Agricultural Exports of Russia and China: Aspects of Mutual Trade and Regulation

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-15
Author(s):  
V.Z. Mazloev ◽  
◽  
O.I. Khairullina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Government Regulation ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The United States ◽  
Growth Trend ◽  
Agricultural Exports ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Steady Growth ◽  
Food Market ◽  
Analytical System

International food trade is growing due to an increase in effective demand and an increase in population. In recent years, trade relations between China and Russia have been developing dynamically. Meanwhile, China has a more active trade policy and a well-developed institutional structure for export regulation. In 2019, a decrease in Russian exports is generally noted, however, there is a steady growth trend in the sale of food and agricultural raw materials. The volume of export of processed food and agricultural products increased by 1.5 times. The legal and regulatory framework for Russian agricultural exports has changed significantly over the past three years. The priority role is given to government regulation. The development of agricultural exports has set the task of expanding the geography of sales markets. The Chinese food market for our country is becoming an object of special attention; in 2019 alone, Russia increased the volume of supplies in value terms by 41%. Meanwhile, there is potential for further increasing food supplies. Russia has not yet become a key partner for China, giving way to Japan, the United States and Korea. Further improvement is required in terms of the institutional, financial and credit, information and analytical system for promoting agricultural exports with the active participation of the state.

Rethinking of Turkey’s Geopolitics together with Eastern Mediterranean. Turkish Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 705 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-66
Author(s):  
Arıboğan Deniz Ülke ◽  
Ibrahim Arslan
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
International System ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Past ◽  
Humanitarian Interventions ◽  
The Us ◽  
Transportation Accessibility ◽  
The Eu

In the studies carried out within the scope of geopolitical discipline, the expression "geography is destiny" is frequently used and it is claimed that geography has unchangeable, irreversible qualities and the policies implemented are shaped through this assumption. This assumption ignores the humanitarian interventions over the geography and makes it difficult to understand the results produced by these interventions at both regional and global level. Similarly, the dynamic nature of international relations reveals new actors in the international system in times of bounce and collapse, and the borders that expand or narrow with each transformation can differentiate the geopolitical view with new sovereign countries. In the historical process, transportation accessibility, trade, search for raw materials, security and alliance relations have caused the same geography to be interpreted differently in different periods. This situation also applies to the geography of Turkey had been the homeland of empires. The developments in the Middle East over the past two decades has created a sensitivity in the relations between Turkey and the West, especially the United States. Competing interests with the EU and the US in the Middle East and the Eastern Mediterranean, has necessitated a reassessment of Turkey's geography.

The Volatility of Sovereign Wealth Funds

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1850172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Grennes
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Sovereign Wealth Funds ◽  
The Past ◽  
Global Recession ◽  
Steady Growth ◽  
Recent Developments

This paper evaluates sovereign wealth funds in light of the extreme volatility of energy prices and the severe global recession that began in 2008. A recent paper by Das characterized the assets of funds as showing steady growth in the past and likely increased importance in the future. However, recent developments have reduced the relative importance of funds and have demonstrated the sensitivity of the funds to energy prices and world business cycles. Investments by sovereign wealth funds have the potential to introduce political influence into corporate governance, but this potential is much smaller than the interventions into corporate governance by governments of the United States and elsewhere connected to corporate bail-outs during the recession. Lack of transparency remains a problem for certain sovereign wealth funds, but anti-recession interventions by governments have been characterized by extreme lack of transparency.

scholarly journals DNA barcoding of online herbal supplements: crowd-sourcing pharmacovigilance in high school

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanmaire Molina ◽  
Chhoti Sherpa ◽  
Joyee Ng ◽  
Tenzin Sonam ◽  
Nicole Stuhr
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The United States ◽  
Crowd Sourcing ◽  
Herbal Supplements ◽  
School Students

AbstractHerbal medicinal products (HMPs) have grown increasingly popular in the United States, many of them with imported raw materials and sold online. Yet due to the lack of regulation from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), manufacturers of the products can substitute or add in other herbs that are not advertised on the label. In this study, as part of the Urban Barcode Research Program (UBRP), an education initiative to engage New York City high school students in science, we aimed to taxonomically authenticate single-ingredient online-sold HMPs containing non-native plants through DNA barcoding of the internal transcribed spacer 2 region (ITS2) and matK. We were able to successfully barcode 20 HMPs, but four of these did not match the expected species. It was concluded that the four HMPs advertising astragalus, epazote, ginseng, and chanca piedra were contaminated/ substituted because their ITS2 and matK DNA sequences did not match the expected taxonomy in GenBank, a government database. Our study highlights the importance of herbal pharmacovigilance in the absence of strict government regulation of herbal supplements and motivates crowd-sourced DNA barcoding to enable American consumers make informed choices and be more empowered to safeguard their health.

scholarly journals Ewolucja przemysłu zaawansowanej technologii i sektora teleinformatycznego (ICT) w Finlandii

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 122-132
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Stachowiak
Keyword(s):  
Information Society ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Forest Industry ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
The Past ◽  
Knowledge Based Economy

The paper presents in a broad outline the main characteristics of the evolution of the Finnish high-tech industry and ICT sector within the context of general changes in industry and the national economy. In the last decades of the 20th century Finland dynamically developed a knowledge-based economy and became one of the leaders of the information society. A spectacular manifestation of this is the position of the country in global competitiveness rankings, where Finland has occupied a top position for several years, sometimes even being ahead of the United States. The so-called ‘Finnish model of information society’ is characterised, among others, by a significant growth in knowledge-intensive industries and a complex system of research and development support. However, all those changes were dependent on the previous development path of the country. The structure of Finnish industry was rather one-sided until the 1980s, when knowledge- and expertise-intensive production started to catch up with the level of manufacturing dominated by raw materials, capital and energy. For a long time, Finland specialised in the forest industry and in the processing of metals. A new sector that has developed during the past decades is electronics and, especially, the manufacturing of communication devices. Furthermore, the economy has changed more dramatically in Finland than in any other developed country over the same period of time. Industries have become technology-intensive and production is strongly characterised by specialisation. Finland has become the most specialised country in information and communication technology in the world, and this specialisation trend is continuing. The forest industry and other traditional industries rely more and more on the new technologies and state-of-the-art knowledge. In Finland, industrialisation started later than in other countries, but it was very rapid. Industrial production and exports grew faster than the rest of the economy in the 1990s, and the structure of exports diversified. Unlike other developed countries, Finland “re-industrialised” in the 1990s. The contribution of industry to the total volume of production and employment has been higher in Finland than in other advanced economies in the past couple of years.

scholarly journals Análisis del impacto económico de las relaciones comerciales de ecuador con china en los años 2010 – 2013

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gema Sornoza Parrales ◽  
Bárbara Marisol Gallegos Ventimilla ◽  
Diego Sornoza Parrales
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The United States ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Credit Lines ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Loan Terms ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Impacto Económico

Este artículo explora las relaciones comerciales de Ecuador con China en el periodo 2010-2013, se centra en las líneas de crédito que el Ecuador ha obtenido para financiar sus proyectos. China es la segunda potencia después de Estados Unidos, el segundo consumidor de petróleo, el mayor exportador mundial y un país en busca de recursos naturales que hagan posible suplir su demanda interna. Ecuador por su parte es un país en vías de desarrollo que necesita financiamientos para realizar proyectos y utiliza como medio de garantía la materia prima que posee, el petróleo, para obtenerlos. El objetivo de la investigación es conocer el nivel de endeudamiento que el Ecuador tiene actualmente, además de determinar la existencia de beneficios para Ecuador.  Se utiliza el estudio de las balanzas comerciales, las ventajas y desventajas de cada proyecto, y las condiciones de los préstamos como métodos para obtener resultados. Las relaciones comerciales de Ecuador con China han crecido en los últimos años, debido a que China ha mostrado interés en los países latino-americanos y ha otorgado líneas de crédito. Sin embargo acorde a la investigación realizada se concluye que Ecuador se encuentra en una posición de desventaja en dichas negociaciones, principalmente por la venta anticipada de petróleo y la perdida monetaria que ello significa. Palabras Clave: Balanza comercial, finanzas internacionales, impacto económico, relaciones comerciales, importaciones, exportaciones, petróleo    ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ECUADOR'S TRADE RELATIONS WITH CHINA IN THE 2010 – 2013 PERIOD  Abstract  This article explores Ecuador's trade relations with China in the 2010-2013 period; it is focused in the credit lines that Ecuador has obtained for financing its projects. China is the second Largest Economic Power after the United States, the world's second oil consumer, the world's largest exporter and a country in search of natural resources to cover its domestic demand. Meanwhile Ecuador is a developing country that needs financing for projects and uses its raw materials as guarantee for funding. The aim of the research are to determine the level of debt that Ecuador currently has, in addition to determining the existence of benefits for Ecuador  The study of trade balances, the pros and cons of each project, and loan terms are methods used to obtain results. Ecuador's trade relations with China have grown in recent years, as China has shown interest in Latin American countries and has granted many credit lines. However, according to the research done, Ecuador is in a disadvantaged position in these negotiations, mainly due to the anticipated sale of oil and the monetary loss that it represents. Keywords: Trade balance, international finances, economic impact, trade relations, imports, exports, oil  

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of the prerequisites and priorities of import substitution at various stages of development of the Russian economy

2019 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 366-372
Author(s):  
A. V. Litvinova ◽  
N. S. Talalaeva ◽  
M. V. Parfenova
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Economic Sanctions ◽  
Foreign Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Export Structure ◽  
The Past ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Long Time

Import substitution is an integral part of the strategy to improve the competitiveness of the national agri-food complex. It should be a stimulus that will accelerate the economy and will contribute to the formation of a self-replicating mechanism of economic growth. The study analyzed the development of import substitution during the introduction of economic sanctions by Western countries and the United States. The study showed that the need for import substitution was brewing for a long time, however, the sanctions served as the impetus for its acceleration. The introduction by the President of the Russian Federation of special economic measures did not contradict the existing legislation and was aimed at restricting the importation of many types of products from abroad for the development of domestic production. The commodity structure of domestic exports and imports was also analyzed: the export of hydrocarbons has been prevailing for many years, but over the past two years their share in the total export structure has decreased. Most of the country imports machinery, equipment, vehicles, food and agricultural products, chemical products. For most indicators, there is a negative trend, due to which domestic imports decreased over the period of the sanctions by more than 100 billion US dollars. Despite economic sanctions, the European Union remains the main trading partner of Russia. Over the past 25 years, Russia has been a passive participant in international trade and, despite its high potential in the development of agriculture, was perceived by the world community as a country focused on the export of raw materials and hydrocarbons to a foreign market, rather than on the development of its own production, including agricultural production.

scholarly journals China-Latin America and the Caribbean Relationships: History, Aspects and Implications

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Emilio Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The United States ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
First World ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

According to reports from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), in 2014, China became the first world power ousting the United States. This growth implies the need for access to a large amount of energy resources and raw materials. While in the past China was able to be self-sufficient, this is now impossible because the difference between what China consumes and what it produces is widening. For this reason, it is necessary for Beijing to carry out foreign relationships and policies that will enable it to meet its own needs. It is in Africa and in Latin America and the Caribbean where, over the last few decades, China has focused and directed its foreign policy. The aim of this paper is to provide a historical overview of the relations between<br />China and Latin America and the Caribbean, to<br />analyze the different aspects into which they are<br />divided, to identify similarities and differences<br />between China's relationships with Africa and<br />with Latin America and to assess the implications<br />that these relationships could have for other<br />countries and regions of the world.

scholarly journals Technological prospecting of the use of vegetables in the development of gluten-free foods

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. e38010111685
Author(s):  
Luce Alves da Silva ◽  
Iasnaia Maria de Carvalho Tavares ◽  
Biano Alves de Melo Neto ◽  
Cristiane Patrícia de Oliveira ◽  
Marcelo Franco
Keyword(s):  
Free Food ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Database ◽  
Gluten Free ◽  
Growth Trend ◽  
Free Products ◽  
Dietary Restrictions ◽  
International Patent ◽  
Food Market ◽  
Plant Sources

The growing demand for gluten-free foods, by people seeking more healthiness or who have dietary restrictions, has led to the acquisition of gluten-free foods. However, the development of gluten-free foods is a challenge due to the reduced nutritional value, requiring enrichment from other plant sources. A technological prospection study was carried out on the use of vegetables in the development of gluten-free food products, from October 10 to 18, 2020, by surveying technological information available in national and international patent databases, INPI and ESPACENET, respectively. Search strategies were defined using the association of keywords and international codes relevant to the topic. The results obtained in the international patent base differed by 490% in the period from 2001 to 2020, when compared with the national database. China stands out as a technology-dominated country, followed by the United States, Canada and Japan. Prospecting based on the number of patent filings revealed a 298% growth trend for gluten-free products, from 2001 to 2020, according to the international patent base, which emerges as an innovative alternative to meet the trends of the food market for the coming years.

Lack of Competition in U.S. Markets

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-42
Author(s):  
John N. Drobak
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Product Markets ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Many

Chapter 3 shows that many product markets in the United States are not competitive, resulting in the firms’ ability to earn excess profits by charging higher prices to consumers. It analyzes the competitiveness of U.S. markets in four different ways. First, it examines the profitability of business firms to determine if their profits are so high that we can conclude that they operate in markets lacking competition. It uses the profits of the iPhone and the airline companies to illustrate this. Second, it looks at the increasing consensus by many economists that markets are becoming less competitive. These commentators include President Barack Obama’s Council of Economic Advisers, Joseph Stiglitz, and Paul Krugman. Third, it shows how an examination of the conduct of the firms in an industry can help us assess the competitiveness of that industry. Finally, it analyzes the concentration of the firms in a market as a way to determine competitiveness, examining the many studies over the past few years that show greatly increased concentration in many markets. Based on these four perspectives, the chapter argues that there is strong evidence of a lack of competition in many markets, which shifts the burden to those who oppose government regulation to demonstrate that there actually is viable competition that sufficiently constraints the firms.

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