OVERVIEW OF CURRENT DIRECTIONS OF RESEARCH BY THE INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY IN THE BIOENERGY SECTOR

The aim of the work is to identify promising areas of research in bioenergy to expand potential types of technologies and sectors for the implementation of bioenergy projects in Ukraine. Current research topics of the Bioenergy Program of the International Energy Agency are analyzed, and some of the obtained results are considered. Special attention in the studies within the Program is paid to the issues of sustainable development, decarbonization of energy, and circular economy. The results of almost all the studies are important and relevant for Ukraine. They show promising areas for further research and development, as well as help to identify new types of potential bioenergy projects. At present, Ukraine has already implemented a large number of bioenergy projects in the industry at enterprises that have biomass raw materials as a by-product of the main production. Examples of such enterprises are oil extraction plants, sugar factories, woodworking enterprises. But there are many companies not provided with their own biomass that would like to reduce their carbon footprint by switching to renewable energy. Technical and organizational solutions for mobilizing biomass for energy studied within the IEA Bioenergy’s inter-task project “Bioenergy for high temperature heat in industry” may be very useful to these enterprises.

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The Oil Revolution

The Rise and Fall of OPEC in the Twentieth Century ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198832836.003.0005 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 216-253

Author(s):

Giuliano Garavini

Keyword(s):

International Economic ◽

Raw Materials ◽

International Energy Agency ◽

International Economic Order ◽

Energy Agency ◽

Fourfold Increase ◽

Price Increases ◽

Energy Politics ◽

Oil Shock ◽

Oil Embargo

Chapter 5 describes the OAPEC oil embargo and then explains the reasons for the “oil shock”, with its fourfold increase in the price of crude oil by December 1973. After the price increases of 1973 the governments of consuming countries now entered directly the arena of international energy politics with the convening of the Washington Energy Conference of 1974 and then the creation of the International Energy Agency (IEA) by the end of the same year. This chapter also explains why OPEC strived to present itself as the “spearhead” for Third World countries, hoping to establish a New International Economic Order that would reform international economic institutions and promote a kind of globalization more in line with the needs of raw materials producers and developing countries. The apex of this effort by OPEC was achieved in March 1975 with the convening of the OPEC summit of Algiers.

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Regional Multilateralism with Chinese Characteristics

China and the World ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190062316.003.0015 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 313-340

Author(s):

Srikanth Kondapalli

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

International Energy Agency ◽

Investment Bank ◽

Energy Agency ◽

Chinese Characteristics ◽

Wide Range ◽

The World ◽

Almost All ◽

Technology Control ◽

Control Regime

While it is notable that China has become a member of almost all international organizations (excepting the OECD, International Energy Agency, and Missile Technology Control Regime), much less noticeable has been China’s steadily increasing involvement in regional multilateral organizations and groups of nations. As China has expanded its global footprint into literally every continent and part of the planet, Beijing has sought to join existing institutions in those regions—but what is particularly noteworthy is that China has stimulated and created a wide range of new organizations and regional groupings all around the world. That is what this chapter is about—China’s regional multilateralism. Such Chinese initiatives most notably include: the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), Association of Southeast Asian Nations Plus China (ASEAN + 10), Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa (BRICS), Forum for China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC), China–Arab States Cooperation Forum (CACF), China–Central and Eastern Europe Countries (CEEC), and a series of groupings in Latin America (China–Latin America Forum, China-Caribbean Economic and Trade Cooperation Forum, China–Latin America Common Market Dialogue, and China–Latin America Business Summit). China has been either the initiator of, or actively engaged in, the creation of all these groupings.

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The Indian Republic in the global energy markets

RUDN Journal of Economics ◽

10.22363/2313-2329-2021-29-3-502-509 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 502-509

Author(s):

Nikolay P. Gusakov ◽

Yulia A. Konovalova ◽

Sayar Akhmad Reshad

Keyword(s):

Energy Security ◽

Raw Materials ◽

International Energy Agency ◽

Mineral Resources ◽

Energy Markets ◽

Economic Security ◽

Energy Agency ◽

World Energy ◽

The World ◽

The Republic

Energy is an integral part of the economic security of any state, and it is more complex, the lower the degree of provision with its mineral resources and the higher the number of the population living in the country. Being the undisputed world leaders in terms of population (1.4 billion people and 1.3 billion people), China and India are concerned about ensuring the energy security of their national economies. According to the latest forecasts formed by the International Energy Agency, by 2040, these two countries will become world leaders in terms of imports of mineral products (in this case: crude oil and natural gas). China is the world leader in exporting goods; India is implementing an economic and industrial policy to turn the country into a world manufacturing hub. In this regard, providing countries with energy resources is one of the most critical tasks. At the same time, a significant problem is a dependence on regular supplies of raw materials and world prices for energy carriers. Respectively, countries should pursue a policy of diversification of suppliers of mineral products. The subject of this study is the Republic of India and its position in the world energy markets; issues of energy security and energy policy are also highlighted.

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The International Energy Agency — Cooperative Research on Biomass for Energy

Research in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion ◽

10.1007/978-94-009-2737-7_1 ◽

1988 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

R. Gambles ◽

L. Zsuffa

Keyword(s):

International Energy Agency ◽

Cooperative Research ◽

Energy Agency ◽

Biomass For Energy

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Assessment of Renewable Energy Deployment Roadmaps

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12152875 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (15) ◽

pp. 2875 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ignacio Mauleón

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Raw Materials ◽

International Energy Agency ◽

Capital Requirements ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Intergovernmental Panel ◽

Energy Agency ◽

Cost Of Energy ◽

Ipcc Report

This research implements a methodology to the joint assessment of the photovoltaic and onshore wind investment roadmaps put forward by the main institutions in the field, International Renewable Energy Association (Irena) and the International Energy Agency, to achieve a low carbon emissions economy with near zero net greenhouse gases emissions. The two energies taken together account for over 80% of the renewable energy deployments envisaged by both roadmaps. The assessment is conducted according to economic criteria (the levelized cost of energy, capital requirements and financial risks), and environmental (carbon avoided, its value, and its cost). Given the recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report on the urgency to tackle climate change, accelerated deployments of the roadmaps are assessed as well. Overall, it is found that the roadmaps are financially sound, even under an accelerated scenario. Possible limits to the deployment of renewable energies roadmaps derived from the availability of raw materials and other constraints are also discussed, showing likely constraints for lithium batteries but not for photovoltaic and wind energies.

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Crystallization of barium hexaferrite

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100122216 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 362-363

Author(s):

Chung-kook Lee ◽

Yolande Berta ◽

Robert F. Speyer

Keyword(s):

Size Distribution ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Barium Hexaferrite ◽

Recording Media ◽

Magnetic Recording Media ◽

Promising Candidate ◽

Crystallization Method ◽

Temperature Heat ◽

High Density Magnetic Recording ◽

Temperature Heat Treatment

Barium hexaferrite (BaFe12O19) is a promising candidate for high density magnetic recording media due to its superior magnetic properties. For particulate recording media, nano-sized single crystalline powders with a narrow size distribution are a primary application requirement. The glass-crystallization method is preferred because of the controllability of crystallization kinetics, hence, particle size and size distribution. A disadvantage of this method is the need to melt raw materials at high temperatures with non-reactive crucibles, e.g. platinum. However, in this work, we have shown that crystal growth of barium hexaferrite occurred during low temperature heat treatment of raw batches.

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Microbiological analysis of popular spreads used in restaurants inside Dhaka city, Bangladesh

Stamford Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.3329/sjm.v10i1.50727 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 16-19

Author(s):

Tasnia Ahmed ◽

Md Aftab Uddin

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Peanut Butter ◽

Food Additives ◽

Microbiological Analysis ◽

Dhaka City ◽

Acceptable Result ◽

Fast Foods ◽

Public Consumption ◽

Viable Bacteria ◽

Almost All

Spreads are used widely for making the fast foods more amazing and tasty. Varieties and cross combinations of ingredients are used to make many flavours of fast foods. Different restaurants prepare their signature spreads for attracting people but this can cause opposite result if not prepared using high quality raw materials and proper hygienic conditions are not maintained. Current study was conducted on ten different types of spreads (pesto, cilantro, queso, tomato sauce, peanut butter, honey, mustard, cream cheese, chocolate sauce and butter) which are used by the local restaurants in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Almost all the samples (nine out of ten) harbored total viable bacteria exceeding the standard limit. Four spread samples showed high fungal count (102 cfu/gm). Four samples showed to be positive (˃101/ml recommended acceptable count) for Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. which indicates that these spread cannot be recommended for public consumption. Among all the samples examined, only chocolate sauce showed acceptable result without the presence of coliforms, Staphylococcus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. This finding suggests proper maintenance of sanitation in spread preparation and selling area. A proper guidelines and monitoring can help keep up the quality of food additives. Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.10 (1) 2020: 16-19

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European experience in transition to circular economy

Economic Analysis Theory and Practice ◽

10.24891/ea.19.4.598 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 598-617 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S.V. Ratner

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Circular Economy ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Action Plan ◽

National Level ◽

The European Union ◽

Scientific Methods ◽

European Experience ◽

General Scientific ◽

The Eu

Subject. The article considers the concept of circular economy, which has originated relatively recently in the academic literature, and is now increasingly recognized in many countries at the national level. In the European Union, the transition to circular economy is viewed as an opportunity to improve competitiveness of the European Union, protect businesses from resource shortages and fluctuating prices for raw materials and supplies, and a way to increase employment and innovation. Objectives. The aim of the study is to analyze the incentives developed by the European Commission for moving to circular economy, and to assess their effectiveness on the basis of statistical analysis. Methods. I employ general scientific methods of research. Results. The analysis of the EU Action Plan for the Circular Economy enabled to conclude that the results of the recent research in circular economy barriers, eco-innovation, technology and infrastructure were successfully integrated into the framework of this document. Understanding the root causes holding back the circular economy development and the balanced combination of economic and administrative incentives strengthened the Action Plan, and it contributed to the circular economy development in the EU. Conclusions. The measures to stimulate the development of the circular economy proposed in the European Action Plan can be viewed as a prototype for designing similar strategies in other countries, including Russia. Meanwhile, a more detailed analysis of barriers to the circular economy at the level of individual countries and regions is needed.

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