Pod and Seed Size Relation to Maturity and In-Shell Quality Potential in Virginia-Type Peanuts1

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kay L. McNeill ◽  
Timothy H. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Shell Quality ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Quality Product ◽  
Yellow Orange ◽  
Maturity Class ◽  
Size Relation ◽  
High Quality Product

Abstract In-shell peanut sales provide a consistent market for large-seeded virginia-type peanuts. In this market, maintenance of a high quality product, which includes fresh roasted peanut flavor, is a recurring challenge. A maturity-seed size-quality relationship has been established for shelled peanuts. To determine if this relationship is true for in-shell peanuts, the relationships of maturity, pod size, and seed size were investigated. In two crop years (1992 and 1993) and on four to five harvest dates, virginia-type peanuts (cv. NC 9) were harvested at Lewiston, NC and sorted into hull scrape maturity classes: black, brown, orange B, orange A, and yellow. After pods were dried, they were screened to obtain the pod size distribution. Sized pods were hand-shelled, and the seed were screened to obtain the seed size distribution from each pod size from each maturity class. Hull scrape pod maturity profiles revealed a decrease of ca. 14% in yellow/orange A and an increase of ca. 14% in brown/black over the 4- to 7-d harvest period. Overall, pod size distribution did not change over time although slight differences were noted between years. Pod size distributions within individual maturity classes were more variable. The data indicated that the Jumbo in-shell grade contained higher percentages of brown and black maturity classes than the fancy grade. Fancy grades contained 26-49% immature pods (yellow and orange A maturity classes).

scholarly journals Maturity Distribution in Commercially Sized Florunner Peanuts

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Size Category ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Wide Variability ◽  
Percentage Weight ◽  
Maturity Class ◽  
Commercial Size

Abstract Quality, as measured by roast color, flavor and storability, is variable within and among peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) lots of the same commercial size. Because maturity is significantly related to many quality characteristics, the variability in maturity distributions (percentage of various maturity classes) was examined within sized peanut lots from twenty random samples, an irrigation study, a harvest date study, and a soil temperature study. Pods from each source were separated into hull scrape maturity classes, dried, shelled, and screened to obtain seed size distributions. Using the weight of each maturity class in each commercial size, the percentage weight contribution of each maturity class in each commercial size category was calculated. Seed size distribution for maturity classes from different treatments in each study varied widely. The data indicated that each commercial size category contained peanuts from each maturity class. Treatments within the studies generally produced significant differences among percentages of individual maturity classes in each size. Large standard deviations and coefficients of variation in all studies indicated the wide variability potential in sized lots. The distributions of maturity within commercial sizes were sufficiently different to suggest that flavor, roast color, storability, and other quality estimators would be affected in final roast products from some of the lots.

scholarly journals Effect of Strain-Induced Precipitation on the Recrystallization Kinetics in a Model Alloy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mo Ji ◽  
Martin Strangwood ◽  
Claire Davis
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Grain Size Distribution ◽  
Avrami Exponent ◽  
Model Alloy ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Recrystallization Kinetics ◽  
Grain Size Distributions ◽  
Recrystallized Grain Size ◽  
Nb Addition

AbstractThe effects of Nb addition on the recrystallization kinetics and the recrystallized grain size distribution after cold deformation were investigated by using Fe-30Ni and Fe-30Ni-0.044 wt pct Nb steel with comparable starting grain size distributions. The samples were deformed to 0.3 strain at room temperature followed by annealing at 950 °C to 850 °C for various times; the microstructural evolution and the grain size distribution of non- and fully recrystallized samples were characterized, along with the strain-induced precipitates (SIPs) and their size and volume fraction evolution. It was found that Nb addition has little effect on recrystallized grain size distribution, whereas Nb precipitation kinetics (SIP size and number density) affects the recrystallization Avrami exponent depending on the annealing temperature. Faster precipitation coarsening rates at high temperature (950 °C to 900 °C) led to slower recrystallization kinetics but no change on Avrami exponent, despite precipitation occurring before recrystallization. Whereas a slower precipitation coarsening rate at 850 °C gave fine-sized strain-induced precipitates that were effective in reducing the recrystallization Avrami exponent after 50 pct of recrystallization. Both solute drag and precipitation pinning effects have been added onto the JMAK model to account the effect of Nb content on recrystallization Avrami exponent for samples with large grain size distributions.

scholarly journals Remote sensing of water cloud droplet size distributions using the backscatter glory: a case study

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 1255-1263 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Mayer ◽  
M. Schröder ◽  
R. Preusker ◽  
L. Schüller
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Droplet Size ◽  
Cloud Droplet ◽  
Droplet Size Distribution ◽  
Single Scattering ◽  
Effective Radius ◽  
Radiative Properties ◽  
High Angular Resolution ◽  
Size Distributions

Abstract. Cloud single scattering properties are mainly determined by the effective radius of the droplet size distribution. There are only few exceptions where the shape of the size distribution affects the optical properties, in particular the rainbow and the glory directions of the scattering phase function. Using observations by the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) in 180° backscatter geometry, we found that high angular resolution aircraft observations of the glory provide unique new information which is not available from traditional remote sensing techniques: Using only one single wavelength, 753nm, we were able to determine not only optical thickness and effective radius, but also the width of the size distribution at cloud top. Applying this novel technique to the ACE-2 CLOUDYCOLUMN experiment, we found that the size distributions were much narrower than usually assumed in radiation calculations which is in agreement with in-situ observations during this campaign. While the shape of the size distribution has only little relevance for the radiative properties of clouds, it is extremely important for understanding their formation and evolution.

Factors Influencing the Particle Size Distribution in an Abrasive Waterjet

1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (4) ◽  
pp. 402-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Labus ◽  
K. F. Neusen ◽  
D. G. Alberts ◽  
T. J. Gores
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Target Material ◽  
Abrasive Waterjet ◽  
Sieve Analysis ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Mixing Process ◽  
Jet Mixing

A basic investigation of the factors which influence the abrasive jet mixing process was conducted. Particle size analysis was performed on abrasive samples for the “as-received” condition, at the exit of the mixing tube, and after cutting a target material. Grit size distributions were obtained through sieve analysis for both water and air collectors. Two different mixing chamber geometries were evaluated, as well as the effects of pressure, abrasive feed rate, cutting speed, and target material properties on particle size distributions. An analysis of the particle size distribution shows that the main particle breakdown is from 180 microns directly to 63 microns or less, for a nominal 80 grit garnet. This selective breakdown occurs during the cutting process, but not during the mixing process.

scholarly journals On the Shape–Slope Relation of Drop Size Distributions in Convective Rain

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 1146-1151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Seifert
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Gamma Distribution ◽  
Drop Size ◽  
Empirical Relation ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Shape Parameters ◽  
Raindrop Size Distribution ◽  
Raindrop Size ◽  
Drop Size Distributions ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract The relation between the slope and shape parameters of the raindrop size distribution parameterized by a gamma distribution is examined. The comparison of results of a simple rain shaft model with an empirical relation based on disdrometer measurements at the surface shows very good agreement, but a more detailed discussion reveals some difficulties—for example, deviations from the gamma shape and the overestimation of collisional breakup.

Conservation and value of local livestock breeds: usefulness of niche products and/or adaptation to specific environments

2005 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 21-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Verrier ◽  
M. Tixier-Boichard ◽  
R. Bernigaud ◽  
M. Naves
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
Chicken Breed ◽  
Animal Genetic Resources ◽  
Protected Designation Of Origin ◽  
Quality Product ◽  
High Quality Product

SummaryTwo cases of livestock production involving French local breeds are analysed. The first shows how a high quality product under AOC (Protected Designation of Origin — PDO) has been defined for the Bresse chicken breed, formely kept by fancy breeders. The second shows the role of the local cattle breeds Abondance and Tarentaise in both the use of mountain areas and the development of PDO products. How to consider such values in a public policy dealing with farm animal genetic resources is discussed.

Study on the Articulated Finger Based on Pneumatic Soft Joint

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Shi ◽  
Huayi Zheng ◽  
Jun Li ◽  
Gang Bao
Keyword(s):  
Basic Structure ◽  
High Modulus ◽  
Piecewise Constant ◽  
Quality Product ◽  
Aramid Fabric ◽  
Human Finger ◽  
Gripping Force ◽  
High Quality Product ◽  
Dextrous Hands ◽  
Soft Finger

This article described a novel pneumatic soft joint used to make articulated soft fingers. This soft joint was designed by improving the basic structure of the fast pneumatic network. The joint was made of high modulus E630 silicon, which can increase the reverse exhaust speed through its high structural elasticity. Aramid fabric was used to restrain the non-working direction of joints to reduce ineffective expansion, thereby reducing air consumption. The kinematics and statics model of the joint was established by the piecewise constant curvature (PCC) method, and the model was proved to be effective. The silicone staging pouring process was used in the manufacture of joints and fingers, which can achieve high-quality product rates. A soft finger actuator composed of three soft joints was designed and manufactured, whose length was 1.3 times the human finger. The finger can nimbly achieve the target motion, and the gripping force of the fingertip can reach 7.1N. The articulated soft finger actuator has applications in soft dextrous hands and soft gripper.

scholarly journals Methodology for determining rom size distribution

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-412
Author(s):  
Christiane Ribeiro da Silva ◽  
Vládia C. G. de Souza ◽  
Jair C. Koppe
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Distribution Curve ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Sampling Protocol ◽  
Product Size ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Specific Protocol ◽  
Open Side ◽  
Ore Dressing

A methodology to determine the size distribution curve of the ROM was developed in a Brazilian iron ore mine. The size of the larger fragments was determined taking photographs and setting the scale of the images to analyze their dimensions (length of their edges and areas). This was implemented according to a specific protocol of sampling that involves split and homogenization stages in situ of a considerable quantity of ore (about 259 metric tonnes). During the sampling process, larger fragments were separated and smaller size material was screened. The methodology was developed initially in order to preview the performance of a primary gyratory crusher that is fed directly from trucks. Operational conditions of the equipment such as closed and open-side settings could be adjusted previously, obtaining different product size distributions. Variability of size of the fragments affects subsequent stages of crushing and can increase circulating load in the circuit. This leads to a decrease of productivity or recovery of the ore dressing. The results showed insignificant errors of accuracy and reproducibility of the sampling protocol when applied to friable itabirite rocks.

scholarly journals Monitoring the sardine (Sardinella brasiliensis) fermentation process to obtain anchovies

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marília Oetterer ◽  
Sérgio Daniel Perujo ◽  
Cláudio Rosa Gallo ◽  
Lia Ferraz de Arruda ◽  
Ricardo Borghesi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Fermented Fish ◽  
Quality Product ◽  
Microbiological Control ◽  
Sensory Analyses ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
High Quality Product

Anchovies are traditional fish preserves, prepared from fermented fish of the engraulidae family, mainly in European countries. In Brazil, sardines (Sardinella brasiliensis) are an alternative fish for preparing these types of preserves, provided that the preservation process results in a high quality product. In this research, sardines were prepared for preservation and physicochemical, microbiological and sensory analyses were carried out during the preservation process. Whole or eviscerated sardines, with or without condiments/preservatives and with 20% of salt (w/w) were used. Sardines were analyzed fresh, and at 1, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days along the preservation process. The use of whole sardines, with or without condiments/preservatives, presented best results, with increased non-proteic nitrogen in the dry matter, higher levels of total volatile bases and higher contents of lactic acid and sodium chloride. The higher acidity observed in the whole sardine treatments resulted in better control of halophylic mesophilic microorganisms, which were kept under 1.4 x 10³ CFU g-1 in both treatments. Total coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus reached 21 and 3.0 x 10² CFU g-1, respectively. Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp were not present in the fresh sardines or in any of the four treatments, indicating that the concentration of salt used was appropriate to maintain the product under adequate microbiological control. Both whole or eviscerated sardines under the conditions of this experiment were appropriate in terms of the microbiological safety of the preserves. Treatments using whole fish, either with or without condiments/preservatives, also presented better sensorial properties such as color, flavor, taste and texture, as compared to the eviscerated fish treatments. Whole sardines produced good quality, anchovy-type preserves, which can be used for consumption and marketing purposes.

Experimental Study of the Mixing and Segregation Behavior in Binary Particle Fluidized Bed with Wide Size Distributions

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Runjia Liu ◽  
Yong Zang ◽  
Rui Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Processing Method ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Mixing Index ◽  
Image Processing Method ◽  
Segregation Behavior ◽  
Wide Size Distribution

Abstract Detailed understanding the particle mixing and segregation dynamic is essential in successfully designing and reasonably operating multicomponent fluidized bed. In this work, a novel fluorescent tracer technique combining image processing method has been used to investigate the mixing and segregation behavior in a binary fluidized bed with wide size distributions. The particle number percentage in each layer for different gas velocities is obtained by an image processing method. Fluidization, mixing and segregation behavior has been discussed in terms of bed pressure drop, gas velocity and mixing index. Different types of binary particle systems, including the jetsam and the flotsam-rich system, are analyzed and compared. The mixing indexes at different minimum fluidization velocities are also analyzed and compared with other work. The results show that the theoretical minimum fluidization velocity calculated from the bed pressure drop cannot represent the whole fluidization for a wide size distribution binary particle system. The effect of a wide size distribution is an inflection point in the mixing index curve. There is also a dead region in the bottom of the bed that consists of particles with large size and a low degree of sphericity. The particles in the dead region are extraordinarily difficult to fluidize and should be considered in the design of fluidized beds in industrial applications.

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