scholarly journals Antique Series of Coinds Dedicated to Labours of Hercules (II-III A.D.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergei Sergeevich Tiurin
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Roman Emperor ◽  
The West ◽  
The North

The article examines the practice of issuing "serial" coins at various mints during the Roman Empire on the example of the twelve labors of Heracles (in the Roman interpretation - Hercules). In this article, a "series" means a complex of coins, regardless of metal and denomination, issued within the reign of one Roman emperor, one mint and / or one geographical place, united by one hero or a single storyline. It was established that the series with the exploits of Heracles in the II-III centuries. AD were minted in all parts of the vast Roman state and beyond its borders: from the southernmost (Alexandria, Egypt) to the north (Panticapaeum, Bosporan kingdom), from the west (Tarsus, Cilicia) to the east (Colonia Agrippina, "Gallic Empire" by Mark Postumus). The serial issue of coins with Heracles was also recorded at the mint of the center of the state in Rome.

Notes on the Franciscans in the Huasteca Region of Mexico

1955 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-447
Author(s):  
Joaquín Meade
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
The State ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Christian Conversion ◽  
Far North ◽  
The North ◽  
Sierra Madre ◽  
Northeastern Mexico

The huasteca region in northeastern Mexico covers sections of the six states of Tamaulipas, Veracruz, San Luis Potosí, Hidalgo, Puebla, and Querétaro. Its boundaries are approximately the following: to the north the river Soto la Marina, known in the sixteenth century as the Rio de las Palmas; to the south the Rio Cazones; to the east the Gulf of Mexico and to the west the mountainous section of the eastern Sierra Madre.The Christian conversion of the Huasteca began, no doubt, in 1518 with the expedition of Juan de Grijalva, who actually sailed as far north as Tuxpan and Tamiahua in the Huastec region of the state of Veracruz. John Diaz, a priest, accompanied this expedition. In 1519 Francisco de Garay, then in Jamaica, sent Alonso Alvarez de Pineda to Tampico and the Río Panuco, where he stayed some time and made contact with the Huastecs who belong to the great Maya family.

Study on the Relation among Agriculture and Forests of Arunachal Pradesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (01) ◽  
pp. 85-90
Author(s):  
Babita Kumari ◽  
Hitesh Solanki
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
The State ◽  
Arunachal Pradesh ◽  
The West ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
The North ◽  
International Borders ◽  
Percent Increase ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Agricultural Yield

The state of Arunachal Pradesh is the northeastern most state of India. It covers the states of Assam and Nagaland to the south. It also comprises of international borders with Bhutan in the west, Myanmar in the east, and a disputed border with China in the north at the McMahon Line. The state has its agriculture as the main source of livelihood for a majority of the region’s rural population. In the last 10 years, the per capita land availability in the region has reduced by 18.4 percent and now remains a meager 0.16 ha. The reduction is attributed to the rapid increase in population and consequent fragmentation of the land. Similarly, per capita, cereal availability has also reduced by 9.4 percent in the last 10 years. The present per capita cereal availability is only 0.16 kg, thus making it very important to ensure food security in the region at any cost. Agricultural productivity in the region is not adequate to produce sufficiently for the increasing population. The average agricultural yield at present is 2.1 tonnes ha-1 (excluding the Maldives) after an increase of 8.1 percent in the last 10 years. The increase is attributed to increased use of fertilizers (69 kg ha-1, which is a 40 percent increase in the last 10 years in the region, excluding the Maldives) and the inclusion of more areas from forests into the agriculture sector. This situation has, in its turn, taken its toll by depleting and threatening the remaining biodiversity of the region.

Limes Germanicus—Bridge and Frontier

1939 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-274
Author(s):  
Goetz A. Briefs
Keyword(s):  
Word Meaning ◽  
Second Century ◽  
German History ◽  
Roman Emperor ◽  
The West ◽  
Southern Germany ◽  
New Name ◽  
The North ◽  
The Will ◽  
Roman Limes

There is great significance in the recent renaming of the Siegfried line, Germany's line of fortifications in the West. By the will of the Fuehrer, the western fortification is now called Limes. The new name is obviously intended to imply something very specific, otherwise it would not have been chosen.“Limes”, a Latin word meaning “borderline”, is a word of great significance in Roman as well as German history. The term was first used by the Roman conquerors to signify the line of fortifications which, after many setbacks, they built around the northernmost reaches of their realm. The Roman Limes enclosed what today is die greater part of Bavaria, the rest of Southern Germany, Switzerland and the Rhinelands. Started under the Roman Emperor Domitian in 83 A.D. and finished in the Second Century, the fortifications signified that the Roman impetus of expansion had reached its limit. It meant a consolidation of the earlier conquests against Teutonic invasion from the North and East.

scholarly journals Church and State: A Conflicting Collaboration

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentine Ugochukwu Iheanacho
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Church And State ◽  
The State ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
The West ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Church

St Jerome, both in his wittiness and in his critique of the romance between the church of his time and the Roman Empire in the fifth century, believed that “The church by its connection with Christian princes gained in power and riches, but lost in virtues.” The church and the state, whether in the past or in the present, have two particular things in common: peace and order. Both institutions detest disorder and rebellion, but ironically, in their efforts to bring about the desired peace and order, they often disturbed the peace through their quarrels and quibbles. With a keen sense of history, this essay studies the reluctance with which the church in the West and in the East embraced secular authorities in the civil administration of society for the sake of “peace” and “order.”

Die Corpus Christianum in die Middeleeue

1996 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Botha
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
The State ◽  
The West ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Middle Ages

The Corpus Christianum in the Middle Ages. The origin and development of the idea of Christianity as a single society in the Roman Empire under the leadership of the state or emperor and the Church or pope is investigated. The idea developed differently in the East and the West. In the East it developed into Caeseropapismand in the West, although linked to a notion of theocracy, it developed into eccesiocracy or papalcracy: both being caricatures.

Sacrum imperium: Lombard Influence and the ‘Sacralization of the State’ in the Mid-twelfth Century Holy Roman Empire (1125–1167)*

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vedran Sulovsky
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Holy Roman Empire ◽  
Roman Emperor ◽  
Investiture Controversy ◽  
Political Vocabulary

Abstract Sacrum imperium (literally: holy empire) is a Latin phrase that entered the chancery of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa (1152–1190) in 1157. Sacrum imperium developed into the name of the Empire only much later, but scholars interpreted it as a programmatic phrase that Frederick and his chancellor, Rainald of Dassel, introduced as a part of their plan to ‘resacralize the state’ after its supposed desacralization by Pope Gregory VII (1073–1085) and the Empire’s defeat in the Investiture Controversy (1076–1122). In this article I show that sacrum imperium was introduced not by Frederick and Rainald but by a group of Italian courtiers who had developed a new political vocabulary based on that of Justinian’s Corpus iuris civilis and the contemporary Byzantine court language. I also demonstrate on the basis of Italian, Byzantine and papal sources that a desacralization of the state in 1122 never happened.

The Siege of Chitral and the “Breach of Faith Controversy” — The Imperial Factor in Late Victorian Party Politics

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-144
Author(s):  
Robert A. Huttenback
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Party Politics ◽  
The State ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Border ◽  
The Government

Throughout the last quarter of the nineteenth century, the British authorities, both in London and Calcutta, were becoming progressively more concerned about the security of India's undefined northern border along which the empires of Britain, Russia and China and the kingdom of Afghanistan met. Although the Russian capture of Francis Younghusband in 1891 and the consequent danger of war had forced the British and Russians to the conference table, Russia, China and Afghanistan were still on a collision course in those reaches of the Pamirs beyond the purview of Anglo-Russian bilateral border talks. Consequently, when the Russians forced the Chinese to withdraw from Ak-Tash and defeated an Afghan force encamped at Somatash, the nightmore vision of Russian armies poised at the gates of India suddenly appeared both real and terrifying.The Government of India's reaction was prompt. The governor general, Lord Lansdowne, determined to strengthen the garrison at Gilgit, the British station to the north of Kashmir. But the position in Gilgit was viable only if Chitral, to the west, were secure. This mountain satrapy was, in the eyes of Calcutta, the key to the defense of the whole northern border, and while Mehtar Aman-ul-Mulk occupied the throne of the state, British influence was paramount. But in September 1892, this venerable and crafty autocrat died, opening a Pandora's box of succession controversy that had remained largely sealed during the deceased ruler's lengthy hegemony.The immediate consequences of the mehtar's death gave little indication of what was to follow.

scholarly journals Paracoccidioidomycosis mortality in the State of Paraná, Brazil, 1980/1998

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1856-1864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanine Izabel Margraf Bittencourt ◽  
Rosely Magalhães de Oliveira ◽  
Ziadir Francisco Coutinho
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
The State ◽  
Age Group ◽  
The West ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
Death Registry ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Annual Mortality

The paracoccidioidomycosis mortality rate in the State of Paraná, Brazil (1980/1998) was analyzed using the death registry data from the Brazilian Mortality Information System and the estimated population from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. To qualify the deaths, we deployed ICD-9 for 1980/1995 and ICD-10 for the more recent years. During this period there were 551 deaths from paracoccidioidomycosis in the State of Paraná. Most of the deaths were in male in the 30-59-year age group. The average annual mortality rate was 3.48 per million inhabitants, showing a tendency to stabilize during the study period. Paracoccidioidomycosis was the fifth cause of mortality among the predominantly chronic infectious diseases and had the highest mortality rate among the systemic mycoses. Paracoccidioidomycosis was observed in 184 counties in the State of Paraná. Most deaths were recorded in the North-Central meso-region, and the highest mortality rate occurred in the West meso-region.

The Reconstruction of the Civilization of the West, from Charlemagne (Transitio Imperil) to the Era of the Crusades (and Concordat, 1122).

1881 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 152-173
Author(s):  
W. J. Irons
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Social System ◽  
The State ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
The West ◽  
Personal Freedom ◽  
The Social ◽  
Christian Society

The influence of Christianity on the Roman Empire, and so ultimately on modern Civilization, was immediately felt, as we first observed, in its action on the social system; and eventually in the formation of better public opinion in morals and Religion. The ideas of individual right and personal freedom (absolutely essential to the new faith which had appeared as the teacher of conscience), found their echo, and also in some sense a defined limit, in the advancing Roman Law; but the more active relations of the gradually-formed Christian Society to the State in which it took its mission would, as we saw, be much determined by the course of events, and by the action and development of the State itself.

scholarly journals Determining the extreme air temperature thresholds in Republic of Srpska

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-122
Author(s):  
Goran Andjelkovic ◽  
Vladan Ducic ◽  
Goran Trbic ◽  
Nada Rudan
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
The State ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Temperature Thresholds

The goal of this paper is to determine the state of extreme air temperature in Republic of Srpska and to establish their thresholds as the limits of unsuitability of the climate. The air temperature much above and much below was investigated. The spatial distribution of minimal air temperatures in Republic of Srpska during the studied period 2006-2010 shows the meridian, parallel and altitude regularity. The average annual maximums increase slowly from the north towards the south and insignificantly from the west towards the east of Republic of Srpska.

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