scholarly journals Hip Pain: Relation to Anatomical Location and Underlying Pathology

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Michelle J Lespasio ◽  
Michelle J Lespasio
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Current Medical ◽  
Hip Pain ◽  
Anatomical Location ◽  
Diagnosis And Classification ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Underlying Pathology

The purpose of this article is to provide a synopsis of the current medical understanding of hip pain highlighting its relation to anatomical location and underlying pathology. We describe the i) mechanism of the hip joint, ii) classification of hip pain, iii) prevalence of hip pain, iv) purported causes, v) associated risk factors, vi) clinical presentation, vii) diagnosis and classification, and viii) treatment options. A quiz serves to assist readers in their understanding of the presented material.

scholarly journals Panniculitis in Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-336
Author(s):  
Isabelle Moulonguet ◽  
Sylvie Fraitag
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Secondary Process ◽  
Immune Disorders ◽  
Lesion Site ◽  
Heterogenous Group ◽  
Systemic Disorder ◽  
Diagnosis And Classification ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

Panniculitides form a heterogenous group of inflammatory diseases that involve the subcutaneous adipose tissue. These disorders are rare in children and have many aetiologies. As in adults, the panniculitis can be the primary process in a systemic disorder or a secondary process that results from infection, trauma or exposure to medication. Some types of panniculitis are seen more commonly or exclusively in children, and several new entities have been described in recent years. Most types of panniculitis have the same clinical presentation (regardless of the aetiology), with tender, erythematous subcutaneous nodules. Although the patient’s age and the lesion site provide information, a histopathological assessment is sometimes required for a definitive diagnosis and classification of the disorder. In children, most panniculitides are lobular. At present, autoimmune inflammatory diseases and primary immunodeficiencies have been better characterised; panniculitis can be the presenting symptom in some of these settings. Unexplained panniculitis in a young child should prompt a detailed screen for monogenic immune disorders because the latter usually manifest themselves early in life. Here, we review forms of panniculitis that occur primarily in children, with a focus on newly described entities.

Osteopathic considerations in pneumonia

2021 ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Taner B. Celebi ◽  
Jeffrey Muller ◽  
Michael J. Terzella
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
The United States ◽  
Special Consideration ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Pneumonia contributed to nearly 3 million deaths worldwide in 2016 and 56,000 deaths in the United States alone in 2017, and as such, it is imperative for physicians to understand the causes, subtypes, associated risk factors and treatment options. This article will address each of these, as well as special consideration for the osteopathic approach to care.

scholarly journals Chronic pancreatitis: Risk Factors and Clinico-Radiological Profile

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-158
Author(s):  
Jiwan Thapa ◽  
Ramila Shrestha ◽  
Ram Krishna Tamang ◽  
Shankar Baral ◽  
Bhuwneshwer Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Chronic Pancreatitis ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Pain Abdomen ◽  
Disease Condition ◽  
Radiological Changes ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Chronic pancreatitis is a disease condition characterized by progressive inflammation and fibrosis of pancreas. It manifests with pain abdomen, endocrine and exocrine dysfunction. Diagnosis is often difficult and is relied mostly on radiological examination. The aim of this study was to identify associated risk factors and correlate the clinical presentation with various radiological changes of the pancreas.We conducted a prospective hospital based observational study in patients presenting with abdominal pain and evaluated the etiology, clinical presentation and radiological changes of pancreas among 68 chronic pancreatitis patients visiting Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, National Academy of Medical Sciences, Bir Hospital during 1 year period (November 2019 to October 2020 AD). The results showed mean age of 35.75 ± 11.43 years with predominant male patients (76.4%). Pain abdomen was present in all patients with mean duration of 16.5 months, followed by diabetes in 27.9%. Alcohol was the major risk (n=42, 61.8%) and no cause was identified in 22 (32.3%) patients. Pancreatic parenchymal calcification in 65 (95.6%), duct dilation in 61 (89.7%) and gland atrophy in 39 (57.3%) were major structural changes detected in computed tomography scan, more reliably than ultrasonography. One third of patients had diabetes mellitus, which was significantly higher in female (63.2%) and had major radiological changes of chronic pancreatitis at diagnosis. Alcohol was the common risk of chronic pancreatitis. Structural changes suggestive of disease was demonstrated better by computed tomography.

New Treatment Options for Lymphangioma in Infants and Children

2002 ◽  
Vol 111 (12) ◽  
pp. 1066-1075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantal M. Giguère ◽  
Nancy M. Bauman ◽  
Richard J. H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Lymphatic System ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Lymphatic Malformations ◽  
Diagnostic Measures ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
In Infants And Children

Lymphangiomas are congenital malformations of the lymphatic system. These lesions occur most often in the head and neck area, and their treatment continues to be a challenge. Fortunately, a number of advances have occurred in the diagnosis and management of lymphatic malformations in the past decade. The purpose of this article is to clarify the embryology, pathogenesis, histopathology, and classification of these lesions, as well as to describe their various forms of clinical presentation. We provide a complete review of the diagnostic measures available and thoroughly discuss new therapeutic interventions proposed to treat lymphangiomas.

scholarly journals Molecular Basis of Human Enamel Defects

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
Georgios Chatzopoulos ◽  
Dimitrios Tziafas
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Disease Classification ◽  
Amelogenesis Imperfecta ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Enamel Defects ◽  
Human Enamel ◽  
Diagnosis And Classification

Abstract During eruption of teeth in the oral cavity, the effect of gene variations and environmental factors can result in morphological and structural changes in teeth. Amelogenesis imperfecta is a failure which is detected on the enamel of the teeth and clinical picture varies by the severity and type of the disease. Classification of the types of amelogenesis imperfecta is determined by histological, genetic, clinical and radiographic criteria. Specifically, there are 4 types of amelogenesis imperfecta (according to Witkop): hypoplastic form, hypo-maturation form, hypo-calcified form, and hypo-maturation/hypoplasia form with taurodontism and 14 subcategories. The diagnosis and classification of amelogenesis imperfecta has traditionally been based on clinical presentation or phenotype and the inheritance pattern. Several genes can be mutated and cause the disease. Millions of genes, possibly more than 10,000 genes produce proteins that regulate synthesis of enamel. Some of the genes and gene products that are likely associated with amelogenesis imperfecta are: amelogenin (AMELX, AMELY genes), ameloblastin (AMBN gene), enamelin (ENAM gene), enamelysin (MMP20 gene), kalikryn 4 (KLK 4 gene), tuftelins (Tuftelin gene), FAM83H (FAM83H gene) and WDR72 (WDR72 gene). Particular attention should be given by the dentist in recognition and correlation of phenotypes with genotypes, in order to diagnose quickly and accurately such a possible disease and to prevent or treat it easily and quickly. Modern dentistry should restore these lesions in order to guarantee aesthetics and functionality, usually in collaboration with a group of dentists.

scholarly journals Current Perspective on Retinal Migraine

Vision ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Yu Jeat Chong ◽  
Susan P. Mollan ◽  
Abison Logeswaran ◽  
Alexandra B. Sinclair ◽  
Benjamin R. Wakerley
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Migraine Headache ◽  
Visual Loss ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Visual Disturbance ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Headache Disorders ◽  
Current Perspective

Retinal migraine was first formally described in 1882. Various terms such as “ocular migraine” and “ophthalmic migraine” have since been used interchangeably in the literature. The lack of a consistent consensus-based definition has led to controversy and potential confusion for clinicians and patients. Retinal migraine as defined by the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD) has been found to be rare. The latest ICHD defined retinal migraine as ‘repeated attacks of monocular visual disturbance, including scintillation, scotoma or blindness, associated with migraine headache’, which are fully reversible. Retinal migraine should be considered a diagnosis of exclusion, which requires other causes of transient monocular visual loss to be excluded. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the literature on retinal migraine, including: epidemiology and risk factors; proposed aetiology; clinical presentation; and management strategies. It is potentially a misnomer as its proposed aetiology is different from our current understanding of the mechanism of migraine

scholarly journals Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Classification of Pulmonary Hypertension

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-91
Author(s):  
Sarah Beshay ◽  
Ashrith Guha ◽  
Sandeep Sahay
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Clinical Classification ◽  
Careful Evaluation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Diagnosis And Classification ◽  
Expert Center ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a rare heterogenous disease characterized by elevated blood pressure in the lungs. Patients with PH require careful evaluation and management at an expert center. Understanding of the mechanisms underlying the development of PH has increased over the past two decades, and several treatment options for pulmonary arterial hypertension have emerged. Despite this progress, PH continues to carry high morbidity and mortality. The 6th World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension that occurred in late 2018 modified the clinical classification of PH into five groups. In this review, we focus on the evaluation and diagnosis of PH and discuss the updated clinical classification.

scholarly journals Titanium Cervical Cage Subsidence: Postoperative Computed Tomography Analysis Defining Incidence and Associated Risk Factors

2021 ◽  
pp. 219256822110468
Author(s):  
Zachariah W. Pinter ◽  
Ryder Reed ◽  
Sarah E. Townsley ◽  
Anthony L Mikula ◽  
Lauren Dittman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Ct Scans ◽  
Height Loss ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Cage Subsidence ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
The Impact

Study Design Retrospective cohort study Objective Substantial variability in both the measurement and classification of subsidence limits the strength of conclusions that can be drawn from previous studies. The purpose of this study was to precisely characterize patterns of cervical cage subsidence utilizing computed tomography (CT) scans, determine risk factors for cervical cage subsidence, and investigate the impact of subsidence on pseudarthrosis rates. Methods We performed a retrospective review of patients who underwent one- to three-levels of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) utilizing titanium interbodies with anterior plating between the years 2018 and 2020. Subsidence measurements were performed by two independent reviewers on CT scans obtained 6 months postoperatively. Subsidence was then classified as mild if subsidence into the inferior and superior endplate were both ≤2 mm, moderate if the worst subsidence into the inferior or superior endplate was between 2 to 4 mm, or severe if the worst subsidence into the inferior or superior endplate was ≥4 mm. Results A total of 51 patients (100 levels) were included in this study. A total of 48 levels demonstrated mild subsidence (≤2 mm), 38 demonstrated moderate subsidence (2-4 mm), and 14 demonstrated severe subsidence (≥4 mm). Risk factors for severe subsidence included male gender, multilevel constructs, greater mean vertebral height loss, increased cage height, lower Taillard index, and lower screw tip to vertebral body height ratio. Severe subsidence was not associated with an increased rate of pseudarthrosis. Conclusion Following ACDF with titanium cervical cages, subsidence is an anticipated postoperative occurrence and is not associated with an increased risk of pseudarthrosis.

Fibrous Dysplasia: Dental and Orthodontic Implications

Dental Update ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 409-416
Author(s):  
Hesham Ali ◽  
Awais Ali ◽  
Ovais Malik
Keyword(s):  
Fibrous Dysplasia ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Perspective ◽  
Benign Condition ◽  
Dental Management ◽  
Diagnosis And Classification ◽  
Dental Setting ◽  
Possible Cause

Fibrous dysplasia is a benign condition characterized by replacement of bone by a fibro-osseous tissue. This article describes the aetiology, diagnosis and classification of the condition. We discuss the clinical presentation of fibrous dysplasia along with its craniofacial effects. The presentation of fibrous dysplasia in the dental setting is described, along with specific implications for dental and orthodontic management of these patients. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Given the wide array of conditions that can present to GDPs, it is important to be aware of fibrous dysplasia as a possible cause of some signs and symptoms. The presentation, diagnosis and dental management of this group of patients is presented from a clinical perspective.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (S1) ◽  
pp. S25-S30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maully Shah
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Sudden Cardiac Death ◽  
Cardiac Death ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Athletic Participation ◽  
Complete Elimination ◽  
Clinical Events

AbstractHypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a common, inherited heart disease with a heterogeneous clinical presentation and natural history. Recently, advances in diagnosis and treatment options have been instrumental in decreasing the frequency of adverse clinical events; however, complete elimination of sudden cardiac death still remains an elusive gain. This article discusses several aspects of this condition in the young: epidemiology, clinical phenotypes, risk factors, prevention of sudden cardiac death, and risks of athletic participation.

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