scholarly journals Alkali-activated metallurgical slag as a sustainable adsorbent

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 117-127
Author(s):  
Sh.K. Amerkhanova ◽  
◽  
Uali Uali ◽  
R.M. Shlyapov ◽  
D.S. Belgibayeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Metallurgical Waste ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Chromium Plating ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Concentration Of Ions ◽  
Zeolite Adsorbent ◽  
Initial Object ◽  
Alkali Activated ◽  
Adsorptive Concentration

This paper is devoted to obtaining a zeolite-containing sorbent based on metallurgical waste — slag. The synthesis of zeolite adsorbent from ash and slag was carried out by hydrochemical and thermal treatment. The initial object and the obtained material were characterized using following methods: Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive analysis, X-ray phase analysis, titrimetry. The way of converting solid-phase waste into a beneficial product has been demonstrated. The study results showed that the surface of the obtained material is saturated with functional groups (hydroxy-, carboxy-, lactone), which predetermine the ability to bind metal ions during adsorption. The adsorption capacity of the product has been estimated for iodine and methylene blue. A thermodynamic analysis of the process of sorption of copper (II) ions from an aqueous solution has been conducted. It has identified that the sorbent can also be used for the adsorptive concentration of ions of rare-earth elements by the example of lanthanum and erbium. Laboratory testing of the possible use of the sorbent to purify industrial water was carried out using the example of wastewater from a chromium plating shop

scholarly journals Geopolymer/CeO2 as Solid Electrolyte for IT-SOFC

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Gulicovski ◽  
Snežana Nenadović ◽  
Ljiljana Kljajević ◽  
Miljana Mirković ◽  
Marija Nišavić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells ◽  
Solid Electrolyte ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Energy Dispersive Spectrometer ◽  
Complex Impedance ◽  
Ionization Time ◽  
Calcined Clay ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Alkali Activated

As a material for application in the life sciences, a new composite material, geopolymer/CeO2 (GP_CeO2), was synthesized as a potential low-cost solid electrolyte for application in solid oxide fuel cells operating in intermediate temperature (IT-SOFC). The new materials were obtained from alkali-activated metakaolin (calcined clay) in the presence of CeO2 powders (x = 10%). Besides the commercial CeO2 powder, as a source of ceria, two differently synthesized CeO2 powders also were used: CeO2 synthesized by modified glycine nitrate procedure (MGNP) and self-propagating reaction at room temperature (SPRT). The structural, morphological, and electrical properties of pure and GP_CeO2-type samples were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), BET, differential thermal and thermogravimetric analysis (DTA/TGA), scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and method complex impedance (EIS). XRPD and matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) analysis confirmed the formation of solid phase CeO2. The BET, DTA/TGA, FE-SEM, and EDS results indicated that particles of CeO2 were stabile interconnected and form a continuous conductive path, which was confirmed by the EIS method. The highest conductivity of 1.86 × 10−2 Ω−1 cm−1 was obtained for the sample GP_CeO2_MGNP at 700 °C. The corresponding value of activation energy for conductivity was 0.26 eV in the temperature range 500–700 °C.

Impact of Rutile Fraction on TiO2 Visible-Light Absorption and Visible-Light-Induced Photocatalytic Activity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Maria Tobaldi ◽  
Luc Lajaunie ◽  
ana caetano ◽  
nejc rozman ◽  
Maria Paula Seabra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photocatalytic Activity ◽  
Visible Light ◽  
Light Absorption ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Diffraction Method ◽  
Band Alignment ◽  
Quantitative Phase Analysis ◽  
Transmission Microscopy ◽  
Visible Light Absorption ◽  
X Ray

<div>Titanium dioxide is by far the most utilised semiconductor material for photocatalytic applications. Still, it is transparent to visible-light. Recently, it has been proved that a type-II band alignment for the rutile−anatase mixture would improve its visible-light absorption.</div><div>In this research paper we thoroughly characterised the real crystalline and amorphous phases of synthesised titanias – thermally treated at different temperatures to get distinct ratios of anatase-rutile-amorphous fraction – as well as that of three commercially available photocatalytic nano-TiO2. </div><div>The structural characterisation was done via advanced X-ray diffraction method, namely the Rietveld-RIR method, to attain a full quantitative phase analysis of the specimens. The microstructure was also investigated via an advanced X-ray method, the whole powder pattern modelling. These methods were validated combining advanced aberration-corrected scanning transmission microscopy and high-resolution electron energy-loss spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity was assessed in the liquid- and gas-solid phase (employing rhodamine B and 4-chlorophenol, and isopropanol, respectively, as the organic substances to degrade) using a light source irradiating exclusively in the visible-range.</div><div>Optical spectroscopy showed that even a small fraction of rutile (2 wt%) is able to shift to lower energies the apparent optical band gap of an anatase-rutile mixed phase. But is this enough to attain a real photocatalytic activity promoted by merely visible-light?</div><div>We tried to give a reply to that question.</div><div>Photocatalytic activity results in the liquid-solid phase showed that a high surface hydroxylation led to specimen with superior visible light-induced catalytic activity (i.e. dye and ligand-to-metal charge transfer complexes sensitisation effects). That is: not photocatalysis <i>sensu-strictu</i>.</div><div>On the other hand, the gas-solid phase results showed that a higher amount of the rutile fraction (around 10 wt%), together with less recombination of the charge carriers, were more effective for an actual photocatalytic oxidation of isopropanol.</div>

scholarly journals Pristine and Magnetic Kenaf Fiber Biochar for Cd2+ Adsorption from Aqueous Solution

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 7949
Author(s):  
Anwar Ameen Hezam Saeed ◽  
Noorfidza Yub Harun ◽  
Suriati Sufian ◽  
Muhammad Roil Bilad ◽  
Zaki Yamani Zakaria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Textural Properties ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Solution Temperature ◽  
Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Magnetic Biochar ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Capacity Surface

Development of strategies for removing heavy metals from aquatic environments is in high demand. Cadmium is one of the most dangerous metals in the environment, even under extremely low quantities. In this study, kenaf and magnetic biochar composite were prepared for the adsorption of Cd2+. The synthesized biochar was characterized using (a vibrating-sample magnetometer VSM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The adsorption batch study was carried out to investigate the influence of pH, kinetics, isotherm, and thermodynamics on Cd2+ adsorption. The characterization results demonstrated that the biochar contained iron particles that help in improving the textural properties (i.e., surface area and pore volume), increasing the number of oxygen-containing groups, and forming inner-sphere complexes with oxygen-containing groups. The adsorption study results show that optimum adsorption was achieved under pH 5–6. An increase in initial ion concentration and solution temperature resulted in increased adsorption capacity. Surface modification of biochar using iron oxide for imposing magnetic property allowed for easy separation by external magnet and regeneration. The magnetic biochar composite also showed a higher affinity to Cd2+ than the pristine biochar. The adsorption data fit well with the pseudo-second-order and the Langmuir isotherm, with the maximum adsorption capacity of 47.90 mg/g.

Control of trace elements content in solid-phase extraction sorbent by x-ray fluorescence analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. V. Kochergina ◽  
A. O. Vagina ◽  
A. O. Taukin ◽  
A. V. Abramov ◽  
G. M. Bunkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Solid Phase Extraction ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
X Ray

Wide angle X-ray diffraction study of the solid-phase chlorinated poly(ethylene)

Polymer ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 45 (18) ◽  
pp. 6341-6348 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Stoeva ◽  
A. Popov ◽  
R. Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Study ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Wide Angle ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Poly Ethylene

PREPARATION OF ANTIMONY-PLATINUM SURFACE ALLOY ELECTRODE BY ATOM DIFFUSION IN THE SOLID PHASE

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (25n27) ◽  
pp. 3999-4004
Author(s):  
HIROSHI MATSUI ◽  
KAZUFUMI WATANABE
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Electrochemical Measurement ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Platinum Surface ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Atom Diffusion ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Titanium Substrates

Antimony-platinum bilayers were prepared on titanium substrates by the two-step electrodeposition in the usual baths, and then surface alloys were formed by the atom diffusion in the solid phase. The simple antimony layer was little influenced by the substrate in both the measurements of X-ray diffraction and the i - E characteristic in a sulfuric acid solution. Regarding the bilayers, the catalytic activity in hydrogen evolution reaction was very sensitive to the presence of platinum, while the hydrogen adsorbability was quite insensitive. An interaction between antimony and platinum was confirmed by the appearance of a new dissolution wave in the electrochemical measurement and the occurrence of a new diffraction in the X-ray diffraction pattern after the heat-treatment of about 400°C. Although the new diffraction disagreed with any of the reported alloys, clear diffraction pattern of PtSb 2 alloy was observed, when the bilayers were heat-treated at about 600°C for one hour. Considering the penetration depth of X-ray, the alloying of antimony and platinum seems to occur also at low temperatures at least at the top surface.

Fuel Formation and Conversion During In-Situ Combustion of Crude Oil

SPE Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (06) ◽  
pp. 1217-1228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hascakir Berna ◽  
Cynthia M. Ross ◽  
Louis M. Castanier ◽  
Anthony R. Kovscek
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Combustion Front ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Combustion Tube ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
In Situ Combustion ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Study Results

Summary In-situ combustion (ISC) is a successful method with great potential for thermal enhanced oil recovery. Field applications of ISC are limited, however, because the process is complex and not well-understood. A significant open question for ISC is the formation of coke or "fuel" in correct quantities that is sufficiently reactive to sustain combustion. We study ISC from a laboratory perspective in 1 m long combustion tubes that allow the monitoring of the progress of the combustion front by use of X-ray computed tomography (CT) and temperature profiles. Two crude oils—12°API (986 kg/m3) and 9°API (1007 kg/m3)—are studied. Cross-sectional images of oil movement and banking in situ are obtained through the appropriate analysis of the spatially and temporally varying CT numbers. Combustion-tube runs are quenched before front breakthrough at the production end, thereby permitting a post-mortem analysis of combustion products and, in particular, the fuel (coke and coke-like residues) just downstream of the combustion front. Fuel is analyzed with both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XPS and SEM results are used to identify the shape, texture, and elemental composition of fuel in the X-ray CT images. The SEM and XPS results aid efforts to differentiate among combustion-tube results with significant and negligible amounts of clay minerals. Initial results indicate that clays increase the surface area of fuel deposits formed, and this aids combustion. In addition, comparisons are made of coke-like residues formed during experiments under an inert nitrogen atmosphere and from in-situ combustion. Study results contribute to an improved mechanistic understanding of ISC, fuel formation, and the role of mineral substrates in either aiding or impeding combustion. CT imaging permits inference of the width and movement of the fuel zone in situ.

Stimulation of Wells Damaged by Barite Present in Filter Cake or Scale

SPE Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Igor Ivanishin ◽  
Hisham A. Nasr-El-Din ◽  
Dmitriy Solnyshkin ◽  
Artem Klyubin
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Filter Cake ◽  
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Barium Carbonate ◽  
Process Analysis ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Field Application ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Dissolution Efficiency

Summary High-temperature (HT) deep carbonate reservoirs are typically drilled using barite (BaSO4) as a weighting material. Primary production in these tight reservoirs comes from the network of natural fractures, which are damaged by the invasion of mud filtrate during drilling operations. For this study, weighting material and drilling fluid were sampled at the same drillsite. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence analyses confirmed the complex composition of the weighting material: 43.2 ± 3.8 wt% of BaSO4 and 47.8 ± 3.3 wt% of calcite (CaCO3); quartz and illite comprised the rest. The drilling fluid was used to form the filter cake in a high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) filter-press apparatus at a temperature of 300°F and differential pressure of 500 psig. Compared with the weighting material, the filter cake contained less CaCO3, but more nondissolvable minerals, including quartz, illite, and kaolinite. This difference in mineral composition makes the filter cake more difficult to remove. Dissolution of laboratory-grade BaSO4, the field sample of the weighting material, and drilling-fluid filter cake were studied at 300°F and 1,000 to 1,050 psig using an autoclave equipped with a magnetic stirrer drive. Two independent techniques were used to investigate the dissolution process: analysis of the withdrawn-fluid samples using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, and XRD analysis of the solid material left after the tests. The dissolution efficiency of commercial K5-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), two K4-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), Na4-EDTA solutions, and two “barite dissolvers” of unknown composition was compared. K5-DTPA and K4-EDTA have similar efficiency in dissolving BaSO4 as a laboratory-grade chemical and a component of the calcite-containing weighting material. No pronounced dissolution-selectivity effect (i.e., preferential dissolution of CaCO3) was noted during the 6-hour dissolution tests with both solutions. Reported for the first time is the precipitation of barium carbonate (BaCO3) when a mixture of BaSO4 and CaCO3 is dissolved in DTPA or EDTA solutions. BaCO3 composes up to 30 wt% of the solid phase at the end of the 6-hour reaction, and can be dissolved during the field operations by 5 wt% hydrochloric acid. Being cheaper, K4-EDTA is the preferable stimulation fluid. Dilution of this chelate increases its dissolution efficiency. Compared with commonly recommended solutions of 0.5 to 0.6 M, a more dilute solution is suggested here for field application. The polymer breaker and K4-EDTA solution are incompatible; therefore, the damage should be removed in two stages if the polymer breaker is used.

Patientoriented Algorithm for the X-ray Therapy Cabinet of Oncology Dispensary

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
J Zuenkova ◽  
D. Kicha ◽  
A. Abramov ◽  
Y. Buynova ◽  
L. Klisova
Keyword(s):  
Patient Satisfaction ◽  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Patient Experience ◽  
Adherence To Treatment ◽  
Patient Centered ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Melanoma Skin Cancer ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Therapy Room ◽  
Melanoma Skin

Results: IIntroduction: Superficial X-ray therapy is a common treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer with a high incidence worldwide. Interrupting the course of radiation therapy can negatively affect patient survival and treatment results. Low treatment adherence may be associated with a lack of a patient-centered approach and ineffective communications. The original study shows that patients undergoing X-ray therapy for cancer may have different needs. Based on the study results an algorithm for a patient-oriented approach has been developed for the X-ray cabinets. Purpose: To develop a patient-oriented algorithm of the X-ray therapy room to address the issues of increasing patient satisfaction and forming their adherence to treatment. The objectives of the study included studying and detailing the needs of the patients who passed the X-ray therapy and to develop the patient-oriented algorithm for the X-ray therapy room. Material and methods: The study of the patient's values was carried out from 2019 to 2020 by interviewing using open-ended questions to find out the deep motives and beliefs of patients. The study was based on Milton Rokich’s (2005) model of value orientations, which was adapted to the objectives of the study. Results: The study included 116 patients undergoing treatment with the X-ray therapy at the City Clinical Oncology Dispensary. As a result of the study, the following patient needs were identified: clinical outcome of the procedure 111 (96 %), safety of treatment and adverse reactions 106 (91 %), cosmetic outcome 53 (46 %), convenience of the treatment schedule 42 (36 %), painlessness of the procedure 39 (34 %), the ability to lead a normal lifestyle 27 (23 %), comfortable conditions for the procedure 16 (14 %), financial costs associated with treatment 10 (9 %), preservation of organ function 4 (3 %). On the basis of the data obtained, a patient-oriented algorithm for the X-ray therapy was developed, including a communication plan with the patient. The study results clearly demonstrate that even with the same disease and condition, patients may have different priorities hat need to be considered to improve patient experience and adherence to treatment. Conclusion: Radiation treatment decision-making based on the patients values is important for the development of the patient-centered management in oncology since this directly affects patients’ adherence to treatment. Exploring the values and needs of patients is an opportunity to influence and improve the metrics of the patient experience. Due to the mass incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer, the introduction of patient-centered approaches is an important part of patient satisfaction and increase of patients adherence to the treatment.

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