Regímenes de blockchain para el ejercicio del periodismo: innovación entre pruebas y errores

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Callejo-Gallego
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Integrated Model ◽  
Intellectual Property Protection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
The One ◽  
Medios De Comunicacion ◽  
Economic Regime ◽  
Wide Potential

Blockchain technology was born with the bitcoin cryptocurrency and has been seen as a revolutionary technology since it became possible to design smart contracts and tokens based on it. It has been possible to export this innovation to the most diverse fields, including the culture and entertainment industry and media. However, and after six years of developing different models to incorporate blockchain into journalism, an integrated model to act as a reference in this field is still lacking. After analyzing and grouping the wide potential of blockchain in journalism into so-called regimes, this work points out both promising and failed projects in each of the three regimes proposed: registration, economic, and organizational. It is concluded that, despite the very interesting developments regarding the registration regime and intellectual property protection, on the one hand, and economic regime and tokenization, on the other, the inherent decentralized configuration of blockchain currently represents a large obstacle to the construction of an integrated model for its use in journalism. Resumen Desde que la tecnología nacida para la generación de la criptomoneda bitcoin, blockchain, incorporó la posibilidad de diseñar contratos inteligentes y tokens sobre la misma, se vio como una tecnología revolucionaria. De hecho, está, junto a la robótica y la inteligencia artificial, en el centro de la denominada cuarta revolución industrial. Una innovación capaz de ser llevada a los más diversos campos, entre los que destacaba la industria de la cultura y el entretenimiento en general y los medios de comunicación en particular. Es más, teniendo en cuenta la profunda crisis económica y de confianza que vive el ejercicio de la profesión periodística, se apuntaba como una prometedora alternativa a tener muy en cuenta. Sin embargo, tras seis años de probar con distintos modelos de incorporación de esta al ejercicio del periodismo, aún falta la referencia de un modelo capaz de integrar las capacidades derivadas de la misma en este campo. Parece que aún se está lejos de lo que podría considerarse un modelo blockchain en periodismo, de la misma manera que se está alcanzando en otras industrias o profesiones. En este artículo, tras analizar y agrupar esas potencialidades innovadoras en lo que se han denominado regímenes, se apuntan proyectos prometedores y proyectos fallidos en cada uno de ellos. Se concluye que, si bien se han dado desarrollos muy interesantes en lo que respecta a los regímenes de registro y protección de la propiedad intelectual, por un lado, y económico, a través de la tokenización, por otro lado, el gran obstáculo actualmente está en concretar la fórmula de la organización descentralizada. Un modelo de organización que se encuentra en el corazón de blockchain.

scholarly journals Fashion industry, innovation and intellectual property / Indústria da moda, inovação e propriedade intelectual

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Maristela Basso
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Intermediate Position ◽  
The Other ◽  
Legal Norm ◽  
Fashion Design ◽  
Fashion Industry ◽  
Degree Of Protection ◽  
North Americans ◽  
The North ◽  
The One

Bearing in mind the absence of specific legal norm on “fashion design” and the lack of expertise of ourjudges, Brazilian courts have recognized some degree of protection for designs granted by the fashion industry.They do not deny protection, as the North Americans who exclude the utilitarian aspects, nor even declarerights as vast as in French law. The trend of the judged in Brazil is in an intermediate position. That is, they aimto encourage innovation, on the one hand, and on the other, limit copying, requiring incremental elements toprovide protection.

scholarly journals The Right of the Employee to an Invention Created in the Process of Labor Relations. (In Accordance With the Georgian - German Patent Legislation)

2021 ◽  
pp. 152-167
Author(s):  
Miranda Gurgenidze ◽  
◽  
Tamaz Urtmelidze ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Patent Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
German Patent ◽  
National Patent ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

Creative activity, which ends with the creation of intellectual property objects, are mostly carried out by individuals employed in various private sectors or scientists working in higher education/research institutions. Therefore, the question who is the owner of the intellectual property object (invention), employee/inventor, whose direct participation with and usage of intellectual labor, the object was created by, or the employer, whose material technical base, experience and the other resources were used to create the invention, does not lose relevance. Georgia belongs to the continental, i.e. Romano-Germanic legal system. Modern Georgian intellectual property law has undergone a very interesting path of development since the restoration of independence. It should be noted that Georgia is the first country from the former Soviet republics to establish a national patent agency in 1992 (12,246). In this article, the authors focus on the basic regulations of Georgian and German patent law that regulate the ownership of an invention created by employees. As it is known, in Georgia the issue is resolved by the „Patent Law“, while in Germany, in addition to the patent law, there is an „Employee Inventions Act“. The scientific article consists of an introduction, a main part and a conclusion. The introduction presents the urgency of the legal problem. The main part, on the one hand, discusses the legal status of inventions created by employees, gives the relationship between patent law and labor law on this issue (on the example of Georgian legislation) and, on the other hand, the authors analyze the German ,,Employee Inventions Act“, which we find a detailed arrangement of an issue of interest to us in. The law is structured in such a way that the balance between the interests of the employee and the employer is maximally maintained, the rule of compensation is provided, a distinction is made between service and free inventions, and ways of resolving disputes between the parties are provided. The legal basis for arbitration is in the foreground. There is also a court of law under the jurisdiction of which these disputes are considered.

scholarly journals Política pública para el Fortalecimiento de la democracia en Ecuador 2008-2014 / Public policy for the strengthening of democracy in Ecuador

Ciencia Unemi ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (17) ◽  
pp. 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvaro Saenz Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Political Participation ◽  
Direct Democracy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Communication Media ◽  
Original Meaning ◽  
Politica Publica ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One ◽  
Medios De Comunicacion

y participación. Estos constan en la Constitución, y en leyes orgánicas, lo que da un marco normativo impulsor del ejercicio democrático. En la aplicación de la política de fortalecimiento de la democracia, se encuentran fuerzas y posiciones provenientes de diversos actores. Se puede observar que entre los activadores de la participación el más importante es el propio Gobierno, acompañado de actores sociales organizados, antiguos y nuevos. Otros actores exigen una participación más radical, por un lado, y terceros desprecian la presencia popular en el Estado. Los medios de comunicación convencionales han sido los principales voceros de esta última posición. En la aplicación de la política de participación, las diversas fuerzas han actuado desarrollando algunos mecanismos, ocultando otros o distorsionando su sentido original. En todo ello se han manifestado las posiciones e intereses de los actores. A pesar de estas tensiones, la política de participación como tal se ha dinamizado y fortalecido. AbstractThe new Ecuadorian institutionality has created a large number of mechanisms of representation, direct democracy and participation. These are contained in the Constitution and organic laws, which gives a regulatory framework that constitutes itself the promoter of the democratic exercise. In the applying of the policy of strengthening of democracy, there are forces and positions from various actors. It can be seen that among the activators of the participation of actors, the government itself is the most important, accompanied by organized, old and new social ones. Others demand a more radical participation on the one hand, and on the other hand another third group despises a popular presence in the state. The conventional communication media have been the main spokesmen of the last group. In the applying of the policy of participation, various forces have acted by developing some mechanisms, hiding others or distorting its original meaning. About all of these, the actors have expressed their positions and interests. Despite these tensions, political participation as such has become dynamic and strengthened.

The tradeoff of intellectual property rights reconsidered

2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiano Antonelli
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
The Other ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The One

Intellectual property rights have a twin effect on the economic system.On the one hand they increase the incentives to the introduction of new technologicalknowledge. On the other they increase the costs of the generation ofnew knowledge because they limit the access to an indispensable input such asexisting knowledge. A tradeoff between such positive and negative effects canbe formalized so as to identify of the ‘correct’ levels of knowledge rents...

Intellectual Property Protection and Standardization

2011 ◽  
pp. 166-182
Author(s):  
Knut Blind ◽  
Nikolaus Thumm
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
The Other ◽  
Theoretical Hypothesis ◽  
Strong Position ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter presents the first attempt at analyzing the relationship between strategies to protect intellectual property rights and their impact on the likelihood of joining formal standardization processes, based on a small sample of European companies. On the one hand, theory suggests that the stronger the protection of one’s own technological know-how, the higher the likelihood to join formal standardization processes in order to leverage the value of the technological portfolio. On the other hand, companies at the leading edge are often in such a strong position that they do not need the support of standards to market their products successfully. The results of the statistical analysis show that the higher the patent intensities of companies, the lower their tendency to join standardization processes, supporting the latter theoretical hypothesis.

Imitation in the Age of Literary Property

2019 ◽  
pp. 335-373
Author(s):  
Colin Burrow
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
William Wordsworth ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Paradise Lost ◽  
Private Property ◽  
The Other ◽  
Public Rights ◽  
Early Eighteenth Century ◽  
The One

This chapter shows how arguments about intellectual property in the eighteenth century changed attitudes towards imitatio, and explores the emergence of romantic poetics from earlier arguments about imitation. It begins by considering Alexander Pope’s Dunciad and its distinction between ‘parodies’ of vernacular authors on the one hand and ‘imitations’ of classical texts on the other. It then shows how John Locke’s theories of property and early eighteenth-century legislation about copyright complicated that distinction between classical and vernacular texts. Through an analysis of William Lauder’s accusations that Milton was a plagiarist it demonstrates both how the reception of Paradise Lost became central to arguments about intellectual property in the period, and also how the Lauder affair led to changes in the ways theorists wrote about imitatio. Milton came to be regarded as both a common good which could be imitated freely, and as the most authoritative example of proprietorial vernacular author. That influenced how he was in turn imitated by later vernacular writers. William Wordsworth in particular frequently associated Milton with landscapes and areas such as public rights of way, which were simultaneously common goods and private property. Wordsworth consequently transformed the ancient metaphor of the imitator following in the footsteps of an earlier author into a representation of the poet ranging freely over a land which is partly a common good, and partly what is still called a literary ‘estate’.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Eleonora Rosati
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
The Other ◽  
Property Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Copyright Policy ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Past ◽  
The One ◽  
The Eu

Compared to other areas of intervention at the European Union (EU) level, copyright harmonization is a relatively recent phenomenon. Compared to other areas of intellectual property law, copyright harmonization has not been as complete as with other rights. Yet, two phenomena may be observed: one the one hand, copyright policy and legislative initiatives have intensified over the past few years; on the other hand, the large number of references to the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has substantially shaped the EU copyright framework and, with it, also the copyright framework of individual EU Member States....

Can Trade Liberalization Enhance Freedom of Expression? A WTO Perspective on Censorship

2012 ◽  
pp. 461-474
Author(s):  
Angelica Bonfanti
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Rights Protection ◽  
The Public ◽  
Rights Protection ◽  
The One

Pursuant to their WTO commitments, Member States shall liberalize trade in goods, services and intellectual property rights, without any exceptions apart from those expressly provided by the covered agreements. Among them is the public morals exception. This paper aims to assess whether the implementation of the WTO commitments may have the effect of removing the filters imposed by some States through censorship, and whether the liberalization of international trade may contextually function as a means for enhancing freedom of expression. In so doing the paper examines how the public morals exception should be interpreted when censorship measures, on the one hand, and human rights protection, on the other, are at stake.

scholarly journals Leveraging Blockchain Technology to Break the Cloud Computing Market Monopoly

Computers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tasos Bakogiannis ◽  
Ioannis Mytilinis ◽  
Katerina Doka ◽  
Georgios Goumas
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Computing ◽  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
A Priori ◽  
The Other ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Central Authority ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Potential Resource ◽  
Task Processing

Cloud computing offerings traditionally originate from a handful of large and well established providers, which monopolize the market, preventing small players and individuals from having a share. As a result, the few, blindly and perforce trusted entities define the prices and manage to gain a significant competitive advantage by exploiting the knowledge derived by users’ data and computations. To tackle this monopoly and empower the democratization and full decentralization of the cloud computing market, we present CloudAgora, a platform that enables any potential resource provider, ranging from individuals to large companies, to monetize idle resources competing on equal terms, and allows any cloud consumer to enjoy access to low-cost storage and computation without having to trust any central authority. The key enabler of the platform is Blockchain technology, which is used to record commitment policies through the use of smart contracts, publicly verify off-chain services, both storage and computation related, and trigger automatic micropayments. On one hand, cloud consumers have the chance to request storage or compute resources, upload data, and outsource task processing over remote, fully distributed infrastructures. Although such infrastructures cannot be a priori trusted, CloudAgora offers mechanisms to ensure the verifiable validity of the outsourced storage and computation, discourage potential providers from behaving maliciously, and incentivize participants to play fair. On the other hand, providers are able to participate in auctions, placing bids for storage or computation tasks, serve requests, and offer validity proofs upon request. Our prototype is built as a Dapp on top of Ethereum and is available as an open source project.

scholarly journals How Vague Can Your Patent Be? Vagueness Strategies in U.S. Patents

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (48) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Ismael Arinas
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Desirable Characteristic ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Semantic Indeterminacy ◽  
The One ◽  
Scope Of Protection

Patent claims define the protection scope of the intellectual property sought by the patent applicant or patentee. Broad claims are valuable as they can describe more expansive rights to the invention. Therefore, if these claims are too broad a potential infringer will more easily argue against them. But if the claims are too narrow the scope of protection of the intellectual property is greatly reduced. Patent claims have to be, on the one hand, determinate and precise enough and, on the other hand, as inclusive as possible. Therefore patent applicants must find a balance in the broadness of the scope defined by their claims. This balance can be achieved by the choice of words with a convenient degree of semantic indeterminacy, by the choice of modifiers or other strategies. In fact, vagueness in patent claims is a desirable characteristic for such documents. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of a corpus of 350 U.S. patents provides a promising starting point to understand the linguistic instruments used to achieve the balance between property claim scope and precision of property description. To conclude, some issues relating vagueness and pragmatics are suggested as a line of further research.

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