scholarly journals Maturity Distribution in Commercially Sized Florunner Peanuts

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Size Category ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Wide Variability ◽  
Percentage Weight ◽  
Maturity Class ◽  
Commercial Size

Abstract Quality, as measured by roast color, flavor and storability, is variable within and among peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) lots of the same commercial size. Because maturity is significantly related to many quality characteristics, the variability in maturity distributions (percentage of various maturity classes) was examined within sized peanut lots from twenty random samples, an irrigation study, a harvest date study, and a soil temperature study. Pods from each source were separated into hull scrape maturity classes, dried, shelled, and screened to obtain seed size distributions. Using the weight of each maturity class in each commercial size, the percentage weight contribution of each maturity class in each commercial size category was calculated. Seed size distribution for maturity classes from different treatments in each study varied widely. The data indicated that each commercial size category contained peanuts from each maturity class. Treatments within the studies generally produced significant differences among percentages of individual maturity classes in each size. Large standard deviations and coefficients of variation in all studies indicated the wide variability potential in sized lots. The distributions of maturity within commercial sizes were sufficiently different to suggest that flavor, roast color, storability, and other quality estimators would be affected in final roast products from some of the lots.

Pod and Seed Size Relation to Maturity and In-Shell Quality Potential in Virginia-Type Peanuts1

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kay L. McNeill ◽  
Timothy H. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Shell Quality ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Quality Product ◽  
Yellow Orange ◽  
Maturity Class ◽  
Size Relation ◽  
High Quality Product

Abstract In-shell peanut sales provide a consistent market for large-seeded virginia-type peanuts. In this market, maintenance of a high quality product, which includes fresh roasted peanut flavor, is a recurring challenge. A maturity-seed size-quality relationship has been established for shelled peanuts. To determine if this relationship is true for in-shell peanuts, the relationships of maturity, pod size, and seed size were investigated. In two crop years (1992 and 1993) and on four to five harvest dates, virginia-type peanuts (cv. NC 9) were harvested at Lewiston, NC and sorted into hull scrape maturity classes: black, brown, orange B, orange A, and yellow. After pods were dried, they were screened to obtain the pod size distribution. Sized pods were hand-shelled, and the seed were screened to obtain the seed size distribution from each pod size from each maturity class. Hull scrape pod maturity profiles revealed a decrease of ca. 14% in yellow/orange A and an increase of ca. 14% in brown/black over the 4- to 7-d harvest period. Overall, pod size distribution did not change over time although slight differences were noted between years. Pod size distributions within individual maturity classes were more variable. The data indicated that the Jumbo in-shell grade contained higher percentages of brown and black maturity classes than the fancy grade. Fancy grades contained 26-49% immature pods (yellow and orange A maturity classes).

Effect of Pod Maturity and Plant Age on Pod and Seed Size Distributions of Florunner Peanuts

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Jay Williams ◽  
Glenn O. Ware ◽  
Jia-Yee Lai ◽  
J. Stanley Drexler
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Function ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Cumulative Distribution Function ◽  
Plant Age ◽  
Cumulative Distribution ◽  
Logistic Distribution ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Mathematical Approach ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Maturity Class

Abstract Florunner peanut pods (Arachis hypogaea L.) were sampled at nine weekly intervals from 92 to 148 days after planting (DAP) in crop year 1979. The fresh pods were divided into six maturity categories according to the color and structure of the mesocarp. After drying, individual pods and seed for each maturity class and date were sized over a series of screen slots conforming to official grade standards. The cumulative distribution function (CDF) for the logistic distribution was used to quantify the cumulative percentage by weight of pods and seed which rode a designated screen. The parameters of the logistic CDF were regressed separately by maturity class as functions of plant age. These relationships provide a mathematical approach for a better understanding of the influence of pod maturity and plant age on pod and seed sizes.

Effect of Seed Size on the Performance of ‘Florunner’ Peanuts1

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-36
Author(s):  
D. W. Gorbet
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Agronomic Crops ◽  
Slot Length ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rate Of Emergence ◽  
Size Interaction ◽  
100 Seed Weight

Abstract Rapid and uniform stand establishment of vigorous seedlings is basic to good crop performance. Seed size has been shown to be an important factor in the production of a number of agronomic crops. The objectives of this study were to determine the performance of various seed sizes of ‘Florunner’ peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) relative to the rate of emergence, seedling vigor, yield, and grade, when grown under field conditions, and to determine the size distributions of the seed harvested from these plantings. The seed were sized on a nested set of slotted screens of the following slot widths: 1) 8.53 mm, 2) 7.54 mm, 3) 6.75 mm, 4) 5.95 mm, 5) 5.16 mm and a standard slot length of 19.05 mm. Over 40% of the seed passed through the 8.53 mm screen and rode the 7.54 mm screen, and 90% or more of the seed rode the 6.75 mm or larger screen. Rate-of-emergence and seedlingvigor data were significantly affected by planted-seed size and positively associated with increased seed size. Significant differences in yield in favor of the larger seed sizes were noted in two of the three years of testing. When data were combined across years, significant difference for yield was obtained only between the smallest planted-seed size (5.16 mm) and the others. Grading-data responses were similar to those noted for yield. ELK values and 100-seed weight were significantly affected by planted-seed size, with a positive correlation of r = 0.925 between planted-seed size and 100-seed weight of harvested seed. Values for SMK and total meats indicated a highly significant year x size interaction. The planting-seed size had a significant effect on harvested-seed size some years, but the patterns of response were not consistent.

Size Distributions and Growth of the Fan-shell Pinna bicolor Gmelin (Mollusca : Eulamellibranchia) in South Australia

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Butler ◽  
FJ Brewster
Keyword(s):  
South Australia ◽  
Adductor Muscle ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Length Frequency ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Variable Success

Fourteen random samples of Pinna bicolor were collected over a period of 31 months from 6 m depth in Gulf St Vincent off Edithburgh, South Australia. The length-frequency distributions suggest that: P. bicolor larvae settle in spring but with variable success; growth of newly settled young is rapid over summer; by age 1 year their modal shell length is about 20 cm; by age 2 it is about 26 cm; they may survive substantially longer than 3 years so that a length-class of mode c. 35 cm is always present and is composed of several age-classes not necessarily equally represented. These suggestions are corroborated by limited data on adductor muscle scars, the development of epibiota on the shells, and the growth and survival of tagged animals over 9 months.

scholarly journals Relationship of Hull Mesocarp Color to Seed Germination and Vigor in Large-Seeded Virginia-Type Peanuts

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Spears ◽  
G. A. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Seed Maturity ◽  
Seed Moisture ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Maturity Class ◽  
Relationship Of

Abstract Classification of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) based on pod mesocarp color has become a popular means of estimating maturity of runner peanuts. This study was initiated to determine if the hull mesocarp color is related to seed maturity of virginia-type peanuts and to evaluate changes in quality as seed mature. Cultivars NC 7 and NC 9 peanuts were harvested by hand in 1990, 1991, and 1992. Pods were separated according to mesocarp color. Seed moisture content and dry weight within a maturity class varied with cultivar and production year. Germination of NC 7 seed grown in 1990 and 1992 increased as seed approached maturity. Immature NC 9 seed grown in 1991 and 1992 had substantially lower germination than seed from mature pods. There was no increase in germination during maturation of NC 7 seed harvested in 1991 or NC 9 from 1990. Seed leakage during imbibition, measured by electrical conductivity, decreased as seed matured. The lowest leakage levels occurred when seed had reached physiological maturity. Germination following accelerated aging (AA) increased as seed matured. Maximum AA germination of NC 7 occurred when seed had reached 77, 84, and 100% of their final dry weight in 1990, 1991, and 1992, respectively. NC 9 seed achieved maximum germination following AA after the seed amassed at least 90% of their final dry weight.

scholarly journals Inheritance of traits associated with seed size in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Euphytica ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 181 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Venuprasad ◽  
R. Aruna ◽  
S. N. Nigam
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L

scholarly journals Sound Splits as Influenced by Seed Size for Runner and Virginia Market Type Peanut Shelled on a Reciprocating Sheller

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1869
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Anco ◽  
Maria Balota ◽  
Jeffrey C. Dunne ◽  
Nino Brown
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Grading Practices ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Kernel Size ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
States Department ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L

The objective of this study was to examine peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) kernel percent sound splits as a function of sound mature kernel seed size when shelled on a reciprocating sheller. Data were compiled from a total of 139 field experiments conducted in the Virginia-Carolina region and Georgia from 2005 to 2020. Runner and Virginia peanut market types were graded according to United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) standards using standard sheller screens with upper grid sizes corresponding to the red pan from the pre-sizer of 10.3 × 19.1 mm (26/64 × 3/4 ″) and 13.5 × 25.4 mm (34/64 × 1 ″) with minimum bar grid clearances of 8.7 (11/32 ″) and 12.7 mm (1/2 ″), respectively. A subset of runner market type samples was graded using the Virginia sheller screen. Grade data per market type and sheller screen was analyzed separately. Among runner market types shelled with the standard runner-type screen, percent sound splits increased linearly with increasing seed size at the logit rate of 1.16 per sound mature kernel g (p < 0.001). Sound splits for Virginia and runner market types shelled on the standard Virginia-type screen did not significantly vary by kernel size (p = 0.939 and 0.687, respectively). Extra-large kernels (proportion) for Virginia types linearly increased with seed size at 1.91 per sound mature kernel g (logit scale) (p < 0.001). Runner market types sized 75 to 91 g/100 sound mature kernels (605 to 500 seed/lb) were estimated to have a 50% probability of a 2.3 to 4.5% or greater increase in sound splits when shelled with the standard runner-type screen compared to runner-type seed sized 55 g/100 sound mature kernels (820 seed/lb), respectively, equivalent to a potential deduction increase of 1.8 to 4.4 USD /1000 kg. For both Virginia and runner market types, seed weight linearly increased with pod weight at 0.169 and 0.195 g/g (p < 0.001), respectively. Results from this study may be used as a reference to suggest runner-type seed sizes above which larger reciprocating sheller screen utilization in line with USDA grading practices is warranted to reduce mechanically induced sound splits during grading and subsequent economic deduction penalties for corresponding farmer stock peanut.

scholarly journals A framework to investigate fishery dynamics and species size and age spatio-temporal distribution patterns based on daily resolution data: a case study using Northeast Atlantic horse mackerel

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Azevedo ◽  
Cristina Silva
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Horse Mackerel ◽  
Fishing Ground ◽  
Biological Knowledge ◽  
Size Category ◽  
Northeast Atlantic ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Commercial Size

Abstract In this study, we present an innovative framework to obtain essential biological knowledge on exploited populations, based on fine scale spatio-temporal resolution in biological and fishery data. The framework uses species sales notes by commercial size category, the length and age composition of commercial sizes from onshore sampling and the fishing ground and fishing effort from vessel monitoring system records. We apply the framework to horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus), one of the most important commercially exploited stocks throughout the Northeast Atlantic, using data collected during 2017 in Portuguese waters. We show that high-resolution mapping of the species annual landings by commercial size category and age group can already reveal different distribution patterns by life stage. We further examined, with daily resolution, the variability in the proportion of adult fish by trip, finding differences along the coast and a seasonal pattern indicating that spawning occurred mainly over the slope and adult horse mackerel dominated in the South zone over the year. The framework can be applied to an extended stock area and for several years to investigate migration patterns across areas as well as intra- and inter-annual changes in the species overall distribution. In addition, its application on a trip basis for the species ensemble landed can provide overriding information for the accuracy of mixed fisheries models and management.

scholarly journals Cotyledon Cells and Seed Growth Relationships in CO2-enriched Peanut1

1990 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. M. Sung ◽  
J. J. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Dynamic Component ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Seed Growth ◽  
Cotyledon Cell ◽  
Cotyledon Cells

Abstract Seed size is a dynamic component of seed yield. Factors affecting seed size in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) are not well defined. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of CO2 enrichment and timing of pod formation on cotyledon cell and seed growth in virginia-type peanut. The results indicated that the number of cotyledon cells was relatively constant across all the treatments. However, size of cotyledon cells and seed growth rate (SGR) increased in the pods developed in high CO2 conditions. Striking differences in both cell size and SGR also existed between early and late formed pods. Our data indicate that assimilate supplies strongly limit cotyledon cell size, and accordingly affect SGR and final seed size

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