scholarly journals Space as a Semantic Unit of a Language Consciousness

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 335-350
Author(s):  
Vitalii Shymko ◽  
Anzhela Babadzhanova
Keyword(s):  
Interdisciplinary Studies ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Subjective Knowledge ◽  
Current Configuration ◽  
Ontological Approach ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Ontological Analysis ◽  
Affective Dynamics ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One

Objective. Conceptualization of the definition of space as a semantic unit of language consciousness. Materials & Methods. A structural-ontological approach is used in the work, the methodology of which has been tested and applied in order to analyze the subject matter area of psychology, psycholinguistics and other social sciences, as well as in interdisciplinary studies of complex systems. Mathematical representations of space as a set of parallel series of events (Alexandrov) were used as the initial theoretical basis of the structural-ontological analysis. In this case, understanding of an event was considered in the context of the definition adopted in computer science – a change in the object properties registered by the observer. Results. The negative nature of space realizes itself in the subject-object structure, the components interaction of which is characterized by a change – a key property of the system under study. Observer’s registration of changes is accompanied by spatial focusing (situational concretization of the field of changes) and relating of its results with the field of potentially distinguishable changes (subjective knowledge about «changing world»). The indicated correlation performs the function of space identification in terms of recognizing its properties and their subjective significance, depending on the features of the observer`s motivational sphere. As a result, the correction of the actual affective dynamics of the observer is carried out, which structures the current perception of space according to principle of the semantic fractal. Fractalization is a formation of such a subjective perception of space, which supposes the establishment of semantic accordance between the situational field of changes, on the one hand, and the worldview, as well as the motivational characteristics of the observer, on the other. Conclusions. Performed structural-ontological analysis of the system formed by the interaction of the perceptual function of the psyche and the semantic field of the language made it possible to conceptualize the space as a field of changes potentially distinguishable by the observer, structurally organized according to the principle of the semantic fractal. The compositional features of the fractalization process consist in fact that the semantic fractal of space is relevant to the product of the difference between the situational field of changes and the field of potentially distinguishable changes, adjusted by the current configuration of the observer`s value-needs hierarchy and reduced by his actual affective dynamics.

scholarly journals The principal magnetic susceptibilities of neodymium sulphate octahydrate at low temperatures

1939 ◽  
Vol 170 (941) ◽  
pp. 266-271 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Constant Factor ◽  
The Other ◽  
Crystalline Field ◽  
Cubic Symmetry ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One

The magnetic and other related properties of neodymium sulphate have been the subject of numerous investigations in recent years, but there is still a remarkable conflict of evidence on all the essential points. The two available determinations of the susceptibility of the powdered salt at low temperatures, those of Gorter and de Haas (1931) from 290 to 14° K and of Selwood (1933) from 343 to 83° K both fit the expression X ( T + 45) = constant over the range of temperature common to both, but the constants are not the same and the susceptibilities at room temperature differ by 11%. The fact that the two sets of results can be converted the one into the other by multiplying throughout by a constant factor suggested that the difference in the observed susceptibilities was due to some error of calibration. It could, however, also be due to the different purity of the samples examined though the explanation of the occurrence of the constant factor is then by no means obvious. From their analysis of the absorption spectrum of crystals of neodymium sulphate octahydrate Spedding and others (1937) conclude that the crystalline field around the Nd+++ ion is predominantly cubic in character since they find three energy levels at 0, 77 and 260 cm. -1 .* Calculations of the susceptibility from these levels reproduce Selwood’s value at room temperature but give no agreement with the observations-at other temperatures. On the other hand, Penney and Schlapp (1932) have shown that Gorter and de Haas’s results fit well on the curve calculated for a crystalline field of cubic symmetry and such a strength that the resultant three levels lie at 0, 238 and 834 cm. -1 , an overall spacing almost three times as great as Spedding’s.

The Effect of Waking Suggestion on Post-Hypnotic Amnesia

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.P. Fourie
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hypnotic Susceptibility ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Female Subjects

It is increasingly realized that hypnosis may be seen from an interpersonal point of view, meaning that it forms part of the relationship between the hypnotist and the subject. From this premise it follows that what goes on in the relationship prior to hypnosis probably has an influence on the hypnosis. Certain of these prior occurences can then be seen as waking suggestionns (however implicitly given) that the subject should behave in a certain way with regard to the subsequent hypnosis. A study was conducted to test the hypothesis that waking suggestions regarding post-hypnotic amnesia are effective. Eighteen female subjects were randomly divided into two groups. The groups listened to a tape-recorded talk on hypnosis in which for the one group amnesia for the subsequent hypnotic experience and for the other group no such amnesia was suggested. Thereafter the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale was administered to all subjects. Only the interrogation part of the amnesia item of the scale was administered. The subjects to whom post-hypnotic amnesia was suggested tended to score lower on the amnesia item than the other subjects, as was expected, but the difference between the mean amnesia scores of the two groups was not significant.

PHILOSOPHICAL DAVOS AS A REASON FOR DIVORCE. M. FRIDMAN’S VERSION. PART 2

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-73
Author(s):  
Sergey Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
Vienna Circle ◽  
Continental Philosophy ◽  
Analytical Philosophy ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
The One ◽  
Main Ideas ◽  
Parting Of The Ways

This article is a continuation of the previous publication published under the same title (part 1). Both parts are devoted to the problem of understanding the split that once occurred in world philosophy and was embodied in the division of philosophy into two directions, continental and analytical philosophy. In the second part, the author continues to discuss the reasons for the split and the argumentation cited by various authors, proving the conceptual difference of directions. The article analyzes the main ideas of the authors of the Vienna Circle Manifesto and the argumentation of R. Carnap in his dispute with M. Heidegger, the subject of which is devoted to the so-called overcoming of metaphysics. The reason for writing both parts was the work of M. Fridman “Parting of the Ways: Carnap, Cassirer and Heidegger”, translated into Russian. The result of the second part is the conclusions formulated by the author of the article regarding the difference between the named directions. The author believes that it makes sense to discuss their differences not in the categories of truth and falsity of teachings and concepts, but in the categories of different orientations and attitudes, which do not deny but complement each other. On the one hand, analytical philosophy claims to be scientific orientation, clear and precise language, logic and mathematics. In contrast to it, continental philosophy does not pretend to be scientific, to a clear and precise language, but prefers innuendo, rejection of doctrinalism, and the exploratory nature of philosophizing.

Barometrical observations, showing the effect of the direction of the wind on the difference between distant barometers

1843 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 386-387
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
The North ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Westerly Winds ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Times ◽  
The One

The author institutes a comparison between the barometric heights as observed at the Apartments of the Royal Society, and at his house in Herefordshire, in the neighbourhood of Ross, with a view to ascertain the influence of prevailing winds on the atmospheric pressure. The barometers thus compared together were of the same construction, and by the same maker; and the times of observation, namely nine o’clock a. m. and three o’clock p. m., were the same at both places, the distance between which is 110 miles in longitude, and about 20 in latitude. The degree of accordance in the march of the two barometers is exhibited by that of curves traced on three sheets accompanying the paper. The results are given in eight tables. The author agrees with Schubler in ascribing the currents prevailing in the atmosphere to the variable relations of heating and cooling which obtains between the Atlantic Ocean and the continent of Europe at different seasons; the facts ascertained by the series of observations here presented being in accordance with that hypothesis. If the northerly and westerly winds in England be partly the effect of the expansion of the air on the continent, then the barometer which is nearest to the continent, or in this instance that at London, ought to be relatively more depressed than the one more distant; or if the southerly and easterly winds be regarded as proceeding to the ocean, then, for a similar reason, the barometer nearest to the ocean ought to be relatively depressed; and that both these effects are produced, is shown by the tables. This view of the subject also, the author remarks, is corroborated by Raymond’s observations, detailed in his memoir on the determination of the height of Clermont Ferrand, from which it appears that with the north winds, the southern barometer was most depressed; while the reverse occurred with the southerly winds.

scholarly journals THE LAW AS VALUE

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (88) ◽  
pp. 208
Author(s):  
Aleksandrs Baikovs
Keyword(s):  
Legal Aspect ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Apparent Lack ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Fundamental Values

The paper deals with the category of “values”, the right as a value, and fundamental values of law; including freedom, justice, and equality are analyzed.The relevance of the research is determined not only by the apparent lack of exploration of the problem but also by the fact that the value of right and legal values determine direction and meaning, as well as the content of the rules of law, which is their normative expression, and, ultimately, appearing as a kind of basis for the legal culture, the source of the legal consciousness’s formation and establishing a legal order, ensuring the efficiency of legal regulations due to the using the embodiment in reality of freedom, justice, equality.Legal norms themselves acquire the importance of values and become the subject of evaluation. Among values themselves, which act as an ideal justification of the rules of law, the rules of law themselves and assessments, on the one hand, there are not only close ties but also mutual transitions. Therefore, both their interrelated explanations and differentiation are necessary.In this regard, the role and importance of rights and of the abovestated legal values, including the historically-legal aspect, their historical conditionality are disclosed, the semantic content and the importance in the establishment of the legitimacy regime are analyzed, the points of view expressed in the  research literature on the nature of legal values, signs, hierarchy,  the role in social and normative regulation are considered, the difference between value and the object of value or good is emphasized.

scholarly journals (Re)conceptualizing Difference in the Context of the Acting Subject’s Identity

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-108
Author(s):  
Anna Walczak
Keyword(s):  
Jacques Derrida ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Discourse ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One

What is the source and the effect of the acting subject’s identity? This question refers to difference, but not in its usual conceptualization, synonymous with a border and the need to maintain or transcend it. By reconceptualizing difference, which I see as “re-creating” the meaning and linking it with “added” meanings, this article restores its original load (importance) in being an acting subject, mediated in otherness. For this purpose, the différance of Jacques Derrida is invoked and his statements about it combined with those of other philosophers, in whom I found what is related and/or complementary and extends not only Derrida's thought, but that which constitutes the main theme of this article. On the one hand, otherness is an impulse to the “work” of the difference, and on the other hand, it is its effect. What is the role of the “work” of the difference in creating the identity of the acting subject? In connection with the “shift” of the effect of its work – otherness, into the area of the identity of the acting subject, can this subject say about itself: this is still me? In this context, what is responsive ethics, which, I believe, should be included in the contemporary humanistic and social discourse about the subject?

Two Structures in One Object

2020 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 659-678
Author(s):  
Marek Piwowarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Higher Order ◽  
Individual Compound ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Individual Objects

Abstract In this article the author analyzes the problem stated by Ingarden in his ontology: under what conditions can the subject−properties structure and the whole−parts structure coexist in one object? After the presentation of Ingarden’s doctrines concerning both structures, the author argues that for Ingarden a whole is nothing over and above a plurality of objects linked by relations. However, Ingarden was convinced that a compound object is not identical with a whole which is associated with it. Then the author analyzes the difference between the two types of compound objects: higher-order objects and compound, primarily individual objects. The former are founded on parts while the latter are such that their parts are founded on them. Finally, the author considers Ingarden’s theory as an answer to the one–many problem. The author argues that Ingarden’s conception of a higher-order object cannot solve this problem, and he also points to some difficulties concerning primarily individual compound objects.

scholarly journals Is Imagination Fundamental? on the Issue of the Genesis of Subjectivity

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 5081-5085
Keyword(s):  
Two Dimensions ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dialectical Method ◽  
Types Of Knowledge ◽  
Subject And Object ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

Based on the issue of the genesis of subjectivity, the authors of the article turn to the Hegelian model, which captures the two-sided and fundamentally changeable nature of the relationship between subject and object. The article substantiates the idea that imagination, being considered outside of the context of psychologization or reduction of it only to the reproductive aspect, is a source of binary differences fundamental to philosophical thought. Following Hegel’s dialectical method, the authors note that the presence of the image already indicates the difference between the two dimensions of consciousness and knowledge. The image expresses the primary truth of substance and, at the same time, the way it is subjectively given. There is a differentiation of the subjective moment of Being with the realization of fantasy. All formations of Spirit are interpretations of the figurative series, primal scenes, the analog of which was studied by classical psychoanalysis. From this perspective, the genesis of such subjective modes as consciousness, self-consciousness and mind inevitably includes symbolization, interpretation of the "Self" images, cognizing, willing and acting in various situations and contexts. The study of the concepts developed by Hegel, Kennouche, Verene and Merleau-Ponty allows concluding about two arguments in favor of the fundamentality of imagination. This refers, on the one hand, to subjective imagination that generates meanings and the need for their interpretation and, on the other hand, to the initial form of synthesis, on the basis of which, the subject and object of cognition, formations of consciousness and types of knowledge characteristic of them are further distinguished. The image, being the first meeting of the concrete and universal, is capable of setting the plot of one or another form of subjectivity.

scholarly journals The n-fatty acids

1930 ◽  
Vol 128 (807) ◽  
pp. 214-252 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Arachidic Acid ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
The Relationship

The normal fatty acids may unquestionably be regarded as one of the most interesting and important groups of chemical compounds. Many of them occur commonly in nature, and form the basis of valuable industrial products. The part which they and their derivatives play in life processes gives them a particular interest to the biologist. As compounds, which appear to be readily obtainable pure, and which form regular series including a comparatively large number of individuals, they furnish the chemist and physicist with material peculiarly adapted for the study of the relationship between constitution and properties. For these reasons they have been the subject of an almost endless number of investigations, in which the preparation and properties both of individual members or groups of individuals have been studied. At this stage, it might well have been assumed that every member of the series had long since been obtained pure, and its properties determined with so high a degree of accuracy, that only the exacting requirements of some new investigation would have demanded further study of the subject. Reference to the literature of the subject, however, showed that the real position was by no means satisfactory. While, on the one hand, the results of the determination of such a property as the melting point of certain members of the series, for instance, arachidic acid, obtained from various natural sources by chemists of established reputation, gave a constant value, and while the criteria of purity of the various samples were quite satisfactory, the material was certainly not identical with samples of the corresponding acid prepared synthetically. The difference was in some cases such as to justify the assumption that the natural and synthetic acids were differently constituted, but no theory could be found to account for the observed differences.

Having discovered this fact, the defendant refused to deliver. A majority of the court held that the parties had contracted on the understanding that that the cow was incapable of breeding. Accordingly, there had been a mistake not merely as to quality, but as to the very nature of the thing sold. It was thought that there was as much difference between an ox and a cow as there was between the animal the plaintiff bought and the one which both parties believed to be the subject matter of the contract. The difficulty with Sherwood v Walker when compared with the reasoning employed in Bell v Lever Bros is that the former looks suspiciously like a case in which the court has rectified what amounts to little more than a bad bargain. One way of viewing the difference between Sherwood and Bell is that the cases reveal a policy conflict in the way different judges approach the issue of risk allocation. On the one hand, there is a market-individualist approach to cases of mistake which seeks to uphold the sanctity of contracts and will therefore result in only the smallest number of cases in which the courts will upset a bargain on the ground of a shared mistake. On the other hand, there are cases in which the courts are more prepared to consider notions of fairness and justice in determining whether a mistake invalidates an agreement. It is not surprising that this alternative approach has developed in equity rather than at common law, as a simple glance at the form of relief granted in each case reveals a substantial difference. The common law answer in cases of shared fundamental mistake is that the contract is void ab initio – the contract is treated as if it never existed. In contrast, the equitable solution is to order rescission of the contract, but on terms that attempt to do justice between the parties. Thus, it is possible in equity to order rescission of the contract but then to add a rider to the effect that there should be a renegotiation of the contract on terms which take account of the fact in respect of which the parties were mistaken. In Solle v Butcher, the defendant leased to the plaintiff a flat. Both parties believed that the relevant property was not covered by the provisions of the Rent Restriction Acts, with the result that the defendant could charge a rent of £250 per annum. However, it later transpired that the relevant legislation was applicable with the result that the maximum rent payable was only £140. Such a mistake would not have been operative at common law, but the court held that the contract was voidable in equity, provided there was a fundamental mistake and no fault on the part of the person seeking relief: Solle v Butcher [1950] 1 KB 671, CA, p 690

1995 ◽  
pp. 324-330
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Risk Allocation ◽  
Policy Conflict ◽  
Relevant Property ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One
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