Effects of Roguing on Yield and Smut of Sugarcane

1973 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-82
Author(s):  
G. L. James
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Sucrose Content ◽  
Yield Responses

SUMMARYSugarcane yields and smut incidence levels were observed in three successive crops. The effect of pathogen upon host was primarily one of stress, as smut infection was shown to increase sucrose content of cane whilst depressing yields in tonnes of cane per ha. Where infection levels were high, roguing was shown to increase disease incidence. However, smut whip removal was confirmed as the best roguing treatment for commercial fields. Disease control and yield responses related to roguing effort were much better in NCo 376 than NCo 310; and, therefore, continued cultivation of NCo 310 fields with high smut incidence was concluded to be a major hazard to the industry.

Effects of Application Method and Rate on Control of Sclerotinia Blight of Peanut with Iprodione and Fluazinam1

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Damicone ◽  
K. E. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Wide Band ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Application Method ◽  
Sclerotinia Blight ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Application Methods ◽  
Yield Responses

Abstract Two trials with iprodione and three trials with fluazinam were conducted to assess the effects of application method and rate on the control of Sclerotinia blight of peanut with fungicide. In order to concentrate the fungicides near the crown area where the disease causes the most damage, applications were made through a canopy opener with a single nozzle centered over the row to achieve a 30.5-cm-wide band (canopy opener), and through a single nozzle centered over the row to achieve a 46-cm-wide band (band). Broadcast applications were compared to these methods at rates of 0, 0.28, 0.56, and 1.12 kg/ha on the susceptible cultivar Okrun. Sclerotinia blight was severe, with > 70% disease incidence and < 2000 kg/ha yield for the untreated controls in each trial. Linear reductions in area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), but not final disease incidence, with iprodione rate were significant (P < 0.05) for all methods of application. However, the rate of decrease did not differ among application methods. Linear increases in yield with rate of iprodione were greater for canopy opener compared to the band or broadcast applications. Only a 50% reduction in AUDPC and a maximum yield of < 2700 kg/ha was achieved with iprodione using the best method. At the maximum rate of 1.12 kg/ha, fluazinam provided > 75% disease control and > 4000 kg/ha yield for all application methods. Differences in disease control and yield among application methods only occurred at the 0.28 and 0.56 kg/ha rates of fluazinam. Reductions in AUDPC with fluazinam rate were quadratic for all application methods, but AUDPC values were less for the canopy opener and band methods at 0.28 and 0.56 kg/ha compared to the broadcast methods. The yield response to rate for broadcast applications of fluazinam was linear. However, predicted yield responses to fluazinam rate were quadratic for the band and canopy opener methods and approached the maximum response at 0.84 kg/ha. Targeting fungicide applications using the band and/or canopy opener methods was beneficial for fluazinam at reduced rates. Disease control with iprodione was not adequate regardless of application method.

Disease and Yield Responses to Fungicides Among Peanut Cultivars Differing in Reaction to Sclerotinia Blight1

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Damicone ◽  
K. E. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Resistant Cultivar ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
Sclerotinia Blight ◽  
Peanut Cultivars ◽  
Yield Responses

Abstract Peanut cultivars with different disease reactions to Sclerotinia blight received a variable number of applications of iprodione at 1.12 kg/ha or fluazinam at 0.56 kg/ha to determine the most efficient management program. Significant (P ≤ 0.05) cultivar x treatment interactions occurred for each fungicide. In two trials with iprodione, two applications reduced disease incidence for the susceptible cultivar Okrun from 62 to 27% as compared to the control, and increased yield from 2034 to 2581 kg/ha. Three applications did not improve disease control or increase yield as compared to two applications. Iprodione did not affect disease incidence or yields of the moderately resistant cultivar Spanco (9%, 2475 kg/ha) or the resistant cultivar Tamspan 90 (3%, 2903 kg/ha). In three other trials, fluazinam reduced disease incidence in one or more trials and increased yields across trials for all cultivars. Two applications provided the best disease control for Okrun as disease incidence was reduced from 77 to 22%. However, the increase in yield for one (1034 kg/ha) and two (1415 kg/ha) applications did not differ. Reductions in disease incidence with fluazinam varied for Spanco and Tamspan 90, and the yield increase was less than for Okrun. Two applications for Spanco reduced disease incidence from 17 to 7% and increased yield from 2900 to 3484 kg/ha. One application to Tamspan 90 reduced disease incidence from 10 to 5% and increased yield from 3348 to 3891 kg/ha. Tamspan 90 had the highest yield in all trials regardless of fungicide treatment.

scholarly journals Vaccine refusal and the endgame: walking the last mile first

2013 ◽  
Vol 368 (1623) ◽  
pp. 20120148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane S. Saint-Victor ◽  
Saad B. Omer
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Disease Eradication ◽  
Vaccine Refusal ◽  
Last Mile ◽  
Low Levels

As multiple papers within this special issue illustrate, the dynamics of disease eradication are different from disease control. When it comes to disease eradication, ‘the last mile is longest’. For social and ecological reasons such as vaccine refusal, further ending incidence of a disease when it has reached low levels is frequently complex. Issues of non-compliance within a target population often influence the outcome of disease eradication efforts. Past eradication efforts confronted such obstacles towards the tail end of the campaign, when disease incidence was lowest. This article provides a comparison of non-compliance within polio, measles and smallpox campaigns, demonstrating the tendency of vaccine refusal to rise as disease incidence falls. In order to overcome one of the most intractable challenges to eradication, future disease eradication efforts must prioritize vaccine refusal from the start, i.e. ‘walk the last mile first’.

scholarly journals Performance and Profitability of Fungicides for Managing Soybean White Mold: A 10-Year Summary of Cooperative Trials

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (9) ◽  
pp. 2212-2220
Author(s):  
Jhonatan P. Barro ◽  
Maurício C. Meyer ◽  
Claúdia V. Godoy ◽  
Alfredo R. Dias ◽  
Carlos M. Utiamada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
White Mold ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Soybean Price ◽  
Cost Treatment ◽  
Untreated Check ◽  
Yield Responses

White mold, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a yield-limiting disease of soybean in Brazil. Uniform fungicide trials have been conducted annually since 2009. Data from 74 cooperative field trials conducted over a 10-year period were assembled. We selected five fungicides applied two times around flowering: dimoxystrobin plus boscalid (DIMO+BOSC), carbendazim plus procymidone (CARB+PROC), fluazinam (FLUZ), fluopyram (FLUO), and procymidone (PROC). For comparison, thiophanate-methyl (TMET) applied four times was also included as a low-cost treatment. Network models were fitted to the log of white mold incidence (percentages) and log of sclerotia mass data (grams/hectare) and to the nontransformed yield data (kilograms/hectare) for each treatment, including the untreated check. Back-transformation of the meta-analytic estimates indicated that the lowest and highest mean (95% confidence interval [CI]) percent reductions in incidence and sclerotia mass were 54.2 (49.3 to 58.7) and 51.6% (43.7 to 58.3) for TMET and 83.8 (79.1 to 87.5) and 87% (81.9 to 91.6) for CARB+PROC, respectively. The overall mean (95% CI) yield responses ranged from 323 kg/ha (247.4 to 400.3) for TMET to 626 kg/ha (521.7 to 731.7) for DIMO+BOSC, but the variance was significantly reduced by a binary variable (30% threshold) describing disease incidence in the untreated check. On average, an increment of 352 kg/ha was estimated for trials where the incidence was >30% compared with the low-disease scenario. Hence, the probability of breaking even on fungicide costs for the high-disease scenario was >65% for the more effective, but more expensive fungicide (FLUZ) than TMET. For the low-disease scenario, profitability was less likely and depended more on variations in fungicide cost and soybean price.

Disease Control and Public Health in Colonial Africa

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuël Coghe
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
World War I ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Campaigns

Disease control and public health have been key aspects of social and political life in sub-Saharan Africa since time immemorial. With variations across space and time, many societies viewed disease as the result of imbalances in persons and societies and combined the use of materia medica from the natural world, spiritual divination, and community healing to redress these imbalances. While early encounters between African and European healing systems were still marked by mutual exchanges and adaptations, the emergence of European germ theory-based biomedicine and the establishment of racialized colonial states in the 19th century increasingly challenged the value of African therapeutic practices for disease control on the continent. Initially, colonial states focused on preserving the health of European soldiers, administrators, and settlers, who were deemed particularly vulnerable to tropical climate and its diseases. Around 1900, however, they started paying more attention to diseases among Africans, whose health and population growth were now deemed crucial for economic development and the legitimacy of colonial rule. Fueled by new insights and techniques provided by tropical medicine, antisleeping sickness campaigns would be among the first major interventions. After World War I, colonial health services expanded their campaigns against epidemic diseases, but also engaged with broader public health approaches that addressed reproductive problems and the social determinants of both disease and health. Colonial states were not the only providers of biomedical healthcare in colonial Africa. Missionary societies and private companies had their own health services, with particular logics, methods, and focuses. And after 1945, international organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) increasingly invested in health campaigns in Africa as well. Moreover, Africans actively participated in colonial disease control, most notably as nurses, midwives, and doctors. Nevertheless, Western biomedicine never gained hegemony in colonial Africa. Many Africans tried to avoid or minimize participation in certain campaigns or continued to utilize the services of local healers and diviners, often in combination with particular biomedical approaches. To what extent colonial disease control impacted on disease incidence and demography is still controversially debated.

Eco-friendly management of wilt caused by fusarium oxysporum f.sp. Ciceri in chickpea

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandar Kala ◽  
S. Gangopadhyay ◽  
S. L. Godara
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Chickpea Wilt ◽  
Maximum Inhibition

Antagonistic potentiality of Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens were evaluated against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri under in vivo conditions. The effect of organic amendments viz; farm yard manure, vermicompost and mustard cake on disease control potentiality of test antagonists against chickpea wilt and on population dynamics of the antagonists and pathogen in soil was also studied. Maximum inhibition of mycelial growth of F. o. f. sp. ciceri was recorded in presence of P. fluorescens (%) followed by T. harzianum (%) and T. viride (%). Seed treatment with P. fluorescens was more effective in suppressing the disease incidence as compared to T. harzianum and T. viride. The disease control efficacy and population dynamics of all the three test antagonists was enhanced in response to application of organic amendments. Among the three organic amendments tested, mustard cake was most effective in enhancing the disease control potentiality of these antagonists.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Different Fungicides Against Rhizome Rot Disease of Ginger Under Farmer Field Condition in Salyan, Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Resham B ◽  
◽  
Amrita P ◽  
Anish P ◽  
Bikash G ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Tiller Number ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Rhizome Rot

A study was conducted from March to August 2020 to evaluate the effectiveness of different fungicides for the management of rhizome rot disease in ginger. The field experiment was conducted under Randomized Complete Block Design with four replication and five treatments; Carbendazim 50% WP @ 1gm/litre + Mancozeb 75% WP @ 2.5gm/litre, Metalaxyl 8% WP + Mancozeb 64% WP @ 2gm/litre, Carbendazim 50% WP @ 1gm/litre, Trichoderma viride @ 5gm/litre and control. The height of pseudo stems, leaf number, germination percentage, tiller number, disease incidence, disease severity and percentage of disease control was recorded during field experiment. There was no significant effect of pre sowing rhizome treatment in height of pseudostems, leaf number and germination percentage. The highest tiller number (3.40) was found with Carbendazim 50% WP @1gm/litre + Mancozeb 75% @ 2.5gm/ litre treatment and lowest tillers number (2.95) was found with control. The highest disease incidence (34.37) and severity (30.03) was found in control plot whereas the lowest disease incidence (2.58) and disease severity (2.46) was found with Carbendazim 50% @ 1gm/litre treatment + Mancozeb 75% @ 2.5gm/litre. Similarly, the highest percentage disease control (85.61) was found with Carbendazim 50% @ 1gm/litre + Mancozeb 75% @ 2.5gm/litre treated rhizome and the lowest (54.14) was found with Trichoderma viride @ 5gm/litre treatment. Therefore, seed treatment with Carbendazim 50%WP @ 1gm/litre + Mancozeb 75% WP @ 2.5 gm/litre is found effective among other fungicides in Bagchaur-3, Salyan and is recommended for enhancing tiller and reducing rhizome rot disease incidence and severity in ginger.

scholarly journals Essential oils in the management of soft rot of kale in the brazilian semiarid region

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia Ferreira Queiroz ◽  
Meridiana Araujo Gonçalves Lima ◽  
Josineide Edinalva Pereira ◽  
Karol Alves Barroso ◽  
Cristiane Domingos Da Paz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Clove Oil ◽  
Lemongrass Oil

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of essential oils on the control of soft rot of kale. Clove essential oil at 0.25%, lemongrass and palmarosa essential oils at 0.5%, melaleuca and orange essential oils at 0.75%, bergamot, rosemary, sage and ginger essential oils at 1% were evaluated for the in vitro inhibition of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliensis (Pcb) and control of soft rot of kale, sprayed 72 hours before or seven hours after inoculation. Clove, citronella, bergamot, rosemary, palmarosa, sage, melaleuca, and lemongrass oils completely inhibited the growth of Pcb. Lemongrass oil (0.5%) caused 0% of disease incidence (INC), providing 100% of disease control in both periods of inoculation. Clove oil (0.25%) showed a lower INC (25%) when applied after inoculation, providing a control percentage of 71.42%. The lemongrass and clove essential oils were analyzed by GC/FID (Gas Chromatography – Flame Ionization Detector) and by GC/MS (Gas Chromatography /Mass Spectrometer). The major components were eugenol (91,9%) for clove oil and citral, isometric mixture of neral (34,1%) and geranial (42,9%) for lemongrass oil. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of lemongrass, clove oils and their major components (citral and eugenol, respectively) was determined by using a broth macrodilution technique, as well as they were evaluated at different concentrations on the control of soft rot of kale, sprayed according descriptions above. The MIC was 0.03125% for citral, and 0.0625 and 0.125% for lemongrass and clove oils, respectively. Eugenol didn't show MIC. Lemongrass oil at 0.125% (post-inoculation) and citral at 0.125% (pre and post-inoculation) provided the highest percentages of disease control (33.33, 50, and 100%, respectively). Clove oil at 0.125% (post-inoculation) showed better effectiveness than eugenol (0.25%), providing a percentage of disease control of 16.67%. Lemongrass and clove essential oils were the most effective in control of soft rot of kale, suggesting that these oils have a potential to be used as antibacterial agents.

scholarly journals Horticultural and Pathological Aspects of Fusarium Wilt Management Using Grafted Melons

HortScience ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (7) ◽  
pp. 1069-1073 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Cohen ◽  
C. Horev ◽  
Y. Burger ◽  
S. Shriber ◽  
J. Hershenhorn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Better Than

The effect of Cucurbita and melon rootstocks on the horticultural and pathological performance of grafted Fusarium-susceptible melons was studied in four field experiments conducted in Fusarium-infested and Fusarium-free soils. The melon/melon combinations performed better than the melon/Cucurbita combinations regarding yield and disease control. In the 1999 experiment conducted in infested soil, Fusarium wilt symptoms were observed only in the nongrafted susceptible melons whereas all grafted combinations were symptom-free. In the 2000 experiment, nongrafted susceptible melons were totally wilted, whereas disease incidence in the melon/melon combinations and in one of the melon/Cucurbita combinations was low. The response of grafted plants to Fusarium wilt was also affected by the susceptibility of the scion. Among nongrafted melon cv. Ananas Ein Dor and those grafted onto Brava rootstock, 82% and 20%, were diseased, respectively, compared with only 36% and 0%, of the nongrafted and grafted `Ofir' melons, respectively. Negligible quantities of fruit were harvested from the nongrafted plants grown in infested soil, whereas high and moderate yields were obtained from melons grafted onto melon and Cucurbita rootstocks, respectively. The yield of the nongrafted melons in Fusarium-free soils were similar to those of all the grafted plant combinations. Susceptible melon scions grafted onto resistant melon rootstocks were less colonized by F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis than the same melons grafted onto the Cucurbita rootstocks.

scholarly journals Effect of Different Botanical Extracts and Organic Compound in The Management of Leaf Spot Disease of Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) Caused by Pestalotia longisetula under Field Condition

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-202
Author(s):  
Beautina Karki ◽  
Hom Prasad Sitaula ◽  
Sandesh Bhandari ◽  
Pramod Gairhe ◽  
Hira Kaji Manandhar
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Leaf Spot Disease ◽  
Compost Tea ◽  
Treatment Control ◽  
Spot Disease ◽  
Cow Urine ◽  
Botanical Extracts ◽  
Stem Lesions

A field experiment was carried out using sweet sensation variety of strawberry to check the efficacy of different botanical extracts and organic compounds to manage leaf spot disease. The study was done using ten treatments viz; ginger (T1), turmeric (T2), garlic (T3), ginger + turmeric + garlic (T4), cow urine (T5), cow urine+ ginger + turmeric + garlic (T6), compost tea (T7), compost tea+ ginger+ turmeric+ garlic (T8), SAAF (mancozeb 63 % + carbendazim 12%) (T9) and control (T10), which was replicated thrice. The parameter observed during experiment were plant height, leaf number, disease leaves, stem lesions, yield, percent disease incidence, disease severity percent and percent disease control. At 75 days of transplantation, the highest plant height, leaf number (24.60) and yield (1391.67 gm/plot) were observed in treatment compost tea (18.14 cm), cow urine+ ginger+ turmeric+ garlic and garlic respectively and lowest in treatment control (16.19 cm, 23.27 & 566.67 gm/plot). The disease leaves and stem lesions were observed highest in treatment control (3.40&3.23) and lowest in treatments garlic (3.0), and cow urine+ ginger+ turmeric+ garlic (1.83) respectively at 75 days after transplantation. Moreover, the highest percent disease incidence and disease severity percent were observed highest in treatments control (28.94% & 84.81%) and percent disease control in treatment garlic (42.36%) at 75 days of transplantation. Therefore, it is suggested to use garlic extracts as a measure to control leaf spot disease of strawberry. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 9(3): 193-202.

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