ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon during colonoscope withdrawal, while 5 ml saline was sprayed in the S group. Follow up was performed 1 day, 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, and 3 months after colonoscopy, to complete the pain scaling. Results: A comparison of the NRS and VRS showed that there were no significant differences between the S + L and S groups and within each group ( p > 0.05). Conclusions: Local analgesic lidocaine and opioid analgesic sufentanil showed negative efficacy during short-term observation. The opioid receptor blocker sufentanil did not worsen symptoms in patients with CAPS after colonoscopy under general anesthesia in the short term. [chictr.org.cn, Chinese Clinical Trial Identifier, ChiCTR-IOR-16008187]

scholarly journals How Do Subway Signs Affect Pedestrians’ Wayfinding Behavior through Visual Short-Term Memory?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6866
Author(s):  
Haoru Li ◽  
Jinliang Xu ◽  
Xiaodong Zhang ◽  
Fangchen Ma
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Subway Station ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Types Of Information

Recently, subways have become an important part of public transportation and have developed rapidly in China. In the subway station setting, pedestrians mainly rely on visual short-term memory to obtain information on how to travel. This research aimed to explore the short-term memory capacities and the difference in short-term memory for different information for Chinese passengers regarding subway signs. Previous research has shown that people’s general short-term memory capacity is approximately four objects and that, the more complex the information, the lower people’s memory capacity. However, research on the short-term memory characteristics of pedestrians for subway signs is scarce. Hence, based on the STM theory and using 32 subway signs as stimuli, we recruited 120 subjects to conduct a cognitive test. The results showed that passengers had a different memory accuracy for different types of information in the signs. They were more accurate regarding line number and arrow, followed by location/text information, logos, and orientation. Meanwhile, information type, quantity, and complexity had significant effects on pedestrians’ short-term memory capacity. Finally, according to our results that outline the characteristics of short-term memory for subway signs, we put forward some suggestions for subway signs. The findings will be effective in helping designers and managers improve the quality of subway station services as well as promoting the development of pedestrian traffic in such a setting.

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