Effects of Application Method and Rate on Control of Sclerotinia Blight of Peanut with Iprodione and Fluazinam1

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Damicone ◽  
K. E. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Wide Band ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Application Method ◽  
Sclerotinia Blight ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Application Methods ◽  
Yield Responses

Abstract Two trials with iprodione and three trials with fluazinam were conducted to assess the effects of application method and rate on the control of Sclerotinia blight of peanut with fungicide. In order to concentrate the fungicides near the crown area where the disease causes the most damage, applications were made through a canopy opener with a single nozzle centered over the row to achieve a 30.5-cm-wide band (canopy opener), and through a single nozzle centered over the row to achieve a 46-cm-wide band (band). Broadcast applications were compared to these methods at rates of 0, 0.28, 0.56, and 1.12 kg/ha on the susceptible cultivar Okrun. Sclerotinia blight was severe, with > 70% disease incidence and < 2000 kg/ha yield for the untreated controls in each trial. Linear reductions in area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), but not final disease incidence, with iprodione rate were significant (P < 0.05) for all methods of application. However, the rate of decrease did not differ among application methods. Linear increases in yield with rate of iprodione were greater for canopy opener compared to the band or broadcast applications. Only a 50% reduction in AUDPC and a maximum yield of < 2700 kg/ha was achieved with iprodione using the best method. At the maximum rate of 1.12 kg/ha, fluazinam provided > 75% disease control and > 4000 kg/ha yield for all application methods. Differences in disease control and yield among application methods only occurred at the 0.28 and 0.56 kg/ha rates of fluazinam. Reductions in AUDPC with fluazinam rate were quadratic for all application methods, but AUDPC values were less for the canopy opener and band methods at 0.28 and 0.56 kg/ha compared to the broadcast methods. The yield response to rate for broadcast applications of fluazinam was linear. However, predicted yield responses to fluazinam rate were quadratic for the band and canopy opener methods and approached the maximum response at 0.84 kg/ha. Targeting fungicide applications using the band and/or canopy opener methods was beneficial for fluazinam at reduced rates. Disease control with iprodione was not adequate regardless of application method.

Disease and Yield Responses to Fungicides Among Peanut Cultivars Differing in Reaction to Sclerotinia Blight1

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Damicone ◽  
K. E. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Resistant Cultivar ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
Sclerotinia Blight ◽  
Peanut Cultivars ◽  
Yield Responses

Abstract Peanut cultivars with different disease reactions to Sclerotinia blight received a variable number of applications of iprodione at 1.12 kg/ha or fluazinam at 0.56 kg/ha to determine the most efficient management program. Significant (P ≤ 0.05) cultivar x treatment interactions occurred for each fungicide. In two trials with iprodione, two applications reduced disease incidence for the susceptible cultivar Okrun from 62 to 27% as compared to the control, and increased yield from 2034 to 2581 kg/ha. Three applications did not improve disease control or increase yield as compared to two applications. Iprodione did not affect disease incidence or yields of the moderately resistant cultivar Spanco (9%, 2475 kg/ha) or the resistant cultivar Tamspan 90 (3%, 2903 kg/ha). In three other trials, fluazinam reduced disease incidence in one or more trials and increased yields across trials for all cultivars. Two applications provided the best disease control for Okrun as disease incidence was reduced from 77 to 22%. However, the increase in yield for one (1034 kg/ha) and two (1415 kg/ha) applications did not differ. Reductions in disease incidence with fluazinam varied for Spanco and Tamspan 90, and the yield increase was less than for Okrun. Two applications for Spanco reduced disease incidence from 17 to 7% and increased yield from 2900 to 3484 kg/ha. One application to Tamspan 90 reduced disease incidence from 10 to 5% and increased yield from 3348 to 3891 kg/ha. Tamspan 90 had the highest yield in all trials regardless of fungicide treatment.

Interactive Effects of Soil pH, Halosulfuron Rate, and Application Method on Carryover to Turnip Green and Cabbage

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Carroll Johnson ◽  
Timothy L. Grey ◽  
David Kissel
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Application Method ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Application Methods ◽  
Turnip Green

Field studies were conducted in 2006 and 2007 to evaluate the tolerance of autumn-planted cabbage and turnip green to halosulfuron applied the previous spring to cantaloupe. Main plots were three levels of soil pH: maintained at a natural pH level, pH raised with Ca(OH)2, and pH lowered with Al2(SO4)3. Subplots were a factorial arrangement of two halosulfuron application methods and three halosulfuron rates. Halosulfuron application methods were PPI or POST after transplanting to the edges of mulch-covered seedbeds. Halosulfuron rates were 35 and 70 g ai/ha, along with a nontreated control. Cantaloupe were transplanted, maintained weed-free, and evaluated for yield response. After cantaloupe harvest, direct-seeded turnip green and transplanted cabbage were established in September of each year and evaluated for crop tolerance and yield. Data indicated nonsignificant main effects of soil pH and halosulfuron application method on cantaloupe yield. However, in 2007 cantaloupe yields were significantly reduced, by 16 and 20% for halosulfuron applied at 35 and 70 g/ha, respectively. For all turnip green and cabbage response parameters, interactions were nonsignificant between application method and rate, soil pH and rate, and soil pH and application method, along with the three-way interaction. After 6 mo, there was no evidence of stunting from halosulfuron carryover in 2006 to direct-seeded turnip green and in both years to transplanted cabbage. Visual estimates of stunting to direct-seeded turnip green ranged from 9 to 16% for halosulfuron at 35 and 70 g/ha, respectively, in 2007, but all stunting was transient and turnip green yield was not affected.

scholarly journals Timing of Fungicide Applications for Control of Husk Spot Caused by Pseudocercospora macadamiae in Macadamia

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (12) ◽  
pp. 1675-1681 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. A. Akinsanmi ◽  
A. K. Miles ◽  
A. Drenth
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Full Size ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Fungicide Application ◽  
Fruit Drop ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Control Application

Pseudocercospora macadamiae is an important pathogen of macadamia in Australia, causing a disease known as husk spot. Growers strive to control the disease with a number of carbendazim and copper treatments. The aim of this study was to consider the macadamia fruit developmental stage at which fungicide application is most effective against husk spot, and whether application of copper-only applications at full-size fruit developmental stage toward the end of the season contributed to effective disease control. Fungicides were applied to macadamia trees at four developmental stages in three orchards in two subsequent production seasons. The effects of the treatments on disease incidence and severity were quantified using area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) and logistic regression models. Although disease incidence varied between cultivars, incidence and severity on cv. A16 showed consistent differences between the treatments. Most significant reduction in husk spot incidence occurred when spraying commenced at match-head sized-fruit developmental stage. All treatments significantly reduced husk spot incidence and severity compared with the untreated controls, and a significant positive linear relationship (R2 = 73%) between AUDPC and severity showed that timing of the first fungicide application is important for effective disease control. Application of fungicide at full-size fruit stage reduced disease incidence but had no impact on premature fruit drop.

scholarly journals Effects of Nozzle Type and Spray Pressure on Control of Alternaria Leaf Blight of Muskmelon with Chlorothalonil

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (10) ◽  
pp. 1081-1084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel S. Egel ◽  
Philip Harmon
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Hollow Cone ◽  
Alternaria Leaf Blight ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Similar Decrease ◽  
Affect Disease Severity ◽  
Nozzle Type

Methods of fungicide application were evaluated for their influence on the chemical control of Alternaria leaf blight of muskmelon in 1997, 1998, and 1999. Chlorothalonil was applied through either flat-fan or hollow-cone nozzles and with spray pressures ranging from 207 to 1,034 kPa. In all 3 years, unsprayed controls had significantly more disease than any of the sprayed treatments. There was no significant effect of nozzle type on disease severity or yield in any year. Spray pressures of 207, 414, or 620 kPa did not significantly affect disease severity or yield in 1997. In 1998, the 827-kPa pressure significantly lowered disease severity compared with the 207-kPa and 414-kPa pressures, but a similar decrease in the number of lesions per leaf did not occur. Yield responses in 1998 did not support a relationship between spray pressures and disease control. In 1999, spray pressure of 1,034 kPa did not significantly decrease the area under the disease progress curve as estimated from weekly ratings of the disease severity ratings or counts of lesions per leaf made on two dates. Results indicate no differences in disease control due to any of the application methods examined.

scholarly journals Salvia officinalis Extract Can Protect Grapevine Against Plasmopara viticola

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 575-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Dagostin ◽  
Tiziano Formolo ◽  
Oscar Giovannini ◽  
Ilaria Pertot ◽  
Annegret Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Plasmopara Viticola ◽  
Salvia Officinalis ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Rainy Period ◽  
Grapevine Downy Mildew ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
High Level

The ability of sage (Salvia officinalis) extract to control grapevine downy mildew under greenhouse and field conditions was tested. The persistence and rainfastness of sage extract were also investigated. Sage extract provided a high level of sustained disease control in artificially inoculated, potted grapevine under greenhouse conditions. However, even small amounts of simulated rainfall (10 mm) significantly reduced efficacy of sage extract. In a field experiment in 2006, sage extract provided 94% reduction in disease incidence and 63% reduction in area under the disease progress curve for disease severity on berries and leaves, respectively, reaching a level of disease control not significantly different from that provided by copper hydroxide. In 2007, the sage extract provided only a partial reduction (less than 30%) of downy mildew on leaves, probably as a result of a long rainy period between two of the consecutive treatments. Overall, sage extract effectively controlled grapevine downy mildew and could be a promising alternative to copper in organic viticulture. However, the low rainfastness of this treatment adversely affected its efficacy.

scholarly journals Effect of Placement and Rate of PCNB and PCNB + Ethoprop On The Control Of Southern Stem Rot Of Peanut1

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Hagan ◽  
J. R. Weeks ◽  
K. Bowen
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Narrow Band ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Wide Band ◽  
Band Width ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Control Disease ◽  
On Farm

Abstract Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) 10G and PCNB + ethoprop 10–3G applied on 10-cm (narrow) and 25-cm (wide) band widths, respectively, were evaluated for the control of southern stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) and impact on yield of peanut. On-farm evaluations with PCNB were done in 1988 to 1990, while PCNB + ethoprop and diniconazole 25W were tested in 1989 and 1990. Narrow band width (10-cm) applications of the 5.6 kg a.i./ha rate of PCNB significantly reduced disease and increased yield all three years compared to the control; the 11.2 kg a.i./ha rate applied on the wide band width (25-cm) reduced stem rot incidence two of three years. The narrow and wide band width applications of PCNB + ethoprop at 5.6 + 1.7 kg a.i./ha and 11.2 + 3.3 kg a.i./ha resulted in reduced southern stem rot incidence and higher yields than the control. Disease control and yield response with PCNB + ethoprop were similar to those in plots treated with PCNB on the narrow and wide band widths. Diniconazole 25W, which was broadcast twice at 0.28 kg a.i./ha in 1989 and 1990, gave better disease control and higher yields than PCNB and PCNB + ethoprop only one of two years.

Boundary-line analysis of field-scale yield response to soil properties

2004 ◽  
Vol 142 (5) ◽  
pp. 553-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. SHATAR ◽  
A. B. MCBRATNEY
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Smoothing Splines ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Boundary Line ◽  
Property Value ◽  
Data Scatter ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Changes In Soil Properties

An algorithm to fit boundary lines, using cubic smoothing splines, was written and used to identify yield responses to changes in soil properties. This method involves fitting a curve that represents the maximum yield response to each predictor value, which represents the yield potential at each soil property value. Boundary-line yield responses to individual soil properties were found to differ from responses found by fitting curves through the data scatter. The effects of correlated variables appeared to be lessened using the boundary line approach. Multivariate boundary-line models, based on the Law of the Minimum, were found to be useful for the identification of site-specific causes of yield variation and yield potentials. The boundary line was found to be a useful complement to more traditional data analysis techniques.

Determining the fertiliser phosphorus requirements of intensively grazed dairy pastures in south-western Australia with or without adequate nitrogen fertiliser

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 801 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
I. F. Guthridge
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
P Leaching ◽  
The Many ◽  
Yield Responses

Fertiliser phosphorus (P) and, more recently, fertiliser nitrogen (N) are regularly applied to intensively grazed dairy pastures in south-western Australia. However, it is not known if applications of fertiliser N change pasture dry matter (DM) yield responses to applied fertiliser P. In three Western Australian field experiments (2000–04), six levels of P were applied to large plots with or without fertiliser N. The pastures were rotationally grazed. Grazing started when ryegrass plants had 2–3 leaves per tiller. Plots were grazed in common with the lactating dairy herd in the 6-h period between the morning and afternoon milking. A pasture DM yield response to applied N occurred for all harvests in all three experiments. For the two experiments on P deficient soil, pasture DM yield responses also occurred to applications of P. For some harvests when no fertiliser N was applied, probably because mineral N in soil was so small, there was a small, non-significant pasture DM response to applied P and the P × N interaction was highly significant (P < 0.001). However, for most harvests there was a significant pasture DM response to both applied N and P, and the P × N interaction was significant (P < 0.05–0.01), with the response to applied P, and maximum yield plateaus to applied P, being smaller when no N was applied. Despite this, for the significant pasture DM responses to applied P, the level of applied P required to produce 90% of the maximum pasture DM yield was mostly similar with or without applied N. Evidently for P deficient soils in the region, pasture DM responses to applied fertiliser P are smaller or may fail to occur unless fertiliser N is also applied. In a third experiment, where the soil had a high P status (i.e. more typical of most dairy farms in the region), there was only a pasture DM yield response to applied fertiliser N. We recommend that fertiliser P should not be applied to dairy pastures in the region until soil testing indicates likely deficiency, to avoid developing unproductive, unprofitable large surpluses of P in soil, and reduce the likelihood of P leaching and polluting water in the many drains and waterways in the region. For all three experiments, critical Colwell soil test P (a soil test value that was related to 90% of the maximum pasture DM yield), was similar for the two fertiliser N treatments.

scholarly journals Sesame Yield Response to Deficit Irrigation and Water Application Techniques in Irrigated Agriculture, Ethiopia

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. K. Hailu ◽  
Y. D. Urga ◽  
N. A. Sori ◽  
F. R. Borona ◽  
K. N. Tufa
Keyword(s):  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Cool Period ◽  
Irrigation Methods ◽  
Application Method ◽  
Application Methods ◽  
Planting Season

The study was conducted at Werer Agricultural Research Center, Addis Ababa, for two years, 2013 and 2015, during main seasons and for three years, 2012/13, 2013/14, and 2014/15, during the cool period cropping season (November to February) as in the local cropping calendar. The study was aimed at identifying optimum soil moisture stress for sesame and thereby determining appropriate water-saving irrigation methods and also productivity under limited water resource conditions. Nine treatments with three levels of irrigation water percentage based on evapotranspiration of the crop (ETc) (100% ETc, 75% ETc, and 50% ETc) and three types of furrow irrigation methods (alternate furrow, fixed furrow, and conventional furrow) were used. The study design was randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The yield of sesame had significant (p<0.05) variation among treatments due to deficit irrigation levels and application methods for sesame planted in main seasons. The highest mean yield of 937.50 kg/ha and 2797.6 kg/ha was obtained from the treatment of 50% ETc with alternate and conventional furrow application methods in 2013 and 2015, respectively. The combined mean yield of two years (2013–2015) showed different levels of deficit irrigation, and irrigation methods had a significant effect (p<0.05) on main season planted sesame. Hence, the highest mean yield of 1846.7 kg/ha was obtained from the application of 50% ETc with the conventional furrow application method. In the cool planting season, the highest mean yield of 528.55 kg/ha, 1432.3 kg/ha, and 1562.5 kg/ha was obtained from treatments of 50% ETc, 75% ETc, and 100% ETc with the conventional furrow application method in 2012/13, 2013/14, and 2014/15, respectively. Moreover, during the same period over years, combined analysis showed that the highest mean yield of 1053 kg/ha was obtained from application of 100% ETc with the conventional furrow application method. Thus, it is concluded that a deficit irrigation treatment of 50% ETc with the conventional furrow application method for main season and application of 100% ETc with the conventional furrow application method for cool planting season are best practices of water-saving strategies for irrigated agriculture system.

Effects of Roguing on Yield and Smut of Sugarcane

1973 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-82
Author(s):  
G. L. James
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Sucrose Content ◽  
Yield Responses

SUMMARYSugarcane yields and smut incidence levels were observed in three successive crops. The effect of pathogen upon host was primarily one of stress, as smut infection was shown to increase sucrose content of cane whilst depressing yields in tonnes of cane per ha. Where infection levels were high, roguing was shown to increase disease incidence. However, smut whip removal was confirmed as the best roguing treatment for commercial fields. Disease control and yield responses related to roguing effort were much better in NCo 376 than NCo 310; and, therefore, continued cultivation of NCo 310 fields with high smut incidence was concluded to be a major hazard to the industry.

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